On July 15, every family makes noodles and sheep, goes to the grave to worship their ancestors, and gives gifts to relatives and friends, which is a major feature of Shanxi's folk customs.

From the traditional customs, July 15 is called "Ghost Festival", from the legend of Buddhism "Mulian saves the mother": the mother of the Buddha Shakyamuni's disciple Mulian did not do good deeds during her lifetime, and after death, her soul fell into the path of hungry ghosts, and the food entrance turned into a fire, and his suffering endured, and the Buddha asked the Buddha to do it on July 15, put five flavors and fruits, and rely on the kindness of the Buddhist monks to surpass the soul and save his mother.

This theory is also fused with the saying of "local officials forgive sins" in Taoism in our country, which deeply affects the lives of the people, so it has formed the custom that the people steam and make noodles and pay tribute to their ancestors on July 15 every year. In fact, the original intention of the ancestor worship on July 15 is exactly as stated in "Tokyo Menghualu"...... It is the meaning of telling the ancestors of autumn", which is a wish for a good harvest.

The Ghost Festival, which is rich in religious significance, has developed to the point that there is no trace of ghosts at all, and it has become a festival of blessings and emotions between people.

A few days before the festival, the village women gathered together in three or five, made fine white noodles, and the parents talked and laughed, rubbed and twisted, cut and pressed, tied and picked, and plated dates and beans, and one by one live creatures jumped out from under their hands: the rabbit that jumped in a hurry, the tiger that was mighty, the sheep that was kind and kind, the fish that was slippery, the lion, the piglet, the chicken, the dog, and each object was given wisdom and love. When the food is steamed out of the pot, one by one is white and fat, fresh and flexible, delicate and can be dignified, and then Shi Danqing, dressed neatly, it has become the best gift for relatives and friends.

The custom of northern Jin is to send the boy as a sheep, and the sheep is an auspicious yang. Sending a girl as a fish, the fish belongs to yin, is to conform to the order of yin and yang. The shape of the noodle sheep in the north of Jin is thick and full, the connotation is very strong, and the contrast of the dots and lines on the body makes it very rich in the Han and Wei styles, which is related to the local history, culture and geographical environment.

Jinnan's beast flower bun has a delicate shape, a fierce demeanor, and a strong color. The so-called noodle sheep is essentially a pronoun, birds and beasts actually have everything, as well as a combination of the zodiac, the two sons play peaches, and the five sons compete for the belly.

Dingxiang's "noodle sheep" is more famous at home and abroad for its plump and beautiful, strong and broad modeling strength. The shape is as large as three or five catties of white flour, and as small as three or five inches, depending on the object of gift. In terms of styling style, it accurately grasps the characteristic of randomness.

On the simple overall shape, the comb, awl and other utensils are used to press out the points, lines or surfaces to make delicate ornaments, forming a strong contrast in strength, which is very similar to the use of carved lines on the stone carvings of Han Huo to get sick.

The production skills grasp a good sense of proportion, do the shape but not enough, leave the natural hair and steam of the noodles to complete the work, in order to give full play to the characteristics of the noodles, reflect the texture of the noodles, natural and natural, simple and vigorous, people can't put it down.

In particular, there is a shape called "indistinguishable", several little fat dolls are entangled and crossed arms and play together, so that you can't tell whose arms and whose legs, only see a set of beautiful shapes, exquisite ideas, people are amazed.

In the seasonal customs, the dough sculpture plays a pivotal role, and in the various ceremonies that show the meaning of life, the dough sculpture has its irreplaceable position.

The full moon is the first grand ceremony when people come to the world, and the face sculpture is also quite exquisite. In the area of Huo County, my grandmother wants to make a straight ruler of food called "囫囵", with fine twelve genera modeling, what does the child belong to, just point a red dot on that genus, called "point brain".

In the middle of the "囫囵" is placed a delicate dragon, phoenix or tiger head, called the dragon and phoenix Chengxiang or the tiger to drive away evil spirits. Give it to the children and share it with relatives and friends who come to visit and celebrate, so as to avoid disasters. People in the north of Shanxi Province make more flower buns, called "peaches", the shape is like **, ** red, the bun is decorated with various flowers and plants, and the auspicious patterns are decorated.

In ancient customs, peach was originally a thing to ward off evil spirits, and the humor is "escape", which means to avoid disasters. It is made into a ** shape, indicating maturity, which is a metaphorical technique for the maternal characteristics of rural folklore. When the child is one year old, it is also necessary to make similar large flower buns or twelve genera, the shape is clumsy or clever, or elegant or vulgar with the place change.

The custom of wedding has always been a very grand life ceremony. As the saying goes, "marriage is better than a small Dengke", the customs of northern Jin, the bride and groom each eat a pair of "Huanyu Ji Rabbit" on the morning of the day of the gathering, and put a pair of rabbits connected together with red threads on the top of the door of the cave house to symbolize the golden edge of the jade rabbit.

In fact, the original meaning of the rabbit is the tiger, and it is the god of protection of the folk town house to drive away evil spirits. Wedding face sculpture must mention Xinzhou, Dingxiang, Yuanping, Dai County around the "palace food", generally to three, five catties of white noodles to do a pair, most of the shape is the jade rabbit carrying the peach, goldfish back pomegranate, the above fine plastic zodiac modeling, fine embellishment, vivid modeling, pleasant taste, colorful, bright and bright, line and surface, point and block, plastic and painting, clumsy and clever combination and contrast, forming a strong touching artistic effect, enhance the festive atmosphere, enrich the content of folk wedding customs, but also add a pretty branch of folk art.

The old people are in the sixtieth year, and the younger generations are accustomed to celebrate their birthdays, and the congratulators steam beautiful longevity peaches to wish the elderly health and longevity, and express their filial piety to the elderly.

The teachings of religion tell people that when each person has hurried through the path of life that he can perceive, the soul of man will be immortalized and sublimated in another world. Therefore, people arrange the various procedures of the funeral to be extraordinarily grand and complicated. It is a celebration and affirmation of the meaning of life.

The main pasta offering in this activity, depending on the degree of closeness and different forms, there are "big offerings", "small offerings" are divided, the direct children and grandchildren make large offerings also called steamed buns, the round top is decorated with bright and concise petals, inserted with jujube flowers, from the ancient customs of the three animal sacrifices, other relatives and friends worship similar to the snake plate of small offerings.

In the area of Dingxiang Hongdao, it is necessary to create a series of several or even hundreds of face sculpture figures, drama characters, gods, earth officials, etc., and then decorate them with colored paper. The difference is that the color used in the depiction of the facial features is very strange, and the eyes are not eye-catching. In terms of proportion, it is obviously different from the aesthetic structure of the world's enjoyment, which makes people feel a kind of cold sadness in the thick and colorful.

In the ritual of life, the dough sculpture generally appears in the form of food, but it is only endowed with a cultural and religious meaning, so that it has a compound value, and thus becomes a non-negligible material for the study of folk culture.

"Mu Li is molded from under the sky." According to the inscription, in the second year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty, Wang Qingyuan and Guo Xiangyun, rice plastic artists in Yiyang, Jiangxi Province, came to Muli Village, and cooperated with local flower artists Hao Sheng and Yang Baisi to combine rice plastic and flower offering skills to form today's "Caozhou noodle people".

Since then, "Caozhou noodle people" have been separated from the folk function and become a folk handicraft integrating viewing and playing. In addition to its vivid, rough, bold, and local artistic style, the long-lasting maintenance period of "Caozhou Noodle People" is also another charm.

In the process of the development of dough sculpture art, the dough sculpture artists of Muli Village traveled from south to north, influencing the whole country, and gradually formed three major schools, namely the Li school in Heze, Shandong, the Tang school in Beijing, and the Zhao school in Shanghai. The three factions have their own characteristics, and the Li faction of Heze City has always been the leader, and its representatives have successively Li Junxing, Li Fangqing, Mu Xujian, etc.

Mu Xujian, vice chairman of the Market Sculpture Association, told me that with the continuous improvement of living standards, people are becoming more and more interested in folk art, and flour sculpture as a work of art is also more and more popular with people, and the income of flour sculpture artists is naturally rising. Mu Xujian's apprentice Mu Mingfang, with his solid foundation, was employed by a large catering company in Guangzhou, and he could have a balance of 2,000 yuan per month in addition to food and accommodation.

"Now there are more than 400 noodle artists in Muli Village, don't underestimate this bamboo skewer and a ball of noodles, with an annual income of 20,000 yuan", according to his years of experience, Mu Xujian said confidently. At present, he is actively preparing to unite the "single-handed" dough sculptors to develop towards industrialization.

Heze noodle sculpture is said to be in the Yaoshun era, with a strong folk flavor, the New Year's festival in the park, the market can still see the figure of the artist, the masters can pinch out realistic flowers, lively dolls, cute animals and other noodles for you in just a few minutes.

Muli Village, Xie Yuanji Township, which is more than 10 kilometers southwest of Heze City, is the hometown of dough sculpture and the birthplace of Heze dough sculpture. Master Heze dough sculpture has performed in many countries in Southeast Asia, and has been invited to visit European and American countries. Heze dough sculpture keeps pace with the times, continuous development and innovation, and the dough sculpture works have now become people's art appreciation and Heze's tourist souvenirs.

Now the more famous dough sculpture artists in Heze include Li Fangqing, Mu Xujian and so on. Heze face sculpture is both Caozhou face people. Heze was called Caozhou in ancient times, located in the Yellow River Basin, often because of the Yellow River burst, natural disasters and man-made disasters are almost constant. In order to pray for good weather, people kneaded pigs and sheep with noodles instead of slaughtered animals to worship the gods. This is the earliest noodle sculpture art among the Caozhou noodle people. For thousands of years, the surface sculpture has undergone vicissitudes of life, and has risen and fallen several times.

It is separated from the folk function and becomes a folk handicraft that integrates ornamentation and play. In the process of the development of dough sculpture art, Heze dough sculpture artists went south and north, influencing the whole country, as early as the last century

In the twenties, Heze noodles traveled all over Southeast Asia. Heze dough sculpture has the characteristics of concise and vivid modeling, vivid and expressive image, exaggerated and appropriate proportions, and bright and simple colors, and has a strong people

flavors. While inheriting the traditional dough sculpture of the older generation, it continues to develop and innovate, and the dough sculpture works are rich and colorful, including flowers, birds, insects, fish, cartoon characters, zodiac characters, portraits, etc.

Huozhou noodle sculpture, the local people call it "lamb bun", the ancient "sheep" is "auspicious", with the meaning of "auspicious".

Before the Spring Festival, peasant women use the fine powder ground by the family to knead kittens, dogs, tigers, jade rabbits, chickens, ducks, fish frogs, grapes, pomegranates, eggplants, "Buddha's hand", "full house", "Qiaogong Qiaomu" dough plastic products, in order to symbolize all the best, more blessings and longevity, make a fortune, harmony and friendship, and wish all the best.

During the "Cold Food" Festival, the noodles used by Huo County people to worship their ancestors are "snake plates". Yes, there are also single-headed snakes and double-headed snakes. In the old folk customs, the younger generations ate the "snake head" when worshipping the ancestors, which means "eliminating the poisonous head and avoiding disasters".

Dough sculpture, commonly known as noodle flowers, gift buns, flower cakes, and dough kneaders, is one of the traditional Chinese folk arts originating from Shandong, Shanxi, and Beijing. That is, flour is used as the main ingredient, mixed into different colors, and various lifelike images are created with hands and simple tools.

The kneading artist takes the materials according to the needs, pinching, rubbing, kneading, and lifting in the hands several times, and uses a small bamboo knife to dexterously point, cut, carve, scratch, shape into a body, hands, head and face, and put on hair accessories and clothes.

According to historical records, China's dough sculpture art has been recorded as early as the Han Dynasty, after thousands of years of inheritance and management, it can be said that it has a long history, has long been a part of Chinese culture and folk art. It is also a practical material subject that cannot be ignored in the study of history, archaeology, folklore, sculpture, and aesthetics. In terms of kneading style, the Yellow River Basin is simple, coarse, bold and profound; The Yangtze River basin is delicate, beautiful and exquisite.

It can be inferred from the dough figurines and piglets unearthed from the Tang Tomb in Astana, Turpan, Xinjiang, that they have been at least 1,340 years ago. In the Southern Song Dynasty's "Tokyo Menghualu", there is also a record of the dough kneader: "Made of oil flour molasses is like a smile." At that time, all the noodles were eaten, and they were called "fruit food".

And the folk have a legend about the noodle pinching people, according to legend, the Three Kingdoms Kong Ming conquered the Southern Barbarians, suddenly encountered a strong wind when crossing the Lu River, the witty Kong Ming immediately made the fabric of the human head and the appearance of the animal to worship the river god, it is also strange to say, the troops crossed the river safely and successfully pacified the Nanban, so from then on all those who are in charge of this industry are worshiped Kong Ming as the ancestor.

To put it simply, dough molding is a variety of small people and things that are kneaded into flour and color. The dough molding is quick to get started, and you only need to master the techniques of "one seal, two pinching, three inlays, and four rolls", but it is not easy to achieve both form and spirit.

In the old society, the dough sculpture artists "only to make a living, walking around with tears", carrying a carrying box, going to the countryside and towns, and doing it on the streets, were deeply loved by the masses, but their works were regarded as a kind of gadget and could not be on the elegant hall. Nowadays, the art of dough sculpture is valued as a precious intangible cultural heritage, and gadgets have also entered the palace of art.

The dough sculpture art is rich in color, small in size, easy to carry, cheap in materials, and relatively low in production cost.

After a long period of exploration by dough sculpture artists, the current dough sculpture works are not mildew, cracked, deformed, and faded, so they are loved by tourists and are good souvenirs for relatives and friends. When foreign tourists visit the production of noodle figures, they are all overwhelmed by the skillful skills of the artists and the vivid figures in a thousand postures, and praise them, calling the Dezhi noodle sculpture "China's sculpture".

The combination of Qingming and cold food was a matter of the Tang Dynasty, when the customs and festivals that were the symbols of ancient times had been added to the composite content of worshiping gods, worshiping ancestors, and revering sages. Grave sweeping is especially popular. If it is said that worshipping gods is a characteristic of the Spring Festival customs, then Qingming is mainly to worship ancestors and people. Kong Zhi said, "Life, things are courteous; Death, burial with ceremony, sacrifice with ceremony. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to "death is like life".

Jongmyo and ancestral tomb are the soul of the caste and the root of the family. Shanxi Jinnan Jinbei, sacrifice sweep to make tribute, Jinnan called snake panpan, some are divided into single-headed snake and double-headed snake, worship ancestors around the grave for a week, the younger generation eats the snake head, means to eliminate the poisonous head, avoid disasters. This kind of snake plate is simple in shape and rarely carved, and it seems to have the legacy of the Han and Tang dynasties.

The essence of the Shanxi Cold Food Festival has been transformed and mutated from the ancient primitive fire ban custom to commemorate the Jin Dynasty's virtuous minister Jie Zitui. The hundreds of cold swallow noodles widely made by the folk to indicate the coming of spring have also been renamed "Zitui Yan".

In fact, according to the natural geographical location and climatic characteristics of Shanxi, the spring swallow volley is the season of new life, so the rural Qiao woman feels the natural change of it, with soft dough and dexterous hands, to create a fresh and flexible object, full of vitality, showing a wonderful and magical folk art world.

In particular, the Hanyan in the area of Dai County, Shanxi Province is in the sky, and all natural things are shaped by the aquatic soil, what you see in your eyes, and what you think in your heart. These dough molds are delicate and chic, and they are not enough. The animals sculpted, such as tigers, lions, horses, cows, cats, dragons, monkeys, sheep, etc., focus on exaggerating the proportions of the head, enhancing the movement of the tail, and depicting the flexibility of the limbs, making people feel similar and beautiful.

Birds such as chickens, ducks, peacocks, phoenixes, magpies and other small birds exaggerate the movement of their tail feathers, exaggerate their beaks and eyes, and make them anthropomorphic and emotionally resonate with the viewer.

The shape of the characters is larger than that of animals and plants, there are various drama characters, climbing dolls, holding chicken dolls, lotus dolls, etc., the shape is unique and elegant and vivid. Plants have a variety of fruits, vegetables, flowers and auspicious patterns.

After steaming, the color dots of the products dye the face, and the color is bright and contrasting, which is very reasonable to apply the ratio relationship of contrasting colors, and produce a strong artistic effect. During the Qingming Festival, they gave each other gifts, made into flower stands, and hung on the indoor walls, and suddenly felt the spring breeze blowing on their faces, full of vitality.

The root cause may be that these colored foods are dry food prepared for the ban on fire during the Cold Food Festival, and after the ban on fire, the noodle food has been retained as an art with the customs.

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Please remember that the first domain name of this book is .. 4手机版Reading URL:m.

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