I can slowly replace the text back tomorrow.,Hehe.,I've been exhausted in the exams these days.,Mathematics is simply not a question made by people.,Huh...... It's too hard for me.

On October 30, the 17th year of Kangxi (December 13, 1678), Yinzhen was born in Yonghe Palace, the Forbidden City, Beijing, and his biological mother was Concubine Wu Ya. Because his biological mother Wu Yashi was from a humble background, she could not bring Yinzhen a special status among the princes, in addition, the harem in the early Qing Dynasty did not allow her biological mother to raise her son, so Yinzhen was raised by Empress Tong Jiashi of Xiaoyiren after the full moon. Empress Xiao Yiren is the daughter of the first-class prince Tong Guowei, the niece of Empress Xiao Kangzhang, Empress Xiao Yiren did not give birth to a prince, only one princess died at an early age, so she raised the son of a concubine, and the young Yinzhen is likely to intend to slap her because of her dignity.

In the twenty-second year of Kangxi (1683), Yinzhen entered the study room at the age of six, and Yinzhen followed Zhang Ying to learn the Four Books and Five Classics, and learned Manchu from Xu Yuanmeng. The most closely related to Yinzhen is Gu Badai, who said that he is "well-behaved and academically mellow." Yinzhen, who was a teenager and a young man, was strictly controlled by his father and master, and engaged in the study of the Four Books and the Five Classics as the main content, and also wrote poems such as "Spring Reading" and "Summer Reading" during this period. After a little longer, he followed Emperor Kangxi to patrol the four places and was ordered to handle some political affairs. At the age of sixteen, he accompanied his third brother Yinzhi to the Confucius Temple in Qufu.

In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi (1696), the nineteen-year-old Yinzhen followed Emperor Kangxi to conquer Galdan, in charge of the Zhenghongqi camp, Yinzhen did not participate in this battle, but he was very concerned about this battle, and made "Wolf Juxu Mountain Reading", "Successful Huiluan Gonggong Two Songs", praising the father's meritorious deeds with soldiers. He went to Zunhua to temporarily enshrine Empress Xiaozhuang Wen. In the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi (1698), the twenty-one-year-old Yinzhen was named Baylor. In the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi (1700), the twenty-three-year-old Yinzhen attendant inspected the Yongding River construction site with Emperor Kangxi to inspect the quality of the project. At the age of twenty-five, he accompanied his father to visit Wutai Mountain, and the following year he accompanied the southern tour of Jiangsu and Zhejiang to accept the project of controlling the Yellow River and the Huai River.

Operate and compete for reserves

In the summer of the forty-seventh year of Kangxi (1708), Emperor Kangxi deposed the crown prince Yinren for the first time. In the process of electing the new crown prince, Yinzhen supported the restoration of Yinren, and at the same time maintained a good relationship with the eighth son of the emperor, Yinzhen. In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Yinren was reinstated as the crown prince. In the same year, Yinzhen was named Prince Heshuoyong. In order to seek a throne, the princes here formed their own private parties, and the intrigue was extremely fierce.

After Yinren was re-established, he carried out some illegal activities in order to consolidate the storage position, which caused the displeasure of Emperor Kangxi, and he was deposed again in the 50th year of Kangxi (1711). In the future, courtiers continued to rush for his restoration, and they were all punished by Emperor Kangxi. Yinren was abandoned, but the vacant position of the crown prince he left behind, but Emperor Kangxi did not let people replace him, which provoked the princes to be very tempted. Yinxu had the capital and continued to be active, but he was once again reprimanded by his father. His accomplice Yinyu gave "Corporal Xuxian" and contacted people from all walks of life, "quite a plan". In the 57th year of the Kangxi reign (1718), the 14th prince Yinyu was appointed as the general of Fuyuan, went to the northwest, commanded the Qing army of two routes into Tibet, and delivered Lai VI to Lhasa, expelling the forces of the Dzungars who were once entrenched in Tibet, and stabilizing the situation in Tibet. His reputation grew, and he had the potential to become a prince. The third prince, Prince Cheng Yinzhi, was ordered to open the Mengyang Zhai Hall, and a group of scholars gathered around him. He also "hoped for a storage position", so much so that after Yinren was abolished again, he actually "appointed himself as a prince".

Yinzhen is good at governing the country and knows how to keep his eyes open. He respected Taoism, called himself "the first idler in the world", maintained harmony with his brothers, had close contacts with Nian Qianyao and Long Keduo, and at the same time showed sincerity and filial piety to his father Emperor Kangxi, painted Tibet in the territory, and won the trust of Emperor Kangxi. In the 60th year of Kangxi (1721), Yongzheng was 44 years old, which was the 60th anniversary of Emperor Kangxi's accession to the throne. In the following year, the two warehouses of Beijing and Tong were checked, and the winter solstice was ordered to sacrifice to the sky. These activities of Yinzhen have two meanings for him: first, because he has traveled to major regions of China on many occasions and traveled to major regions of China, he has the opportunity to understand the economic properties, mountains, rivers and water conservancy, folk customs, religious beliefs, and historical issues in various places, and has obtained first-hand information about civil affairs; Second, he observed Emperor Kangxi's handling of political affairs, examined local administration and official governance, exercised his ability to handle certain political affairs, and gained some experience in politics. These two factors have great practical significance for Yinzhen's future governance of state affairs.

The victory of Emperor Yongzheng in the struggle for the throne has its inevitability, which is: first, his talent and pragmatism will win the support of some people, and his subordinate Dai Duo once praised his master to the scholar Li Guangdi: "Talent and virtue are complete, and grace and power are both powerful, and there are great achievements." In fact, in the struggle for the crown prince, Emperor Yongzheng put forward a promiscuous political policy of rectifying accumulated habits, which opposed the benevolence and righteousness policy of the eighth prince Yinxi, in order to win the hearts and minds of the people. Second, he was good at playing duplicitous, thus deceiving his opponents and Emperor Kangxi, so that his political opponents did not care about him and did not concentrate on dealing with him, so that he succeeded lightly. Third, he has a group that has used its strength at critical moments, such as stabilizing the situation in Beijing through Long Keduo, controlling Yinyu and stabilizing the northwest region through Nian Qianyao.

Consolidate the throne

On November 13, 1722, Emperor Kangxi died of illness in Changchun Garden in the northern suburbs, and Yinzhen inherited the throne, and changed his name to Yongzheng the following year. After ascending the throne, Emperor Yongzheng reused the thirteenth son of Kangxi Yinxiang, and did not want to let go of his political opponent Yinxi and others, and Yinxi and others were not willing to fail, so the struggle between the two sides continued after Emperor Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, and he took a variety of measures politically to consolidate his throne. The first is to eliminate dissent, divide and disintegrate the princes' groups, and recall Yinyu from the front of the Northwest Army and confine him down. Jin Feng Yinxi was appointed Prince Lian and Minister of Prime Minister's Affairs. Yinyu was sent to Qinghai West Datong (now northwest of Qinghai Datong). In view of the fact that the Qing Dynasty did not have an effective system of establishing a reserve, disputes often arose over the right to inherit the throne, and a secret system of establishing a reserve system was created.

Before the spring of the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Emperor Yongzheng still restrained his attacks on political opponents, because the regime was not yet too consolidated, and it was inconvenient to stimulate the opponents too much. In March of the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Qinghai counterinsurgency was victorious, and the power of the Yongzheng regime increased. In April, he denounced Yinxi himself, saying that he "wantonly rebelled and violated the law, although I want to be tolerant and forgiving, and the constitution of the country is in place, there is nothing to do, and I should share his guilt with the ministers." Cutting the clan and being confined, and was renamed "Aqina" (meaning fish to be slaughtered), Yinyu was cut down and imprisoned, and was renamed "Seth Hei" (meaning hateful person). The tenth son of the emperor Yinzhen was imprisoned, and the fourteenth son of Kangxi, Yinzhen (Yinyu), was first sent to guard the mausoleum, and then was imprisoned. The twelfth son of Emperor Kangxi Yinzhi was demoted, and the third son of Kangxi, Yinzhi, was also imprisoned by Gejue.

In May of the same year, he went to Sunubele, and in July, he issued the "Treatise on the Imperial Friends of the Party" to further carry out activities against the Yinxi party, and soon the problems of Nian Qianyao and Long Keduo appeared, so he relaxed the offensive against Yinxi, and in December of the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Nian Qianyao died, and he accelerated the punishment of Yinxi and others. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), Yinyu and Yinyu were imprisoned to death, Yinyu moved to Jingshan, the capital, Cai Huaixi committed suicide, Guo Yunjin showed his head to the public, and other Yinyu party members were also punished. So far, the Yinxi Group, which has been operating for more than 20 years, has completely collapsed. In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Emperor Yongzheng ordered the general of Fuyuan to commit suicide in the name of prestige and selfishness, and at the same time cut Long Keduo Taibao, and then imprisoned to death. And because of this, Wang Jingqi's "Essays on the Western Expedition" case and the case of the examination questions of the investigation court were published.

Governance reform

At the beginning of Emperor Yongzheng's ascension to the throne, he said: "I have been in the domain for more than 40 years, and all my subordinates have formed a party and harbored treachery, asked for help, deceived and deceived people, violated the yang and yin, pretended to be public and private, and betrayed all kinds of bad habits. He was well aware of the social problems in the later period of Kangxi, such as the struggle between friends and parties; The government is not clear; Relying on the implementation of the policy of enriching the people, the accumulation of contradictions between the rich and the poor has been accelerated; The northwest is constantly using troops, and it is necessary to continue to resolve the contradictions with the Dzungar department; The state is empty. He aimed at reality and combined his own ideals to produce his political program. In the month of his accession to the throne, Emperor Yongzheng issued an edict to scholars, scholars, and squires: "There are those who should be reformed in political affairs that can benefit the national economy and the people's livelihood. Immediately afterwards, on the New Year's Day of the first year of Yongzheng (1723), in the edict issued to local civil and military officials at all levels, it was said that the ancient pure ministers were all "prosperous and disadvantageous, with solid heart, and practical governance", and issued a call for political reform for the national economy and people's livelihood. His ideas for reform include the following:

First, oppose sticking to the rules. Emperor Yongzheng believed that when he ascended the throne, "the people's hearts have been playing with each other for a long time, and there are many evils", and "if you don't punish the wounds, there will be no end in the future", and repeatedly warned his subordinates not to "follow the rules". In response to Emperor Kangxi's idea that "more things are better than less", he advocated "deliberate searching" and denounced those who attacked this as "many things" as "shallow and ignorant". He opposed conformism in order to remove the ideological obstacles on the road to reform. Second, rectify the rule of officials to benefit the people's livelihood. Emperor Yongzheng said in the aforementioned New Year's Day edict to the governor: "Today's officials are famous, and the fat family is real, and they say 'both the name and the truth', and I don't know what the so-called name and truth mean." On the first anniversary of his ascension to the pole, he said: "I will inherit the Piji and always keep the government of the army and the people in mind", indicating that he tried to achieve the goal of enriching the country and enriching the people through rectifying the rule of officials. Third, oppose the partisanship. Emperor Yongzheng knew from his own experience the dangers of the friends: the friends went their own way, undermined the unity of the government and the monarchy, and undermined the authority of the monarch. Friends attack each other and appoint private individuals, which not only loses the normal principle of employing people, but also interferes with the monarchy's authority to use people and remove people; Friends express their political opinions, flaunt themselves, criticize the government, disturb the monarch's hearing, and hinder adherence to established policies. That's why he said that "friends are the worst of all." His opposition to the sectarian relations between teachers and students of Kejia officials in the same year declared that he wanted to "cleanse the habits of the Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties." "The service period is to revitalize the decadent wind for hundreds of years, and to rule the foundation of the end." It shows his determination to clarify politics and cure chronic diseases. In addition, he believed that "there is no rule for people", and he thought that good monarchs and officials could do politics well, which was his basic concept. He advocated "being pragmatic for the sake of pragmatism," that is, proceeding from reality and doing things in a down-to-earth manner, which was the soul of his thinking. He advocated strict administration and a vigorous and resolute style of doing things, and this was his strategic thinking in administering the government. In all the political concepts of Emperor Yongzheng, the promotion of good and the elimination of disadvantages is its core content, so it is the basic feature of his government.

In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), he accepted the suggestion of Nuo Min, the governor of Shanxi, and implemented measures to increase the revenue of the central government and restrict local expropriation and expropriation. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Emperor Yongzheng decided to strictly investigate the serious shortage of money and grain in various places in the last years of Kangxi, and immediately raided the homes of corrupt officials and corrupt officials, and owed arrears to the people, and ordered them to be levied in a short period of time. Under the policy of cleaning up, if there is a shortfall in the locality, it will be made up within three years, and if the limit is not completed, the offender will be severely punished.

In the middle of the administration

In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Emperor Yongzheng prepared to use troops against the Dzungar Department, and in the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Yue Zhongqi was used as the general of Ningyuan to go out of the west road, and Fu Erdan was the general of Jingbian, and he went out of the north road and marched into the army. But the front line suffered defeats, Emperor Yongzheng imprisoned Yue Zhongqi, and repeatedly changed the generals of the North Road military camp. Later, both sides could not fight anymore and began to negotiate. Emperor Yongzheng's goal of eliminating the other party was not achieved, and the reason for this was that Emperor Yongzheng, Yue Zhongqi, Fu Erdan and other light enemies were arrogant. Before leaving the army, Emperor Yongzheng claimed to himself: "The selection of generals, all of them are the top talents in the town association, the selection of soldiers, the rate is outstanding in martial arts, and it is not hasty." ”

In coordination with the use of troops in the northwest, Emperor Yongzheng set up a military aircraft department to assist him in handling military affairs. Emperor Yongzheng appointed the ministers from the scholars, scholars, squires and relatives and nobles, such as Prince Yi Yinxiang, scholars Zhang Tingyu, household scholars Jiang Tingxi, and scholars Ortai, all of whom were ministers of relatives and ministers of military aircraft. There is also the military machine Zhang Jing, who is elected by the cabinet, the Hanlin Yuan, the Six Ministries, the Li Fan Yuan and other yamen officials. All of these people are part-time, and their promotion is still taking place in the original yamen. Therefore, at the beginning of the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department, "there was no special officer". There is no official office in the Military Aircraft Department, and there is a duty room, which is in the Longzong Gate, close to the Yangxin Hall of the Yongzheng Emperor's dormitory, so that the Minister of Military Aircraft can be summoned to discuss matters. The absence of a special officer and a government office makes the Military Aircraft Department a special kind of organization.

Emperor Yongzheng also strengthened ideological rule and greatly promoted literary prisons. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Lu Shengnan, the former director of the Ministry of Works, who was sent to the northwest military camp to serve, wrote 17 articles of "Tongjian Theory", discussing issues such as feudalism, building reserves, military system, the relationship between monarchs and ministers, and ruling by inaction, involving sensitive issues such as the dispute between friends and friends in the current dynasty. Emperor Yongzheng said that he "borrowed the affairs of the ancients to falsely quote the remarks of the ancients in order to vent his own grievances and anger", and ordered him to be corrected in front of the army. Xie Jishi, who also served in front of the army, "slandered Cheng Zhu" by annotating the "University", and criticized Lixue, and Emperor Yongzheng ordered Lu Shengnan to be used to accompany him when he was executed as a punishment. In the same year, Zeng Jing sent his apprentice Zhang Xi to instigate the rebellion of Yue Zhongqi, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, which implicated the late physicist Lu Liuliang, and Emperor Yongzheng then set up a literary prison as a means to control his thoughts, attack political opponents, and improve his authority.

Emperor Yongzheng selected a part of the excerpts he had reviewed and compiled them into "Zhu's Criticism". His edicts to his ministers were compiled by Zhang Tingyu and others into the "Cabinet of the Ministers" and "The Eight Banners of the Decrees". His essays of various genres have been compiled by later generations as the Imperial Anthology.

Misterous death

In May of the thirteenth year of Yongzheng (1735), the Miao bandits of Guzhou and Taigong in Guizhou caused trouble on the border, and Emperor Yongzheng ordered Ha Yuansheng to be the general of Yangwei and lead the officers and soldiers of the four provinces to conquer. He also ordered Prince Yinli, the fourth son of the emperor Hongli, the fifth son of the emperor Hongday, and the university scholars Ortai and Zhang Tingyu to cooperate in handling the affairs of Miaojiang. Zhang Zhao, the secretary of the Ministry of Death and Punishment, and Shi Dexishou, the deputy capital, assisted in the affairs of Miaojiang. Soon, Ha Yuansheng put down the Miao rebellion in Guizhou.

During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, he ran the palace of the Old Summer Palace, and often lived in the Old Summer Palace and the Great Inner Palace. He had a heat stroke when he was young, and he was afraid of the heat later, so he took the cooler Old Summer Palace as his shelter, and lived in Jiuzhou Qingyan, Siyi Study, Wanfang Anhe and other places where it was warm in winter and cool in summer. According to the record of Qing Shizong, Emperor Yongzheng fell ill on August 21 of the thirteenth year of Yongzheng (1735), "still doing things as usual", and died on the twenty-third day.

After the death of Emperor Yongzheng, according to his secret method of establishing a prince, he was succeeded by the fourth son of the emperor, Prince Bao Hongli. The temple name is Sejong, and the name is Jingtianchangyunjianzhongbiao, Wenwu, Yingming, Kuanren, Xinyi, Ruisheng, great filial piety, and Chengxian Emperor, and is buried in the Tailing Tomb of the Qing Dynasty.