"Shangshu • Yu Shu • Yiji" records that Emperor Yu Shun said that "books use knowledge" (combined with the gist of the original text: writing records is for reading, so as to know right and wrong from them. So the ancient writers were usually things that happened anytime and anywhere. In addition, in ancient times, only the words of the sages who were rich in edifying meaning were recorded. Yang Xiong of the Western Han Dynasty once said: "Language is the voice that comes from the heart, and recording is the picture that depicts the heart." The difference between a gentleman and a villain is immediately apparent in the picture constructed through sound. From this point of view, the book is Shu, that is, to expand the speech and record it on a simple scroll. In "Zhou Yi • Under the Dictionaries", the evolution process from knotted rope to deed and then to text is regarded as conforming to the law of change in the number of images of the "Tian Ze Yu" hexagram. Because the essence of writing records is not only to benefit from the words and deeds of the time, but also to help them make the right judgments, choices and decisions in the future.

In the third dynasty of the Xia and Shang dynasties, records of the speeches of the emperors and sages in their political leisure are now very rare. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the situation was changing, the society was in turmoil, from the dynasty to the princes, it was only a brief exchange of books for them, and it was like a busy traffic. If we give an example of the verbal records of the exchanges between the sages and sages of this period, one is the warning of the Qin State Doctor when he went around the dynasty to bid farewell to the Jin State Famous People Association (about 660-583 BC, also known as Fan Wuzi and other Jin State doctors in the Spring and Autumn Period with Wuzi); the other is a letter from the family of Zheng Guo's son to Zhao Dun, a doctor of the Jin State, indicating the situation of the country; the other is the book of Qu Wu, the prince of Chu who fled to the Jin Kingdom, to intimidate the prince of the enemy of the Chu State; Another is that the prince of Zheng Guo sent a letter to advise the powerful scholars of the Jin State (the grandson of the Shihui Shiyi Yu Fan Xuanzi, also known as Fan Xuanzi) not to levy onerous tributes from their neighbors. The words and letters that record these four stories are just like face-to-face conversations, and they are all memorable. Another example is recorded in "The Book of Rites: Under the Tan Bow", when Teng Chenggong died, Lu sent his uncle Jing to mourn, and as his deputy, Zifu Huibo, what he said on the road was also recorded in history. It can be seen that at that time, it was commonplace to record it. Entering the Warring States Period, only the Seven Kingdoms named "Offering Books", such as the Su Dynasty's "Ziqi Dedication to the Book of Yan Wang" recorded in the "Warring States Policy", Le Yi's "Offering Books to Report the King of Yan", Lu Zhonglian's "Book of the Yan General", Zhang Yi's "Offering Books to the King of Han", etc., shuttling back and forth is like a wheel spinning, which is really dazzling.

After the Han Dynasty, among the literati and scholars, it was customary to exchange letters and letters. The meaning of the wording is even more wonderful. For example, Sima Qian's "Book of Reporting to Ren'an", Dongfang Shuo's "Book of Gongsun Hong", Yang Yun's "Book of Newspaper Sect", Yang Xiong's "Book of Answering Liu Xin", etc., are all ambitious and pearlescent. Stepping into the Eastern Han Dynasty, in terms of the secretary's text, the first is Cui Ming. In the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty, Ruan Yu's letter was called "Secretary Pianpian" by Cao Pi; At that time, Kong Rong's posthumous work, even if there was only half a piece of slip left, Cao Pi had also purchased it at a high price; And like Ying Xuan, he is keen on current affairs, although he also has a secretary anytime and anywhere, but the writing content is not good. At the end of Wei Dynasty, Ji Kang's "Book of Breaking Friendship with Shan Juyuan" can be called a stunning work of ambition and talent. The Book of Qi with Ji Mao in the Western Jin Dynasty (about 249-289 A.D., Jing Zhen later changed his name to Jun Ziyun, a native of the Yuan Dynasty, and lived in Luoyang during the Wei and Jin dynasties), is just an impassioned work by a young and vigorous person. In addition to the above-mentioned widely circulated clerical style, there are also hundreds of letters dictated by Chen Zun of the Western Han Dynasty (the word Menggong Du Ling Feng Jiaweihou), in which the wording is orderly; At the end of the Han Dynasty, You Heng wrote a letter instead of Huang Zu, which was not only lenient and moderate, but also in line with the wishes of the speaker. The two of them are kind of weird people who write letters.

Looking at the style of the secretary, the fundamental thing is to speak freely. This kind of stylistic language expression aims to exude the depression and anger in the heart, and then gush out under the pretense of literary momentum. Therefore, the style of the secretary does not shy away from commanding and commanding, but is both rigid and soft, and in the middle of the elegant speech, it contains the same emotional voice as the speech and gratitude at the banquet. As for the secretaries, when it comes to issues such as the dignity of the old and the young, special attention should be paid to the polite wording and idioms. In fact, before the Warring States period, the correspondence between monarchs and ministers was collectively referred to as "books". After the Qin and Han dynasties, because the etiquette was clear and strict, in the court, all bottom-up texts were called performances, but in the vassal states, they were still generally called performances. For example, Zhang Chang, the Xiangguo of the King of Jiaozhou, "Playing a Book to Advise the Queen Mother of Jiaodong to Hunt Numbers", won universal praise because of his righteous speech.

After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the names of secretaries were distinguished by rank. The book of the three princes is called "Song Ji", and the book of the county guard is called "Song Note". The original meaning of the word "remember" is "zhi", which refers to the exposition of personal aspirations; The "note" is similar to the "table", and its emphasis is on expressing emotions. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Cui Shi was the general Sima, he wrote the article "Playing in the Gongfu" (Death Yi), which won the reputation of advocating humility; Huang Xiang (the character is strong Jiangxia people, the Eastern Han Dynasty literati official Zhishang Shu Ling) to the Jiangxia Taishou note (the text is dead), it is quite humble and respectful classical heritage. Liu Zhen's notes at the end of the Han Dynasty, such as "The Book with Cao Zhi", "The Book of Cao Zhi", "The Book of Answering the Prince of Wei Pi to Borrow Guo Luo's Book", etc., are strict and gorgeous, and can be called a classic masterpiece of persuasion and intellectualization. However, Cao Pi did not comment on this part of Liu Zhen's works in the "Classics and Treatises", so it was ignored by the world. In fact, aside from the limitations of the title of the work, Liu Zhen's achievements in notebook are indeed better than his poems. Moreover, Liu Hui (180-221 A.D., the name Gong Hei, a native of Nanyang, a famous scholar in the late Han Dynasty and the early Wei Dynasty) "Shangshu Xie Migration Department Prime Minister Cang Cao", in which the pretense of the allegory, can be called painful; And Lu Ji's self-defense of "Xie Wu Wang Table", "With Wu Wang Table", "Xie Pingyuan Inner History Table", etc., are thoughtful and solemn. Some works like these belong to the masterpieces of the notebook. Examining the above-mentioned notes, it is not difficult to find that they are close to the table at the top, and similar to the secretary at the bottom; Although some are as humble and respectful as the performances, there is not much cowardice or fear; Although there is also a book-like straightforward indulgence, it cannot be arrogant and rude. Therefore, he is good at using kind and soft feelings to show his talent and mind; Dare to borrow the brilliance of the gorgeous chapter to show the touching power. This is the characteristic of notes that can become an independent genre.

Tracing back to the source, if you talk about the category of secretaries, it can be said to be all-encompassing. In terms of the name of the pen alone, there are many categories in ancient and modern times. For example, those involved in civil affairs have genealogies, books, books, and records; For those who are related to medicine, calendars, and astrological divination, there are prescriptions, techniques, divination, and formulas; Furthermore, those who state laws or explain the art of war have laws, orders, laws, and systems; In addition, those involved in the credibility of certificates in the imperial court or commercial field include symbols, deeds, bonds, and sparseness; There are also various officials who consult or convey information to each other, and they are concerned, stabbed, explained, and reminded; As for the people of Li in order to express their will, there are forms, columns, words, proverbs, and so on. All of these belong to those who express their emotions or expound things from the heart, and the texts thus formed are the branches of literary and artistic works, but they are the first to understand the knowledge category when dealing with national government affairs or trivial matters of the people.

What is a spectrum? The origin of the word spectrum is the same as that of the general public, that is, the meaning of expansion, expansion, universality, and census. Therefore, the "genealogy" is used to explain the origin of the family lineage and supplement the comprehensive information. For example, Zheng Xuan's "Poetry Spectrum" in the Eastern Han Dynasty is a poem-by-verse analysis of the "Book of Songs", compiling the regional, period, social background and other materials that may be produced into a genealogy, and then showing their relationship with the politics, terroir, and human feelings of the time.

What is Nationality? The origin of the word is borrowed together, which contains the meaning of auxiliary and borrowing. As a text name, when "Ji" is used to requisition migrant labor, it is recorded by a special person and recorded on the album for the record. For example, the story recorded in "Zuo Chuan • The Fifteenth Year of Zhao Gong" is also the source of the idiom "Forget the ancestors in the number of books", that is, Zhou Wangzhen once questioned the origin of the Jin Kingdom: "And in the past, the ancestor Sun Bowei, the classics of the Jin Dynasty, thought it was a great government, so it was called the family name." (In the past, your distant grandfather, Sun Boxiao, was given a surname because he had been in charge of the court records for generations.)

What is a book? The pronunciation of "book" is similar to "圃". In the literal sense, it can accommodate all kinds of flowers and trees like a garden. When a text is named "book", it refers to a collection of one or more types of instruments. For example, in the "Historical Records: The Biography of General Li", there is a "Shogunate Counterbook of Urgent Blame Guang" (ordering Li Guang to quickly go to the military justice department to confess his guilt), while the "Historical Records: The Biography of the Cool Officials" records that "the eight generations of envoys are reprimanded by Tang" (eight groups of people are assigned to blame Zhang Tang against the listed crimes). Both of these places have the meaning of "going to court", and by extension, to inspect, verify or explain the truth or falsity of the crime.

What is a record? As a text, "lu" is equivalent to "collar", that is, to lead, and it contains the meaning of summarizing, compiling, and compiling. In the "Hanshu • Sima Qian Biography Thirty-second", it is said: "There is also the "World Book", which records the ancestors of emperors, dukes, marquis, qing, and doctors from the Yellow Emperor to the Spring and Autumn Period. The "record" in this is to compile the family lineage and ancestral home of the nobles in the past into a book and summarize it into a book, so as to facilitate it at a glance.

What is Fang? "Tao Te Ching" has a saying "generous and unobtrusive", and Yang Xiong's "Taixuan Jing • Zhou" says "Zhou Wuyu". The "square" here is the "corner", which refers to the corners within the six sides on the one hand, and the edges and corners of the relative circle on the other hand. Therefore, in traditional Chinese medicine, the treatment of a certain disease or a certain aspect of the disease, whether it is the use of drugs or skills, is generally referred to as a prescription, prescription or method. Therefore, whoever has the title "Fang" in the text must have studied a specific aspect.

What is surgery? Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in "Saying Wen Jie Zi"; "Technique, Yi Zhongdao also." Therefore, the art is the road, which can be extended to a way and trajectory. For example, when calculating the celestial phenomena of the calendar, it is necessary to calculate the numerical limit, but once the internal laws, pathways or trajectories are discovered, it will suddenly become clear. Therefore, "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" is to explore the essence of the trajectory of digital knowledge; In addition, the legendary Huainan King Liu An's "Wanbi Shu" is also a special work to explain mathematics and physics.

What is Occupy? The word comes from "觇", which originally means to peep, watch, and look, which contains waiting, waiting, that is, waiting to be seen. Because above the firmament, the stars and clouds are revolving, and many strange nebulae and celestial phenomena are hidden from time to time, so we must wait and see in order to see them rarely. However, once they appeared, both the court and the good deeds must record the shapes and colors of the time, as well as the accompanying auspicious and evil events. It is said that in the Han Dynasty, there was a book called "Miscellaneous Occupation Regulations", which recorded this aspect. (Note: Modern Mawangdui unearthed the silk book "Astronomical and Meteorological Miscellaneous")

What is a predicate? The word should be 轼. Shi is the name of the instrument, commonly known as astrolabe, compass, etc. As the name of the text, "formula" follows the meaning of "rule", which means rules and procedures, which can refer to man-made systems and natural laws. Because of the profit and loss of yin and yang, the alternation and decline of the five elements, it seems to be impermanent, but in essence there is its own internal law. According to the records of the Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles, there were 20 volumes of the Five Elements Books in the Han Dynasty.

What is Law? In "Shuo Wen Jie Zi", "the law, the uniform cloth also." Therefore, law means balance and righteousness. Therefore, the "Huang Zhonglu" is the benchmark for calibrating the pentatonic tone, while the law is to regulate the behavior of civil affairs, and the criminal law is to restrain the behavior perversely. Therefore, all texts named "law" must maintain or achieve the purpose and need of "zhongzheng".

What is a Order? In "Hanshu • The Biography of Dongfang Shuo", Dongfang Shuo said: "The one who orders is also fate." The basis for this is that whatever the Son of Heaven commands, and those which are strictly forbidden by the state, cannot be disobeyed as much as the Mandate of Heaven. Therefore, there is such a saying in the "Guanzi, Herdsmen, and Eleven Classics": "Those who give orders in the plain of flowing water will also obey the hearts of the people...... If the order is in line with the people's will, it will be authoritative. (If an order is like the water at the source, condescending and smooth, it must be in accordance with the will of the people...... Only orders that conform to the will of the people, no matter how harsh, can be unimpeded. ）

What is Dharma? "Lü's Spring and Autumn • Ji Zhongchun • Lust" has a saying: "Therefore, those who govern the body and the world in ancient times must also govern the world and the world." (In ancient times, those who cultivated themselves and ruled the world must follow the laws of natural change of heaven and earth.) So "law" is "image", and its meaning lies in following, imitating, or by extension. In the military field, although there is no law of invincibility, there are bound to be whimsical ideas that can pursue advantages and avoid disadvantages in addition to the usual countermeasures. Therefore, all military reference books that provide strategy and tactics are generally named "law". For example, "Sima Law", "Sun Tzu's Art of War" and so on.

What is a system? "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" says: "System, cut also." That is, it is like tailor-made, and it is also like a model system, which generally refers to the formulation of standards, rules and regulations by superiors, etc., and the implementation of them by subordinates. For example, during the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, the government published books such as "Wooden System", "Military System" and "Uniform System".

What is a character? As a generic appliance or text name, "Fu" is phonetically equivalent to "Fu", that is, "token". The reason why the ancient "Fu" is regarded as a token is that the egg can break the shell within a specific time when it hatches, so it represents trustworthiness and is therefore trustworthy. On the one hand, it is used as a token of passage or handover certificate during the army's conquest or the king's edict; On the other hand, in the field of trade circulation, it is necessary to "stand in good faith" just like the hexagram of "Zhou Yi Zhongfu". As a token, the charm was generally made of jade in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and was changed to copper or bamboo in the Han Dynasty, and simplified into a document after the Wei and Jin dynasties.

What is a deed? In ancient times, when there was no writing, people knotted ropes to remember, and the "knot" of this rope was the source of the glyph and meaning of "deed". For example, the Qiang and Hu people still use counting transactions, and some of the merchants use "缗" as a currency unit, which is a relic of the ancient knotted rope as a contract.

What is a voucher? Its original meaning is "bundle", which refers to the appearance of bundling or wrapping into one, and by extension, there are constraints, restrictions or explicit provisions, the purpose of which is to prevent fraud through agreement. In the Ji Zhou era, the coupon was divided into two, and it was agreed that both parties would hold half of it, so it was also called "judgment". In ancient times, the so-called "Danshu Iron Coupon" was a token certificate given by the emperor to people with special merits, so that they could enjoy certain privileges from generation to generation. For example, the article "The Covenant" written by Wang Bao of the Han Dynasty for the purchase of slaves is a model of the "coupon" text.

What is sparseness? In government affairs or commerce, it is used to show that the integrity of the "sparse" is equivalent to "cloth", that is, to list things clearly to ensure that they are clear and correct. It is generally applicable to the registration instructions of trivial utensils or some such valuable objects, and should be a short document before it can be called "sparse".

What is Guan? Yang Xiong's book "Xuan Xuan Messenger's Peerless Interpretation of Other Dialects" (referred to as "Dialects" or "Dialects of Other Countries") records that "closed, closed. In fact, as the saying goes, "close the door and close the door", the meaning of closing and closing is the same thing. Therefore, usually "off" is a key part of the traffic artery like a throat, and its opening or closing is in a pivotal position in ensuring the smooth operation or not, or "off" is critical. The text that expresses "guan" in government affairs is intended to emphasize that political clarity requires the smooth flow of government decrees, so it is necessary to be familiar with and understand the key points in advance. For example, there is such a sentence in "Han Feizi • Wentian": "Sun Kang returned to the holy phase, and about the state department." (Approximate meaning: The reason why Gongsun Ganhui became a saintly and virtuous minister is because he was promoted from a local official and is familiar with the key to political affairs.) That's what "off" means here.

What is a thorn? Those who mark "thorns" in political affairs have the meaning of "reaching" and have the utilitarian advantage of seeking to achieve some obvious goal. For example, the so-called "beautiful thorns" in the "Book of Songs", and the so-called "three stabs" in "Zhou Li, Qiu Guan, Xiao Sikou", that is, "one is to inform the ministers, the second is to inform the officials, and the third is to inform the people." "And so on, just like acupuncture and acupuncture, the reason why it is gradually pressed, or rotated and deepened, is for the purpose and efficacy of dispelling diseases and healing injuries.

What is a solution? As a text, "explanation" is equivalent to the meaning of "interpretation", that is, to explain clearly or analytically. Just like untying a knot, when encountering difficult and confusing problems, explanations are generally given through audit examples.

What is 牒? The original intention was to weave many slips or pieces of paper to record words like leaves, just like leaves hanging on the branches of a tree. For example, "Hanshu Lu Wenshu Biography" says: "Wen Shu took Ze Zhongpu, intercepted it, and compiled it to write a book." (Lu Wenshu collects the grass in the swamp, cuts it into pieces, and then compiles it together and writes a record on it.) It's about the shape of the "mu". In government affairs, officials exchange opinions or submit suggestions in the form of a scumbag. In addition, there is a similar form of script, but the text recorded on it is very thin and dense, so it is called "signature". Because the original meaning of "sign" is the meaning of slenderness.

What is a condition? "Shape" originally depicted a specific form. Because the depiction of the form and appearance must conform to the actual original appearance, it is important to seek truth from facts. In the past, after the death of the social elites, they had to commend and posthumously, so it was necessary to write a line showing the deeds of the deceased. "Forms" like this should belong to the more important works in this genre.

What is a column? "Column" here is a statement, a justification, or a visual explanation, that is, a certain fact is listed clearly so that it can be understood at a glance and increase its persuasive power.

What is a word? The general "word" is the words and phrases that speak between people. Whether spoken or written, the key is not only to tell the other person what you want to express, but also to achieve the desired effect. According to the record of the 31st year of the reign of Xiang Gong, Zheng Guozi produced the Jin state, and although he demolished the walls of the simple hotels of the Jin state, he not only won the respect of the Jin state, but also won benefits for other vassal states with his words. Therefore, from ancient times to the present, rhetorical words should never be underestimated.

What is a proverb? The original meaning specifically refers to the language of the people, which is characterized by straightforwardness and true colors, that is, straightforwardness, that is, it belongs to the language and writing that do not need to be deliberately added to the decoration and dress. For example, in the "Book of Filial Piety and Funeral Chapter", there is "The bereavement of a filial son is unspoken." (Filial son's words in his parents' funeral do not need to be polite). Therefore, the "condolence" of condolences can also be disguised as the word "proverb". Folk proverbs are generally simple and easy to understand, and they are very unpretentious. For example, in Jia Yi's "New Book: Spring and Autumn", there is a proverb of the Zhou Dynasty, such as "the sac is leaking and in storage" (even if the bag containing grain is broken, the leaked grain is still there. It was a very vulgar and simple language at the time. In addition, ancient proverbs such as "the hen does not speak in the morning" (the hen is not responsible for chirping in the morning) in the "Book of Songs" and "growing old because of sorrow" (sentimentality urges people to grow old) in the Book of Songs, although vulgar and shallow, are all quoted in the scriptures. In addition, Chen Lin's "Admonition to Summoning Foreign Soldiers" quotes "covering his eyes and catching birds", and Pan Yue's use of words such as "palm beads" and "couple" in mourning, which are also popular proverbs from the folk. Therefore, the most vulgar and superficial words in the world are more common sayings, and since the scriptures and sages have written and quoted them, how can the secretaries and books as popular texts ignore them.

Through the above analysis of the different names and connotations of each of the four articles in each of the six categories of the secretary's style, in terms of meaning, they not only echo each other, but even complement each other, but in terms of literary characteristics, some are distinct from each other, some are simple and unpretentious from beginning to end, and some do not need to force rhetoric, but allow them to be rough and subtle. Therefore, the stylistic format used for the secretary is important in the matter, and if it is discussed in its subtle outline, it is actually that "only the right one is the best". The reason for this is that if a word is missing in the overall sentence content of the record or communication of specific matters, it may cause ambiguity and disputes; If there is one more word, it is likely to mean the exact opposite. Therefore, such a copywriting error or misdirection is a mistake or negligence that officials at all levels of government must strictly guard against. However, it is precisely at this point that some coarse or flashy scribes are the most likely to ignore and make common mistakes, and even some famous scholars who are talented and have created great works often stumble in the notebook notes. This is just like the Kufang Yan, who is good at Soma, although he can recognize a thousand miles of horses, he can't distinguish the coat color and male and female of a horse. Undoubtedly, words and words are like the body dressed in gorgeous colors, and the articles are a show of whether the dynasty is auspicious or not. Therefore, all scholars in the literary world need to think deeply about the above truths, and they need to be cautious and pragmatic.

All in all: Wenchuan books are full of oceans, and the collection of books and notes is at the end; The scenery of metallographic jade is good, and the wood is simple and vibrant. A hundred flowers bloom in spring, and the purple and red method is natural; There are many things in the world, and the merits and demerits are not between pieces of paper.