"Zhou Zhan Counselor" (the original poem's meaning: to seek advice everywhere. From "The Book of Songs, Xiaoya, Lu Mingzhishi, Huanghuang Zhehua". Originally, the king sent his ministers to search for virtuous people and ask for strategies for governing the country. Through such a top-down action, we can obtain opinions and suggestions on governing the country, which is the content of the "discussion" that this article will talk about. Therefore, the "discussion" here should be a fashionable speech adapted to local conditions, so as to meet the urgent need to solve practical problems.

The symbolism of "Zhou Yi Festival Hexagram" has: "A gentleman uses a system of several degrees to discuss virtue." (A gentleman should be in awe of the limits of mathematics and science, refer to comparisons, cultivate virtue, and behave prudently.) In addition, "Shangshu Zhou Guan" said: "Learn from the ancients and enter the government, discuss the system by the system, and the government is not lost." (Refer to and learn the rules of ancient officialdom, standardize one's words and deeds, and participate in politics according to this, so that you will not get lost.) It can be seen from this that all those who participate in the administration and discussion of politics must first know how to learn from it, and the primary problem of learning from it is to know how to "exercise moderation...... This is precisely the spirit of political experience in the ancient classics.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong said that the reason why Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor set up the "Mingtai" was mainly to facilitate the heads of various regional tribes to get together and talk about the opinions and suggestions on governing the world. Therefore, the top-down method of listening to politics such as "discussion" can be said to have been around for a long time. During the Tang Yao era, when the flood was rampant, Emperor Yao once asked the ministers who held the official position of "Siyue" who could take on the responsibility of controlling the flood. When Yu Shun was in power, he also asked the ministers to nominate candidates who could be qualified for the official position of "Baihua", and obtained five capable generals such as "Yu, Ji, Qi, Gaotao, and Boyi". In the third dynasty of the Xia and Shang dynasties, the emperor began to go directly to the people to solicit sages to govern, such as Yi Yin, Fu Shuo, Jiang Shang, etc., all of which were stepped into the palace hall by the people of Limin, and they were world-famous.

If you tell the famous stories of "discussion" in Chinese history, there are really too many to mention. "Spring and Autumn Period: The Twenty-first Year of Duke Xu" records that Song Xianggong was once detained by the Chu State, and it was Lu Xigong's suggestion that he was released, and finally fulfilled Song Xianggong's reputation for benevolence and righteousness. According to the records of the Zhao family, King Wuling of Zhao intended to implement Hufu cavalry shooting in China, and he had fierce disputes with his uncle and son in the palace, and finally got the approval and implemented it publicly. "Historical Records: The Biography of Shang Jun" records that Shang Ying was determined to reform, and it was only after arguing with Gan Long and others that he won his uniqueness. These are all examples of debates and controversies within the court over statecraft. At that time, although the method of conducting public discussion in such a hall had not yet become a legal regulation for establishing major national policies, the historical achievements achieved through this form were not only a change of customs, but also a shocking thing.

After entering the Han Dynasty, the state established a system of refutation. The word "refute", in the literal sense, refers to the inconsistency of the horse's coat color, and here it means "there are many objections and opinions are not unified". Throughout the Han Dynasty, whether it was the Western Han Dynasty or the Eastern Han Dynasty, the etiquette was clear and the system was strict. And because the government of the Han Dynasty attached great importance to knowledge, virtue and talent, so at that time, the whole country, whether in the court or in the opposition, all the famous and erudite scholars who could be called elegant and erudite were like a grand spectacle. Because of this, whenever the imperial court advocates that all kinds of rhetoric and essays can be openly discussed and discussed, it is often full of people who gather people above the court to discuss politics. However, it is precisely under the protection of the rejection system that not only are talents from all walks of life flocking out, but also insightful ideas are appearing frequently.

According to the "Historical Records: The Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Shenglie", Jia Yi, a doctor at the time of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, whenever the imperial court edict was right, and other personnel had not yet come up with a countermeasure, the young and vigorous Jia Yi had already begun to talk eloquently, and everyone could only praise it. Therefore, Jia Yi's reputation for being good at refutating can be seen from this. Furthermore, like King Wuqiu Shouwang (the character Ganfu surnamed Wuqiu Wu Emperor was convicted and killed after moving to Zhongzhonglang from Dong Zhongshu to learn "Spring and Autumn") "Discussion forbids the people not to carry bows and crossbows", which clarifies the necessity of private reserves of bows and arrows. Han Anguo's "Distinguishing the Huns" by Han Anguo (the first imperial historian of Emperor Wu of the Chinese name) openly advocated the adoption of a peaceful and appeasement strategy against the Xiongnu. Moreover, like Jia Qianzhi (the great-grandson of Jia Yi of Zijunfang), "Abandoning the Pearl Cliff Discussion", he tried his best to stop Chen Bing from Hainan, so as not to cause a chain rebellion. In addition, there is also Liu Xin's "Xiaowu Temple is not destroyed", which frankly argues the influence of the ancestors' merits. Although the above-mentioned works are different in content and style, they all fully grasp the narrative essence of the "refutation" text. As for others, such as Zhang Min in the Eastern Han Dynasty (the character Boda was Shangshu in the time of Emperor Zhang of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and worshiped Situ in the time of Emperor He) in the "Refutation of the Law of Light Insults" and "The Law of Discussion on Light Insults" by Guo Gong (the name Zhongsun was Emperor Zhang of the Eastern Han Dynasty when he was Emperor Tingwei), as well as the "Please Strike the School Affairs Official" and Sima Zhi (the character Zihua Three Kingdoms Wei Renguan to Dasi Nong) in the Three Kingdoms period, as well as the Jin Dynasty He Zeng (the character Ying Kao Wei was the end of the Wei Dynasty and the beginning of the Jin Dynasty to worship the Taiwei) "The Department of Girls" and Qin Xiu (the word Xuanliang was a doctor when Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty) "Jia Chong's Discussion", etc., these works of theirs are all based on the facts, and their opinions are pertinent, and they are all part of the masterpieces that meet the theme of the recital.

Looking back at the Han and Jin dynasties, if we summarize the social achievements of "refutation", the first in the entire Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty should be Ying Shao of the Eastern Han Dynasty (about 153-196 AD, a native of Nandun County, Runan County, and a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty), while in the Jin Dynasty, Fu Xian (239-294 AD, a native of Niyang, Beidi, and a writer of the Western Jin Dynasty, served as the prince, washed the horse, Shangshu, and was the right Cheng of the Imperial History, and was named the Marquis of Qingquan). The reason why I say this is because Ying Shao's ability and ability can be called a broad understanding of the past and the present, and looking at the more than 30 rebuttal articles he has survived, it is enough to make people see what it means to cover a wide range of topics, and his works are not only coherent, but also clearly organized. Looking at Fu Xian again, he is not only politically far-sighted, but also able to speak out, especially upright and prestigious, and his disadvantage lies in the slightly luxurious rhetoric. As for Lu Ji (261-303 A.D., a native of Wu County, Wu County), the "Book of Jin Limit Judgment", in which the opinions on the dynasties of important historical figures show the wisdom and novelty of his characters, but there are too many sycophants in the writing, which inevitably damages the style of the article. Each of them has its own characteristics, and they all have a more prominent personality style in a certain aspect.

When it comes to the content, focus, and causes of the rebuttal, it is not so much a major policy or strategy for governing the country as it is a plan of action. The so-called "action plan" is to listen to a wide range of different opinions before taking some necessary action, and to require that those who propose any strategy not only explain the reasons but also investigate the questioning problems, with the ultimate goal that once adopted, can not only be implemented immediately, but also ensure effective and long-term peace and stability. Therefore, as a major decision and major policy to ensure the survival of the dynastic court, the rejection system is not only strict and pragmatic, but also needs to be relaxed in its implementation. Therefore, it is precisely based on such a kind of court discussion or group chat refutation that must be comprehensively considered subjectively and objectively, and any theoretical basis that can become the basic identity of all kinds of people must be the scriptures and classics. Therefore, all the examples and inspections in the refutation articles are to transform the historical classic stories of the past into today's lessons, and then it is also required that when giving examples and reasoning, it is important to focus on the big and let go of the small, and have a purpose...... This is like logging, where the target goes straight to the trunk of the tree, and you don't have to worry about the details. Then when it comes to the construction of words and sentences, it must be concise and clear, and avoid bells and whistles. If we go further and explain in detail, when discussing sacrifices, we must first be familiar with the form of the existence of rituals and their reasons; When talking about military affairs, we must first know how to train soldiers; Anyone who analyzes agriculture should at least be familiar with crop farming; Any prison lawsuit requires a real mastery of laws and regulations. Only in this way, no matter what kind of rebuttal or rhetoric or pen and ink we are facing, can we make the specimens clear, highlight the key points, concise the words, ensure the righteousness and reasonableness, and deal with them freely. It should also be reminded here that, like the recital under the refutation system, the real display of wisdom and talent should be to express one's ideas and proposals in simple, clear, and quick language as much as possible, rather than to show off one's erudition and talent through flowery rhetoric or red tape. Therefore, it is necessary to advocate the beauty of the obvious clarity of the core idea, and resolutely abandon the wonder of the profound and obscure words of the sentence...... This is the essence of "discussion" as an essay style, genre or writing format. Otherwise, if the tirade is all fragmented, chiseled, and thought-provoking, then the more facts in it, the more ambiguous it will become, and even if there is a really profound reasoning in it, it will definitely be buried in red tape. For example: "Han Feizi Says the Upper Left" has two stories in it, which are particularly thought-provoking. One of them tells the story of Qin Mugong's marriage of his daughter to the son of Jin, because the dowry was too rich, there were more than 70 handmaidens who were married alone, so that the prince of Jin was greedy for the handmaiden and snubbed the princess; The other is the well-known "buy and return the pearl". Comparing the two stories, although the latter seems to be more stupid, the fundamental error of the two stories is actually exactly the same. They all ignore the fundamental purpose, ignoring the undesirable consequences of putting the cart before the horse.

What is the "right" in style? The word "right," which is often used in the recitals, generally refers to countermeasures and strategies. The countermeasure is to state a larger political strategy in response to the edict. Shooting is a concrete example, which should be edicted to give advice, or to offer advice. The essence of the two is that they must be directed to the key points when responding, and the requirements are like a sword sealing the throat. Although there are slight differences in the names of the two, they both belong to the style of "discussion". In ancient times, when selecting talents, the main examination was often the ability to express oneself. Therefore, in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty Emperor Xiaowen, the door to "raising officials and selecting talents" was completely opened. At that time, Chao Cuo won the first place with the article "Countermeasures for Virtuous Literature". In the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the imperial court selected and appointed more talents, like the first person in the countermeasures, he could be promoted and appointed, and those who entered the first department were allowed to be awarded officials. Obviously, at that time, such a strategist system was the most important thing to stimulate the cultivation of talents and select outstanding talents. Looking back at Chao Cuo's "Virtuous Literary Countermeasures", which draws on the lessons of ancient times to guide the present and the future, the wording is very concise, and the reasoning is concise and transparent, and the reason why it can be ranked among the best is indeed worthy of its name. In addition, let's look at Dong Zhongshu's "Virtuous and Virtuous Countermeasures", which flexibly quotes the classics of "Spring and Autumn", and comments on the changes of the times according to the evolution of yin and yang. There is also Gongsun Hong (200-121 B.C. Ji Qi Di Xue Ren Bu Yi Feng Hou Guan to the Prime Minister Ranked Three Dukes) "Virtuous and Good Countermeasures", although the righteousness is broad and not straightforward, but the sentence is simple and does not deviate from the theme, and has the characteristics of scene blending, so the examiner at that time listed it as the next rank, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty personally promoted it to the first. As for others, like Du Qin's "Virtuous and Righteous Countermeasures" and "White Tiger Palace's Countermeasures" when Emperor Cheng of the Western Han Dynasty, although they seem simple and straightforward, they are to the point and pragmatic, which should belong to the feeling and have nothing to do with dancing and writing. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lu Pi's "Virtuous and Righteous Countermeasures" was simple and hearty, and he was unique in the middle and high because of his elegant temperament. The above five should be regarded as outstanding representatives in the style of discussion.

Since entering the Wei and Jin dynasties, the style of writing has advocated beautiful words and sentences. Originally, such a manuscript focused on substance rather than external form. Therefore, under the fashion, if you use rich words to express morality, it is obviously biased. Therefore, when it came to Emperor Jin Yuan, the average talented and filial son was not only reluctant to participate in the examination, but even the candidates who entered the examination room even lied that they were sick and did not dare to answer. In such a social environment, excellent works are even more rare. It is said that in the second year of Emperor Hongjia of the Han Dynasty, when the imperial court feasted on the doctor, pheasants flew to the palace. In the sixth year of Emperor Xianhe of Jincheng, when the main hall was trying to show talents, he occasionally saw a roe deer appear in front of the hall. With such a strange vision, the oracle can only say that there must be something wrong in the selection of talents.

In the final analysis, the refutation focuses on distinguishing between right and wrong, and it is important for each to express his own opinions; The key to countermeasures is to promote morality and have a bright purpose. Both require a mastery of political tactics, and the proposed countermeasures must be fundamentally economical and practical. Therefore, in this kind of work, even if the scriptures are cited, they cannot be separated from the needs of reality, so that they degenerate into pedantic and illusory rhetoric; Even if you are clever and eloquent, you cannot ignore the urgent needs of the moment, and even degenerate into a vitriolic self-deception. Therefore, if all the recitals of the right sex can be revived with all things like a spring breeze, and like the rippling ocean currents without flooding, then it will be a great creative virtue of the dynasty's court. According to this, it is really commendable to really enter the career of high talents and virtues! Because under normal circumstances, although some people are good at hard work, they are negligent in writing; Some of them are brilliant, but they can't be down-to-earth. According to the refutation or counselor system, the most ideal selection target should be a generalist or generalist. However, if it can achieve its goal by virtue of literature alone, it can be said that it is rare since ancient times.

All in all: the proposal should be submitted to the palace, and the amount will show the name of the Quartet; Seeking truth from facts is enough to use, and red tape is not strong. How many things have happened to the dynasty, success or failure, gains and losses next to the court; Talk about morality, learn from others' strengths, and promote from afar.