3. The third southern tour to formulate a new strategy for river control.

From the 29th year of the Kangxi reign (1690) to the 36th year (1697), the Kangxi Emperor mainly focused on quelling the rebellion of Galdan. In the past few years, the personnel of the river workers have changed frequently, and the post of the general river has changed people ten times, except for Jin Fu, the remaining nine people are not effective, causing the river workers to become more and more corrupt.

In the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi (1699), Emperor Kangxi made his third southern tour. On February 28, Emperor Kangxi inspected the construction of the Queron Dike and Gaojiayan on the south bank of the Yellow River. The bottom of the river is deep, then the water of Hongze Lake goes directly to the Yellow River, Xinghua, Yancheng and other seven counties have no trouble of overflow, and the fields naturally dry up. If the source is not cured, there is no benefit in the end. The mouth of the intersection of the Yellow River and the Huai River is too straight, and the embankment of the river and the Huai River should be extended to the East Bay, so that it will flow obliquely, so that the Yellow will not be backfilled. [22] Emperor Kangxi promulgated the "Edict on Repairing the Dredging and Qingkou" [23] and the "Edict on Inspecting the Rivers and Lakes to Determine the Projects to be Done" [24], and specifically formulated a new plan for river control: (1) Deep dredging of the river body. Emperor Kangxi pointed out: "I have been paying attention to river affairs for a long time. Along the way, I took a boat to examine the water of the Yellow River, saw that the river body was getting higher, climbed the embankment and measured it horizontally, and saw that the river level was higher than the field. Qingkou and Gaojiayan are low in Hongze Lake, and the water in the Yellow River is high, so that the river water flows into the lake in reverse, and the lake has no way out, flooding in Xinghua, Yancheng and other seven counties, and the cause of this disaster is also. The best way to govern the river is to take the deep dredging river as the key. …… If Chengneng deepens the bottom of the river, the water of Hongze Lake will reach the Yellow River directly, and there will be no flooding in Qizhou County, and the private fields will naturally dry up. If you don't cure the source, it will be useless to rule the lower streams. "(2) Construction of dams. Emperor Kangxi said: "It is advisable to extend the embankment of the south bank of the Yellow River near the Huai River for two or three miles to the east, and build a solid order, and the embankment near the Huaishui River should also be extended to make it oblique, so that the water of the Yellow River will not be poured into the river." "(3) Open Taozhuang to lead the river. Emperor Kangxi ordered: "Pick and lead from the Huiji Temple into the river, and the canal then flows diagonally to the east into the Huiji Temple to meet, and the yellow water will naturally not be poured back." "(4) Straight river channels. Emperor Kangxi's edict: "It is advisable to clear the west, try to run straight at the number of bends, the river is straight and slippery, and the sand is brushed and the river is deep." "(5) Dismantle the Yellow Dam. Emperor Kangxi ordered the demolition of the Yellow Dam near Yuntiguan as soon as possible, and the dredging of the Haikou River to make the Yellow River flow directly into the sea, enhance the water potential, and wash away the sediment.

Emperor Kangxi completed the construction of the river, and wrote the poem "Reading the River" [25] to show the river ministers.

The poem says:

Huaihuang dredging expensive business, trek three times to not hesitate.

Several embankments are finger painted, and the ploughing and chiseling are successful.

On the second day of the first lunar month, because the price of rice in the flooded areas was high and the livelihood of the people was poor, Emperor Kangxi ordered to intercept 100,000 stones of grain, distribute them to Gaoyou, Yancheng, Suqian and other 12 prefectures and counties, and then intercept 100,000 stones to store in Huai'an and Yangzhou. Emperor Kangxi visited Yangzhou, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Jiangning and other places. When returning to Luan, passing through Yangzhou, on the 25th, the imperial boat docked in Huai'an, crossed the Yellow River, and took a small boat to inspect Xinsi along the way.

On the second day of the fifth month, Emperor Kangxi ordered Zhang Pengxi, the governor of Liangjiang, to enter Beijing. On the 17th, he returned to Beijing. A few days later, Emperor Kangxi said to his minister: "I have visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang, passed through the prefectures and counties, and inspected the surplus and deficiency of their cultivation and the success of the slang of the city. This was not done well by the local division, and the court's grace was not followed. [26] He ordered the silver to be withheld, to be given alms, and to forgive the arrears of money and grain.

In September of that year, Emperor Kangxi showed scholars and others with a map of the river drawn by Yu Chenglong, the governor of the river, and he pointed out that "the four seas are peaceful today, and the most serious one is to govern the river. [27] Emperor Kangxi made the decision to renovate the course of the Yellow River so that the Yellow River could be moved slightly northward and the Huai River could flow freely. He pointed out: "Jin Fu, Dong Anguo, and Yu Chenglong know how to build an embankment to protect against water, but as for changing the body of the river to make the north and make the water flow, they did not mention it. If the clear water is not allowed to flow, although the embankment is built and the bank is built, the yellow water will eventually be backfilled, how can it be resisted? ”

［28］

The new river control strategy formulated by the Kangxi Emperor was implemented by the new governor of the river Zhang Pengxi in the second year. First of all, the dam was dismantled and dug deep into the sea channel. Between the ten days, the riverbed is three zhang deep, more than 20 zhang wide, and the river water flows into the sea, and Pei Mo can resist. [29] By the end of the forty years (1701), other works were completed. In the summer of the following year, another catastrophic flood occurred in the Yellow River, and this time the flood was a severe test for the new construction projects, and Kangxi was particularly concerned. The flood did not fall for ten months, and Kangxi ordered Zhang Pengxi to stay on the embankment day and night. The newly built dam (now Kangxi Imperial Dam) near Qingkou, in the summer and autumn danger, forced the Yellow River to flow straight to Taozhuang to lead the river, along the north bank, Huaishui flows smoothly from Qingkou to the enemy yellow, and there is no danger of yellow water backflow; The embankment of Gaojiayan in Hongze Lake has been in danger several times, and after stepping up defense, it finally blocked the roaring flood peak and withstood the test; Most of the other projects have also withstood the challenge of flooding, such as the embankment on the west bank of the Yellow River from Xuzhou to Haikou and the embankment on the west bank of the Shanyang-Shaobo Canal. In this flood, the embankment of the upper reaches of Hongze Lake was still washed away, but the damage was much smaller than in previous years. The various projects withstood the test of the flood, which made the Kangxi Emperor very happy.

Fourth, the fourth southern tour, the river work was preliminarily completed.

From the fifteenth day of the first month of the forty-second year of Kangxi (1703) to the fifteenth day of March, Emperor Kangxi carried out his fourth southern tour with the completion of the river work.

On the fourth day of the first month of February, Emperor Kangxi entered the Qingkou, inspected the Tianfei Gate and the Imperial Dam, and issued the "Edict of Rewarding the River Ministers" to Zhang Pengxi, the governor of the river, and the officials in the river were rewarded. [30] Emperor Kangxi also personally watched Taozhuang lead the river, and ordered the envoy to clear the mouth. Inspect the dam and declare that it should not slip away to prevent river flooding. Read Baojiaying, instructed to open the dredging and diversion of the river, and clear the river to be safe. Reading the estuary of the river, ordered to move to Yangzhuang, the Kangxi Emperor instructed Zhang Pengxi, the governor of the river, to say: "Zhongzhuang Qingshui export forced to slip to the south, the port is hindered, Taozhuang should be under Yangjiazhuang to pick up the river, so that the middle river from this exit." [31] When the clear water went out of Zhongjiazhuang, whenever the Yellow River soared and shot straight to the south bank, it was inevitable that the mouth would be irrigated, and the door of the middle estuary would be moved, and the mouth would be fine.

The Kangxi Emperor made "Hechen Zhen" in the boat, and the imperial book was given to the Hechen Zhang Pengxi. "Hechen Zhen" said: "Since ancient times, floods, but the river is big. If there is a good way to govern, the people will not be harmless. Yu is sparse and nine, and Hecheng is dependent. Descended to the Han and Tang Dynasties, and never recovered. Gradually migrated to the south, the Song and Yuan dynasties overflowed. The present river and the past river cannot be discussed. In the past, the river defense was stopped, and now it is also the law. Eliminate its troubles and restore its strength. This side is derelict in its duties. Zeguo Bochen, widowhood has been extreme. shoulders a huge responsibility, and is sluggish. Don't let the golden embankment collapse in the anthill, and don't make the field become a cave. There is no need to waste the country's money in vain. Don't make a fuss and build a fresh verification. Try to do your best to guide first, and don't regret it later. Don't go back to the public for personal reasons, don't work hard and get away. However, it is clean and self-sustaining, and it is also brainstorming and broadening. Then all the troubles will be removed, and the achievements can be honored. Show me the river minister, respectfully. ”［32］

Emperor Kangxi passed the Qingjiang Pu, fortunately Qing banquet garden, the imperial pen inscribed "tranquility" plaque to Zhang Pengxi. Zhang Pengxi turned the stone into a stele, and the stele still exists.

Emperor Kangxi visited Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Jiangning and other places. On the way back to Luan, on the second day of the first month of March, Emperor Kangxi inspected the Gaojiayan embankment again and stationed in the Guandi Temple. The next day, he continued to inspect the embankment and ordered Zhang Pengxi, the governor of the river, to immediately build the embankment where the embankment was thin, the piles and trees were decaying, and the earth and stone were broken.

Emperor Kangxi inspected all the way, and when he saw that the river work had been preliminarily completed, he happily ordered to write a poem "Lan Huai Huangcheng" [33].

The poem says:

Diligent and long-term care of Huai Huang, several degrees of wind and dust to give prescriptions.

Jiuqu is known as the world's danger, and the four are really trillions of people's injuries.

It is necessary to be diligent and cautious in order to clear the turbidity, and to divide the potential and open the flow in the wilderness.

Although Anlan is wide and eats, he lays golden soup before and after the warning.

On March 15, Emperor Kangxi returned to Beijing via Dongping, Dongchang, Cangzhou, and Tianjin. On the 16th, Emperor Kangxi summoned scholars and Jiuqing and others to say: "I have made this southern tour and read all over the river work, and I have probably succeeded." The water of the Yellow River has always been six feet high, and the Huai water is six feet low, which cannot be defeated by the Yellow River, so it often suffers from silt pads. Now the six dams will be blocked, the water of Hongze Lake is high, and the strength can be compared to the yellow, so the canal will not have the trouble of backfilling. This river work is also completed. ”［34］

Fifth, the fifth and sixth southern tours, planning the aftermath of the rules.

At the beginning of the forty-fourth year of Kangxi (1705), Emperor Kangxi believed that although the river work was completed, it was still necessary to inspect the situation and plan the aftermath. On the ninth day of February, Emperor Kangxi left Beijing and embarked on his fifth southern tour.

On 16 February, Emperor Kangxi's imperial boat passed through Qingzhou, anchored at the Tuqiao Gate, and said to the scholars: "When I first arrived in the south of the Yangtze River, the ship was on both sides of the Yellow River, and the people and trees were in sight one by one. In the 38th year of Kangxi, it was only the bank of the river, and in the 42nd year, it was far away, and the river body was deep. Since then, day by day, it will not be a big rule. Smell the river has been ripe for many years, and it has never been seen before. ”［35］

On the sixth day of the first month of March, Emperor Kangxi's imperial boat passed through Dongchang and Jining and entered the south of the Yangtze River. On the eighth day of the first month, crossing the Yellow River, Boqing Jiangpu, Emperor Kangxi personally read Yangjiazhuang and other places newly opened the Zhonghe sluice gate and the nearby embankment, saw that the Yellow River has been along the track, very happy, returned to the boat and happily wrote two poems. The name said: "Yangjiazhuang Newly Opened Zhonghe Deshunfeng View Folk Houses Two Songs" [36]

One of them said:

In an instant, the wind sailed for more than 100 miles, and passed through Huaixu several times.

Time is still like the scene of the year, and I consciously urge my temples to be sparse.

The second is to say:

At the beginning of the spring rain, the willow silk is opened, and the fishing boat sings late and shifts.

The temple is full of Huang Huai, and today Anlan is known to the world.

Emperor Kangxi integrated the beautiful scenery of Yangjiazhuang's "spring rain makes willows, fishing boats sing at night" into the poem, which is a portrayal of his mood at that time. These two poems were stoned into a monument and erected in the three dams of Yangjiazhuang.

On the 11th, Emperor Kangxi docked the north Gaoqiao of Yangzhou City, and Emperor Kangxi sent an edict to Zhang Pengxi, the governor of the river, saying: "The river work has been completed, and the aftermath strategy is more important." I came to see it in person today and built the Tianfei Gate, which is very appropriate. If the water of the Yellow River rises to five or six feet, the clear water does not rise, and the strength is weaker than the Yellow River, and the yellow water will naturally pour back, which is also inevitable. How can this be called a failure to control the river? In case of backfilling, the Tianfei gate will be lowered, and the clear water will be stored to fight the yellow, but in a few days, the yellow water will retreat. When the grain ship is outdated, the board is open. ”

[37] He also pointed out: "The relationship between the embankment on the south bank of the Yellow River is critical, and the repair of the embankment should be stepped up. ”［38］

On the 17th, he arrived in Suzhou. The 18th was the 52nd birthday of Emperor Kangxi, and at noon, Emperor Kangxi summoned Zhang Pengxi and the river workers to instruct: "Although the river work has been completed, it is necessary to repair and protect it in advance, in order to deal with the aftermath." ”［39］

On the ninth day of the fourth month, Emperor Kangxi passed through Qingkou on the way back to Luan and read the Gaojiayan embankment. On the 11th, Emperor Kangxi came to the front of the Huiji Temple, Zhang Pengxi, the head of the river, led Zhang Bi of Huaiyang Dao, and Ma Qi of the University to kneel down on the river, and the Kangxi Emperor stood on the masonry embankment and said to the ministers: "Every time I go to the river, I will go to the Huiji Temple to observe the water potential." Before the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi (1699), the yellow water flooded, and the places where Verr and other places were all yellow water. At that time, when I looked at it from the boat, the water was level with the shore, and the shore could be shaken around it. After that, the water gradually returned, and the shore was higher than the water. Now the shore is going to the water, and there is more than a foot high. The clear water flows smoothly, forcing the yellow to reach the north bank, and the yellow stream is only a line. Looking at this situation, the river of me has been completed. My heart was very happy. ”［40］

During this southern tour, Emperor Kangxi was very happy to plan the aftermath with "the success of the river work".

Unexpectedly, a few months later, the river work had another problem. In July of that year, Huang and Huai had a surge that had not been seen for many years, causing several embankments in Gugoutang, Hanjiazhuang, and Qingshuigou to burst and cause floods. Emperor Kangxi was very angry when he heard the news, and immediately issued an edict: "This spring, I want to see Gaojiayan in person, Zhang Pengxi said that the embankment project is complete, and when the mosquitoes and flies are rising in the hot summer, I beg to stop reading it in person, and I will play it again and again." I have a great relationship with Gaojiayan, and I went to see that there was still an unfinished place on the stone embankment, and that there were many decays in the two or three years of the embankment, so I instructed Zhang Pengxi and the ministers of the river workers one by one about this situation. I also told Zhang Pengxi that the flood is unpredictable, and you must protect it day and night. As for the improper appointment of the personnel guarding the embankment, I also advised. The four embankments of Jingugou, Tanggang, Qingshuigou and Hanjiazhuang will be broken, and the river workers will have to recover from the damage. The big and small river members only know that the clear water flows smoothly for their own work, and they do not know that the dam of Gaojiayan has too much water discharge, then the clear water is weak, and the yellow water will be poured back. [41] Emperor Kangxi ordered the ministers to discuss and play quickly. On July 30, Jiuqing and others complied with the order and reinstated, and Zhang Pengxi was dismissed from his post and retained.

As a result of this decision, Emperor Kangxi ordered Ah Shan, the governor of Liangjiang, and Sang E, the governor of Caoyun, and Zhang Pengxi, to discuss in detail the repair plan for Caoyun and Mintian. In the first month of the following year, Ah Shan and others put forward the plan of Chuangxing and Huai set, the main content of which is to open the river from Sizhou to build an embankment, divert Huai water to Gaojiayan, enter Changyukou, and then exit Qingkou. Since the Chuangxing Slip Huaitao project required about 1.88 million taels of silver, Jiuqing believed that the river works were of great importance, and the project situation was particularly difficult to clarify in detail. Jointly invite the emperor to come to the river in person and give instructions. Emperor Kangxi thought that he had made several southern tours, and the officials and people along the river were not without labor, and the years had gradually increased, so he was not allowed to go in person because of his luck. However, Emperor Kangxi was not at ease with the Huai set project, thinking that if such a large-scale project was lost, the people would be wasted and the consequences would be unimaginable. After repeated pleas from scholars and others, Emperor Kangxi finally decided to tour the south again.

On the twenty-second day of the first month of the forty-sixth year of Kangxi (1707), Emperor Kangxi set off from Beijing. On 20 February, Emperor Kangxi went ashore from Qingkou and inspected the topography of the Huaitao in detail. On the same day, Emperor Kangxi summoned Hu Cong Wenwu, local officials, river governors and river workers in front of the palace and severely reprimanded Zhang Pengxi for not paying attention to river workers. For the Huaitao project, Emperor Kangxi said to the ministers: "Qian'a Shan and others surveyed the water potential of Sizhou, and said that another river was opened in the Huaitao area to open Zhangfukou, which could drain the Huai water, avoid the Hongze Lake and rise, and protect the danger of Gaojiayan." The drawings are submitted, please read them for yourself. Yesterday, I read the Wujiadun, and I still said that the slippery set played by Ashan and so on can be opened. Today's ride from Qingkou to Caojiamiao place to see in detail, the terrain is very high, although the river is excavated, it can not reach Qingkou directly, and the pattern of Yi and other advances is very different. And most of the benchmarks set are on the graves, not only destroying the people's fields, but even destroying the people's graves. …… Over the past few years, the two rivers have been calm and the people's livelihood is happy, so why bother? [42] Emperor Kangxi also pointed out: "The Huaihuang of the Ming Dynasty is very different from today. In the Ming Dynasty, the yellow water was strong, and the Huai water was weak, so there was a danger of backfilling. I have been touring the south since the year of Jiazi, reading the situation of the two rivers, and I have a clear memory. Gradually repaired, now Huai is strong and yellow is weak. The aftermath should be dealt with urgently. Instead of opening up the useless river of Huaitao, it is better to dredge the place where Hongze Lake comes out of the water, so that it is wide and deep, so that the clear water can flow more smoothly. To the Jiangjia Dam, the natural dam area of the old river shape, it is advisable to dredge more, so that the traffic material river, so that the merchant and civilian ships can pass, that is, the boat can also be transported, for the benefit is not shallow. [43] Kangxi issued an order to stop the river loop project, and after repeated inspection and research, he ordered to dredge the outlet of Hongze Lake, widen and deepen, so that the clear water can flow smoothly, so as to achieve the effect of the river loop project. [44] On the 21st, Emperor Kangxi ordered to return to Qingkou from Caojia Temple and remove all the benchmarks set along the way, and the people cheered. Emperor Kangxi went to Qingkou to board a boat and return to Luan.

During this southern tour, Emperor Kangxi dealt with the aftermath of the river work. On April 22, he returned to Changchun Garden.

In the forty-fifth year of Kangxi (1706), Emperor Kangxi ordered the construction of the Wangjiaying Dam, in the forty-ninth year (1710) to build the Huiji Gate, in the fifty-first year (1712) to build the Bian Zhuang Dam, and in the fifty-eighth year (1719) to open the Wangjiaying East River, to divide the north, in order to protect the old dam on the south bank, the road is dangerous, so the law is prepared. ［45］

Emperor Kangxi people-oriented, solid governance, he personally came to the river work, instructed the strategy, after decades of governance, the two rivers are peaceful, the water is unimpeded, the people live and work in peace and contentment, which played a role in promoting the stability and prosperity of the society at that time. Emperor Kangxi toured the south six times in his life, went back and forth to offer the ceremony, sent the internal money, and also asked "pre-pay the officials, don't be tired." [46] After Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Qianlong also carried out six southern tours, but he enjoyed his success, advocating flashiness, and rejoicing in his achievements, and spent a lot of people's fat and ointment for traveling all over the Jinshan embroidery water in the south of the Yangtze River, and its purpose and function could not be said on the same day as his grandfather.