Kangxi Emperor Aixin Jueluo: Xuan Ye made six southern tours between the 23rd and 46th years of Kangxi (1684-1707), leaving many well-known stories, novels, films and television to lay out and render them, smearing historical facts into plausible, and the core purpose of Kangxi's southern tour was to control the river, guide Huai, and help the luck. At that time, Huai'an is the place where the three rivers of Huang, Huai and Yun meet, and it is the key to the Huanghuai and Caoyun locks, and Gaojiayan is an important barrier for the safety of people's lives and property in the Xiahe area of Gongweili, therefore, the Huai'an area is the key to the river control in the Qing Dynasty, and the Kangxi Emperor must go to Huai'an to inspect every time he makes a southern tour, and instructs the river management strategy. Emperor Kangxi worked hard here to practice his idea of "once and for all, comprehensive repair" to govern the river, which embodies the realistic personality of a great monarch who pursues social stability and people's happiness, and gives us many useful references and inspirations.

Kangxi Emperor Aixin Jueluo: Xuanye (1654-1722) was the second emperor of the Qing Dynasty after entering the customs. He ascended the throne at the age of eight, and after he became a pro-government at the age of sixteen, he "took the three feudatories, river affairs, and Cao Yun as the three major events, and dreamed of it all night, and hung it on the pillar of the palace with a book." [1] In particular, Emperor Kangxi devoted his life to river affairs. In order to control the river, from the 23rd to the 46th year of the Kangxi reign (1684-1707), the Kangxi Emperor made six southern tours, each time with a detailed inspection of the river as the first priority. Huai'an City, Huaiyin District, Wharf Town, at that time was the Huang, Huai, Yun three water confluence, for the Huang Huai Xiang Yao, Cao Yun lock key, Gaojiayan is Gongwei Li Xiahe area of the people's life and property safety of an important barrier, therefore, Huai'an area is the Qing Dynasty to govern the river key, Kangxi Emperor every time he toured the south, must come here to inspect.

1. Attention and research on river affairs at the beginning of his administration.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the war was frequent, the river was in disrepair for a long time, and the lower reaches of the Yellow River broke everywhere in the early years of Kangxi, and the disasters continued year after year. According to incomplete statistics, from the first year of Shunzhi in the early Qing Dynasty to the sixteenth year of Kangxi (1644-1677), the number of disasters caused by the Yellow River in the Huaihe River basin was as many as 90. [2] From the bottom of Dangshan in Xuzhou to the mouth of Lianshui Sea, the Yellow River burst in 70 or 80 places, the Gaojiayan breach in Hongze Lake in more than 30 places, and the Zhaijiaba breach into nine rivers, and the Qingkou and Yunkou were silted into land, not only the people's fields were flooded, but also the transportation channels were blocked, and the four million Shicao grains supplied to the capital from the south every year were also lost.

In July of the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), soon after the Kangxi Emperor was in power, the Yellow River broke in the chimney on the south bank of Taoyuan, and the counties along the river were flooded, especially the Qing River, the Yellow River was blocked, the water potential was poured into Hongze Lake, the high post water was two zhang high, the city gate was blocked, and the villagers drowned tens of thousands. [3] From this time on, the flood attracted the attention of Emperor Kangxi, as Emperor Kangxi himself said: "Since the age of fourteen, I have repeatedly studied in detail such as Gaojiayan and other canals below Suqian. [4] He studied the strategy of river control meticulously throughout his life.

In March of the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), the test of the world's tributes was in front of the Taihe Palace, and the Kangxi Emperor clarified the policy and river governance as the test topic, which proposed that "millions of stones of grain are taken to the southeast and transferred to the Yellow River and Yun River, why should the dredging be done properly?" And Tianyu is abundant, the country reaps profits, and the people are not harmed? There must be a way to deal with this. Erdoshi has been studying for a long time, and when there is a sure view of it, each of them hugs the phoenix, and the details are detailed, and I will see it in person. ”［5］

In April of the 11th year of Kangxi (1672), Emperor Kangxi sent the guard Wu Dan and the scholar Guo Tingzuo to inspect the river work and submit the drawing. [6] In the fifteenth year of Kangxi (1676), Gaojiayan broke down, only Wujiadun to Gaoliangjian appeared thirty-four bursts, Huaishui fell rapidly, after the river tiptoed Huai, a large number of poured into the lake, forming a serious situation of breaking the Queron embankment on the top, breaking the Gaojiayan below, breaking into the canal, and going down the river in the overflow. The flooding of the rich land in the south of the Yangtze River and the obstruction of transportation routes were also extremely unfavorable to the war to pacify the "three feudatories". Therefore, although the state finances were still relatively difficult, the Kangxi Emperor was determined to carry out comprehensive management of the Yellow River and the Huai River. Emperor Kangxi ordered Ji Rubi and others to inspect the river works, and repeatedly instructed before the trip: "The river works have a huge amount of funds, but they have not been effective, and the people in the counties along the river are all trapped by it." When you go here, you must look at each other with a solid heart, and explain in detail the stakes on the river, and how the embankments should be built, so as to be a plan once and for all, and there is no need to be reluctant to blame. If you ignore the trial, you will not be able to excuse yourself if there is something to do later." [7] In December of the same year, Emperor Kangxi also considered the long-term plan of river control, diversion and channeling, and "ordered the places along the river to be planted in the south of the Jiangnan and Yang, so as to prepare for the needs of river workers." ”［8］

In February of the sixteenth year of Kangxi (1677), at the moment when the fierce battle of pacifying the "three feudatories" was in full swing, Emperor Kangxi sent an edict to Jin Fu, the governor of Anhui, to the governor of Jiangdao. After Jin Fu took office, he was stationed in Qingjiangpu, and went deep into the rivers and waters to investigate and study, "the weekly situation, absorbing public opinions, and being the same day for the eight sparses". [9] Fu Shuyan: "Those who govern the river should judge the overall situation, and the obstruction of the transportation channel is due to the change of the river, and the change of the river has always been to control the river as much as possible to the place where the river ships pass, and the other breaches are not related to the transportation channel, so that the river is deteriorating." [10] Jin Fu pointed out: "If the Qingkou is not dredged, the Huanghuai River will have no return, and if the Qingkou is not dug to lead the river, the Huai River will not be smooth." The break of the high weir is not fully sealed, then the Huai is divided and the yellow brush is not effective, the yellow must be irrigated, and the downstream clear water pool is also dangerous. And if the south bank of the Yellow River is not mentioned, the high weir still has hidden worries, and if the north bank is not mentioned, the east of the mountain will be washed out. Therefore, the embankment was built, the downstream was dredged, and the mouth was plugged, but there was a sequence, and there was no urgency. Now is not a one-and-done plan, and it has been built again and again, and it is bound to stop. [11] Shushang, the ministers disagreed, because it was in line with Emperor Kangxi's policy of once and for all and comprehensive repair, and Emperor Kangxi specially invited it.

In the first month of the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), Emperor Kangxi approved the allocation of more than 2.5 million taels of gold, which was completed in three years for Jin Fu. [12] Since then, under the auspices of Jin Fu, large-scale river management has been carried out in an all-round way. Jin Fu drew on the theory of Pan Jitao, a hydraulic scientist in the Ming Dynasty, who "built embankments to restrain water and attack sand with water", and put forward the theory that "building embankments to restrain water and diverting water from rivers to release water are used interchangeably". In the practice of river control, Jin Fu first dredged the channel from Qingjiangpu to Yuntiguan in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, so that the flood water could flow smoothly into the sea, and then successively blocked Gaojiayan and the Yellow River's execution ports. After curbing the trend of flooding, Jin Fu successively completed the projects of changing the port to Qilidun, opening the four diversion rivers at the mouth of the Qingkou, dredging the Soo River, and adding the middle canal, and achieved initial results in river control.

2. The first and second southern patrols inspected the river workers and measured the situation.

After Emperor Kangxi pacified the three feudatories and unified Taiwan, he regarded river affairs as the first priority. Although Jin Fuzhi River has achieved certain results, but the Huai and Yang floods have not improved significantly, Emperor Kangxi has worked hard for this, working hard day and night, he is afraid that the officials will be lawless in governing the river, so in the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), he held the ceremony of the southern tour, not far away, and read the river work.

On September 28, the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), Emperor Kangxi left Beijing and began his first southern tour. On October 19, Emperor Kangxi moved from Suto to Taoyuan County to inspect various dangerous projects on the north bank of the Yellow River for 180 miles. On October 20, Emperor Kangxi was fortunate to come to Qingkou, accompanied by Jin Fu, and walked for more than ten miles, although it was muddy and knee-long, he did not give up the difficulty. [13] He also boarded the Tianfei Gate, personally surveyed the water situation, and saw that the water was turbulent, so he ordered it to be changed to a grass dam, and set up two gates of Qili and Taiping to divide the water potential. [14] Emperor Kangxi sent an edict to Jin Fu: "I have always paid attention to river affairs, and every time I read the books on river defense in the palace and the names of the places where I have entered the river map and the dangerous workers over the years, I will discuss them from time to time. Although I know the difficulty of dangerous construction, I have never experienced the river work, and the turbulence of the river and the distance of the embankment cannot be understood. Today, the terrain is surveyed in detail, and the situation is measured, such as Xiaojiadu, Jiuligang, and Cuijiazhen...... The area is very dangerous, and the embankment and dams must be protected from time to time. [15] Then, Emperor Kangxi boarded a boat and crossed Qingjiangpu and Huai'an Mansion.

Subsequently, Emperor Kangxi was fortunate to visit Baoying, Gaoyou, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Suzhou, Wuxi, Jiangning and other places. On the way back to Luan, on the 10th day of the first month of November, Emperor Kangxi went to Qinghe County, and landed to inspect the Wanggong embankment, the old dam mouth, the Wujiadun, the Tianfei Gate and the Gaojiayan embankment. When he inspected the port, he told Jin Fu: "We should build a sluice seat to prevent the backflow of yellow water." ”［16］

Emperor Kangxi summoned Jin Fu into the palace to give condolences in person, and personally sprinkled Chenhan, and gave Jin Fu a poem "Reading the River Embankment" [17]. He said to Jin Fu and the ministers: "I patrolled the south, and I saw the hard work of the river laborers and the poverty of Luyan. Thinking of the people of this party, when will they be able to settle down to the acres? When will the river work be completed? Even into a poem, talk about writing about me, not in the work of rhetoric. ”

The poem says:

Prevent the river and eat, and the six royals go out of the deep palace.

Slowly seek the people's seclusion, and sigh at the vulgar dome.

What year is the joy of harvesting, this day is dredging.

has worked hard, Anlan has made a good performance early!

From this poem, we can get a glimpse of Emperor Kangxi's eagerness to cure the floods, and he had high hopes for Jin Fu. Jin Fucheng was terrified, turned this poem into a monument, and followed it with vigilance. The monument was erected on the south bank of the Qingjiang Gate at that time, and now it has been lost for a long time, and then Chu Xiuyuan re-erected this monument.

In the twenty-fourth year of Kangxi (1685), Jin Fushang dredged and built the Shuangjin Gate, which was originally built for the discharge of yellow, and then changed to the port in Yangzhuang, which was dedicated to the discharge of the water of the Zhonghe River. In the twenty-sixth year of Kangxi (1687), Jin Fushang dredged the middle canal from Zhongzhuang to Suqian, and the middle canal was completed, and the Cao transport ship had to avoid the danger of the Yellow River for 180 miles.

On the eighth day of the first month of the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi (1689), Emperor Kangxi toured south again. On the 25th, to Qinghe County, Emperor Kangxi instructed Wang Xin, the governor of the river: "The middle river and the Yellow River are approaching, if the Yellow River bursts, they will be mixed into one, and there should be a way to prevent it." Emperor Kangxi also issued an edict to Fu Lata, the governor of Liangjiang: "Since my southern tour, I have been thinking of the people's hardships and diligent governance, and I have reached the south of the Yangtze River, and the scenery of the people's livelihood is slightly richer than that of the previous southern tour,...... (Jiangnan Province) owes about 2.2 million taels,...... In addition, the people in Jiangnan Province owe money and grain, tun grain, reeds, rice, wheat and beans and miscellaneous taxes and ...... in addition to the miscellaneous taxes owed by the people in Jiangnan Province. [18] And "the speed of the dawn, the day spread three hundred miles, the remote village, the salty know the meaning." [19] Emperor Kangxi improvised a poem "Jiangnan Fu"[20].

The poem says:

The country's financial endowment is heavy in the southeast, and it has been responsible for renting Zhiyin.

Why don't you see Yuze frequently, and the whole world is willing to work hard with happiness.

On the seventh day of the first month of March, Emperor Kangxi led his entourage to inspect the embankment sluice and dam around Gaojiayan on the way back to Luan, and he said to the ministers: "The embankment is quite strong, and it is useless to build a heavy embankment in addition to the old embankment." He also said: "In the previous year, due to the Gaojiayan rush, the Huai River flowed eastward, invincible yellow power, the yellow water poured back, the bottom of the lake was silted, and the sea mouth was occluded. …… Gaojiayan has a dam to reduce the water, and it is not possible to divert the water of the Huai River. However, in the year of the flood, the Huai water is full of water, and the mouth is not cleared, the embankment will be injured. [21] On March 19, when he returned to Beijing, Kangxi Xun immediately went to the imperial gate to listen to the government and once again solicited the opinions of the hundred officials on the governance of the river.