【Qin and Han】

In ancient China, the government organized and managed the expropriated property (mainly grain) by water to Jingshi or other designated places. The waterway is not passable supplemented by land transportation, and vehicles are mostly used (mountain roads or people and animals are transported), so they are also collectively called "Zhuan Cao" or "Cao Yuan".

When Qin and Han Qin Shi Huang attacked the Xiongnu, they transported grain from Shandong to Beihe (now the area of the Wujia River in Inner Mongolia); During the attack on South Vietnam, he ordered Jianlu to dig a spiritual canal to communicate the Xiangjiang River and the Xijiang River water system to transport grain. Chu and Han fought, and Xiao He transferred the grain from Guanzhong to the front line for military food, which played a major role in guaranteeing the victory of the Han army.

After the Western Han Dynasty established Chang'an, a large amount of grain needed to be transported from the Kanto region every year to meet the needs of the nobles, officials and troops in the Guanzhong region, and the transformation was gradually institutionalized. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the annual transportation volume was hundreds of thousands of stones. In the early years of Emperor Wu, it increased to more than one million stones, and later to four million stones. In the first year of Yuanfeng (110 BC), according to Sang Hongyang's suggestion, the people were ordered to make up for their sins, and the agricultural officials increased their production, and the grain in the hands of the government increased greatly, and the Caoyun once increased to 6 million stone per year, and generally remained at about 4 million stone per year. The number of Cao soldiers reached 60,000. It is managed by the lieutenants of various places, and the county commanders along the way also lead the affairs. The grain was imported into Taicang, to which Dasi Nong belonged. In addition, when Emperor Wu used troops and developed the southwest for many years, the grain needed by the army was also transported at a huge cost, and even a stone was transferred, and more than ten minutes of grain were consumed along the way, which greatly increased the burden on the people.

In the process of transferring to the Yellow River, the cost is huge, it takes a long time, and there is a lot of manpower to be mobilized, especially the danger that the Cao boat has to pass through the Sanmenxia Pillar of the Yellow River, and the grain loss is very large. To this end, the government of the Western Han Dynasty has adopted a variety of improvement methods. Among them, the most effective is the opening of the Cao Canal. In the sixth year of Emperor Wu Yuanguang (129 BC), according to the suggestion of the great farmer Zheng at that time, it took three years to dig an artificial canal parallel to the Wei River along the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains, so that the distance and time of waterway transportation from Tongguan to Chang'an were greatly shortened, the transportation cost was reduced, and the fields along the canal could also receive the benefits of irrigation. It was an important water conservancy project in the Han Dynasty. In addition, when Emperor Xuan Geng Shouchang suggested that Sanfu, Hongnong, Hedong, Shangdang, and Taiyuan should be used as a master in Beijing, this practice played a good role in shortening the transportation route, reducing the pressure of transportation, and avoiding the danger of the pillars.

The Eastern Han Dynasty built the capital of Luoyang, from Shandong, Hebei, Jianghuai and other places to transfer grain to Beijing, the distance is relatively close, and there is no need to go through the danger of the pillar, which improves the difficult situation of Cao transportation. Therefore, in the early years of Emperor Guangwu, the province dismissed the Protector Duwei. However, at this time, there was still a certain development in the Caoyun industry. In the twenty-fourth year of Emperor Guangwu's establishment (48 AD), he repaired the Yang Canal in the south of Luoyang to divert Luoshui to Cao. In the twelfth year of Emperor Yongping of the Ming Dynasty (69 AD), Wang Jingzhi River, from Xingyang (now the northeast of Xingyang County) to Qiancheng (now the north of Gaoyuan Town, Gaoqing, Shandong) Haikou built embankments and repaired canals, so that the Yellow River and Bianhe River that flowed mixed after the migration of the Yellow River in the third year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (11 AD) were diverted, which facilitated the grain from the south to enter the Bianhe River from the Huai River, and the grain from the north followed the river and Luoxi, so that the food supply of the Beijing division was not worried about scarcity. This is the greatest achievement of the Eastern Han Dynasty's Cao Yun cause. In addition, for example, when Emperor Guangwu attacked the Xiongnu, he once transported military grain from Wenshui (i.e., Luoyu Shui, flowing through the north of present-day Beijing), and when Emperor An was Yu Xu was the Taishou of Wudu, he burned stones and cut wood for dozens of miles between Fu (now Luoyangdong, Shaanxi) and Xiabi (now west of Chengxian County, Gansu) to open the Cao Boat Road, etc., which also improved the tight situation of grain transportation in various regions.

Since Qin Shi Huang unified China, the problem of turning Cao is to transport the grain from the east to Chang'an, from the overall point of view, the most important transit center in the Central Plains, so the Qin government built the country's largest granary - Ao Cang in Chenggao (now Xingyang, Henan West Wuli). In the Western Han Dynasty, the grain of the East was mostly transported from this west, and the Eastern Han Dynasty placed Ao Cangguan, which was under the jurisdiction of Henan Yin.

(rather)

【Three Kingdoms, Two Jin Dynasties, Northern and Southern Dynasties】

The Huai River and Yangtze River basins are the frontier of the north-south confrontation between the regimes, and all sides regard the passage of the valley as a priority. Sun Wu was the capital of Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and once dredged the Tuyang Canal from Duye (now 15 miles east of Zhenjiang City) to Xiaoxin (now more than 10 miles north of Danyang City, Jiangsu). After moving the capital to Jianye (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), it excavated more than 30 miles between Xiaoqi (now 17 miles southeast of Jurong, Jiangsu) to Yunyang Xicheng (now Nantangzhuang, Jurong County), and set up grain storage to avoid the danger of the wind and waves of the Yangtze River. Cao Wei repeatedly used the four rivers of Ru, Ying, Wei and Qu to open the Jiahou Canal, the Qiuyu Canal, the Huaiyang Canal and the Baizhang Canal in the westward part of the upper reaches of the Huai River, and this canal network communicated with the Jianghuai River in the southeast, which was convenient for transporting troops and grain, and accumulating grains in Tuntian. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, in view of the fact that the Tuyang Canal is located in the hilly section of the Zhenjiang River with high terrain and the river water dips south and flows north, the first weir on the Jiangnan Canal (Ding Mao Dai) was built in the south of Jingkou to control the loss of river water. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in order to improve the transportation conditions between the Jianghuai River, the ditch was renovated many times. Since the opening of the Hangou and Gulf and Bianshui canals, Surabaya in the Huaibei region has become the main trunk connecting the Central Plains and the lower reaches of the Yellow River in the south. When Xie Xuan went north to attack the former Qin to Pengcheng (now Xuzhou City, Jiangsu), when the Surabaya torrent blocked the transportation of military grain, he built seven weirs to control the Luliang River and other Surabaya tributaries 60 miles southeast of Pengcheng in sections. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, an artificial canal was also opened in the north of Pengcheng, so that Wen, Ji and Sishui were connected, and Surabaya passed through the west of Pengcheng and entered the Yellow River. The Northern Wei Dynasty passed through the Jianghuai River, and set up 12 warehouses along the waterway, storing grain for military needs.

During this period, in view of the different water levels of each section, many weirs were also built, and the level of artificial and canalized channels of the Cao River was improved, and the carrying capacity was enhanced.

【Sui and Tang Dynasties】

The Sui Dynasty successively built four sections of the road: Shanyang desecrated, from Shanyang (now Huai'an, Jiangsu) to the Yangtze River (now Yizheng County, Jiangsu) into the Yangtze River; Tongji Canal, from Xiyuan (now Luoyangxi, Henan) to the valley, Luoshui to the Yellow River, and from Banzhu (now 20 miles northeast of Henan Bianxian County) to lead the Yellow River to the Huai River, in fact, it is to use Bianshui to take a straight channel (renamed Guangji Canal in the Tang Dynasty); Yongji Canal, from Zhuo County (now southwest of Beijing) in the north, to the Yellow River in the south; Jiangnan River, from Jingkou to Yuhang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). The Sui-Tang Grand Canal longitudinally connects the five major river systems of the Hai River, the Huai River, the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Qiantang River.

In the third year of Emperor Wen of Sui (583), he successively placed warehouses in Liyang, Heyin, Changping and Guangtong along the banks where the canals were located in Henan and Shaanxi. Recruit and store grain in Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and other places. After the destruction of Chen, most of the grain in Chang'an was transported by Jianghuai. Emperor Yang put Luokou and returned to Luocang; 26 million stone of grain reserves.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the grain transported to Guanzhong by land and water was only about 120,000 stones. In the early period from Gaozong to Xuanzong, due to the difficulty and danger of the transportation road from Henan to Guanzhong, the southeast transportation road was in disrepair for many years, so the Tang Dynasty was stationed in the eastern capital (Luoyang) and "ate" the huge amount of grain accumulated in Taiyuan and Luokoucang (respectively in Shaanzhou and Gongxian County, Henan). In the middle of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, the expansion of government institutions, especially the collapse of the government and military system, caused a sharp increase in the demand for grain. The Tang Dynasty organized thousands of ships to transport more than 100,000 Shijianghuai leased grain to the north. After Pei Yaoqing presided over the Cao government, he changed the "long transportation method" to the general law, and according to the principle that the boat in the south of the Yangtze River does not enter the Yellow River and the boat of the Yellow River does not enter Luokou, he set up warehouses along the river and transferred them at the section level. The water is clear, and the shallow water is waiting. Seven million stones were transported in three years, saving 300,000 yuan in foot expenses. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Li Qiwu dug the Yuan Xin River near Sanmenxia; Soon after, Wei Jian excavated another canal that ran horizontally with Wei, and finally avoided the vehicle-mounted land transportation in the lower section of the channel. During this period, the maximum volume was 4 million stones. In the Anshi Rebellion, the southeast Cao Road was interrupted for a time, and the Yangtze River entered the Han River, and arrived at Fufeng (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi) by land. In the first year of Guangde (763), Liu Yan took charge of the Cao government and carried out comprehensive reforms in response to the current frauds: opening the Bianhe River and dredging the river; Salt profits are used as servants, and people are hired to transport them; 300 people were stationed at every two posts along the river to ensure safety; Create a program of transportation, ten ships as the outline, each program of 300 people, 50 workers, military attaché escort; According to the principle of "river boats do not enter the river, Bianzhou boats do not enter the river (Yellow River), and river ships do not enter the Wei (Weishui)", improve the general method; According to the water conditions of each section, the transport ships are divided and the soldiers are trained. The reform has achieved great results, but due to the political turmoil, the annual transportation of Jianghuai rice is more than 1 million stones, and the less is 500,000 stones. During the time of Dezong, the Central Plains Domain was divided and the transportation route was cut off, and Han ■ carried Jiangnan grain from the Zhenhai Navy (stationed in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and escorted it with armed escort, until it arrived in the Central Plains and Guanzhong, and was terminated by the general law. During the reign of Xianzong Yuanhe (806~820), due to the efforts of Li Xun, Wang Bo and others, the level of Cao Yun in Liu Yan's time was restored for a time. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, there was a great turmoil, and the annual transportation of Jianghuai rice was only 400,000 stones, and only more than 100,000 stones were in Guanzhong.

In the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), the "Boat Bureau" was set up to manage the Cao Administration, and then it was abolished because it was not enough. Since the middle of the period, due to the increasing weight of Cao Yun, the Tang Dynasty often ordered the chief minister to serve as a transfer envoy and other positions, in charge of Cao Zheng. After the formation of the program transportation system, the corresponding reward and punishment system was formulated, and the local governors were instructed to share their responsibilities, and then it was further clarified that the county commander along the river presided over the local section of the transportation affairs.

【Song】

The grain of the Northern Song Dynasty was transported to Bianjing, Kyoto (now Kaifeng, Henan) by four routes: the millet of Huaibian entered Huaishui from the south of the Yangtze River and entered Beijing through Bianshui; The millet of Shaanxi turns to the Yellow River near Sanmenxia and enters Bianshui to reach Beijing; Shaanxi Cai Zhisu from the Huimin River to the Cai River, into Bianshui to Beijing; The Su of Jingdong enters the Wuzhang River from the land of Qilu to the capital. Among them, the Huaibian Zhisu from the southeast six roads occupies a major position. The three central departments are responsible for the consul general, the transportation department (Cao Division) is responsible for collection, and the shipping department is responsible for transportation. The Northern Song Dynasty carried out a series of renovations of the canal, restored and improved the dam lock system, and created a double lock. In addition, the Cao line of the Northern Song Dynasty was shortened by nearly half compared with the Sui and Tang dynasties, so the transportation capacity was greatly increased.

The Yellow River, the source of the Bianqu canal, has only about half a year of abundance. In order to make effective use of the half-year navigable period, the Northern Song Dynasty still inherited the general method of the Tang Dynasty, and based on the "Pinglian", Jianghu, Liangzhejiang, and Subo (Huainan Road) rice and wheat were respectively planted in Zhenzhou (now Yizheng, Jiangsu), Yangzhou and Sizhou. One member of the shipping envoy was stationed in Zhenzhou to supervise the grain transportation of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other roads, and one member was stationed in Sizhou, responsible for the grain transportation from Zhenzhou to Beijing. The granary is called the general warehouse, the abundance is increased, the hunger is stopped, the amount of grain will be paid to the money (forehead), and the local warehouse will be sent (on behalf of the shipment); The grain collected by the Zhulu Operation Division is handed over to the Shipping Division. If the sailing period is delayed, the shipping department will take advantage of the low price of grain to buy grain and start shipping with the "capital" of 1 million yuan. This method has become more perfect since Xining's change, and the cost of the shipping department has gradually risen from one million to a maximum of 3.5 million yuan, in addition to ensuring the annual transportation volume of six million stones, Zhen and Si Ercang still have several years of reserves. After the ships from all walks of life in the south of the Yangtze River arrive at Zhenzhou and other warehouses on schedule, they can also load official salt and return to the ship, which increases the efficiency. In the second year of Xining (1069), passenger boats and official boats were recruited to be transported separately, and a number of merchant ships were recruited to be transported directly to Beijing. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the number of rice in the southeast six roads was uncertain. Taiping Xingguo six years (981) began to set the year of the Jianghuai tax rice 3 million stones, to the beginning of the Dao (to the beginning of the road began in 995) 5.6 million stones, the beginning of the Dazhong Xiangfu (Dazhong Xiangfu began in 1008) 7 million stones, and then gradually rose, Zhenzong, Renzong Dynasty (1023 ~ 1064) due to the improvement of canal facilities, the annual volume of 8 million stones. The constant amount of Caoyun was set at 6 million stone since the third year of Jingde (1006), and temporarily reduced to 5.5 million stone from the fifth year of Tiansheng (1027). "Southeast miscellaneous transportation" such as gold, silk, salt, tea cloth and so on are all transported by the canal. Another example is Xuzhou iron smelting, with an annual transportation of 300,000 catties. During the reign of Huizong and Qinzong, the politics were dim and the government was corrupt. Cai Jing abolished the general method and changed the direct transportation method; "Huashi Gang" and other incidents that endanger Cao Yun have occurred repeatedly, so the volume of transportation has gradually decreased. During the reign of Qinzong, Bianjing was besieged, and the Bianqu was broken, and the entry was not as good as the usual hundreds.

The Southern Song Dynasty transportation system was heavily adjusted with Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) as the center. During the Jianyan period, most of the grain from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Huguang and Sichuan was transported to the important towns along the Yangtze River and the front line of the anti-gold resistance, and then it was transported to Lin'an, and the number of shipments was still roughly 6 million stones. Among the roads, Jiangxi lives alone in one-third, and the Yangtze River and Jiangnan River are the main transportation trunks, and the official transportation is the main and the commercial transportation is supplemented.

【Yuan】

The capital of the Yuan Dynasty (now Beijing), the Bianqu Canal also failed due to the war in the late Northern Song Dynasty and the Yellow River's "seizure of Huai into the sea", so the middle section of the Grand Canal was changed to north and south to straighten, and moved east to Shandong; Shipping was prosperous, and Caoyun entered a new stage (see Yuan Dynasty shipping).

At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Cao Yun roughly followed the old road of the Grand Canal in the Tang and Song dynasties into Dadu, but because the old canal was in disrepair, it could only take the form of water and land combined transportation. In the eighteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1218), the Jeju River was repaired, and the northwest of Wen and Surabaya Economic Prefecture (now Jining, Shandong) was reached to Ansan in Sucheng (now Dongping, Shandong), and the boat was transported from Xuzhou Economic Prefecture River to Daqing River, to Lijin (now Shandong) into the sea, transported to Zhigu by sea, and then transported to Dadu by land and water. In the 26th and 28th years, the Tonghe River (Sucheng Anshan to Linqing) and the Tonghui River (Tongzhou to Dadu) were hewn, and the Grand Canal of the Yuan Dynasty communicated with each other. In addition, in the 18th year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Jiaolai River that runs through Jiaozhou Bay and Laizhou Bay was hewn into a combined transport route of the sea and the river: the boat went east to the sea mouth from the Huai'an Shun Yellow River in Jiangsu Province (the old route of the Huai River before the Yellow River "seized the Huai into the sea"), and went north along the coast into the Jiaolai River, and then went to Zhigu through the seaway.

In the 19th year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Jianghuai Metropolitan Cao Division was responsible for the section from Jiangnan to Guazhou (in present-day Liuhe, Jiangsu), and the Gyeonggi Metropolitan Cao Transportation Division received the former Cao's grain, which was responsible for the grain transportation from Zhongluan (now Fengqiunan, Henan, on the north bank of the Yellow River) to Dadu. The two divisions each set up a branch division and a branch division in their key places, in order to connect up and down, and transport 300,000 stones of grain annually. The Yuan Dynasty program was divided into two groups: the short transport (military and short), which was divided into two sections: the southern section was transported to Guazhou by the garrison of Lucheng (now Danyang, Jiangsu), and the northern section was transported from Guazhou to Huai'an by the Han army and the new annexed army; Long-distance transportation, recruiting civilian ships to carry it, from Guazhou to Huai'an, by the Huai'an branch to open the gate and release the ship into Huai'an, and then by the Zhongluan, Jeju branch to send personnel to lead the ship. In addition, the government has a number of official ships in the northern section of the canal, which is generally responsible for the transportation of grain in the tuntian fields in various localities.

The highest administrative body of shipping is the province of Zhongshu, and the "Shipping Section" in the "Six Sections of the Grain House" under its "Left Division" is the specific office, which is mainly undertaken by the two major organizational systems in the north and south. The "carrier" system in the south was finally named the Haidao Capital Caoyun Wanhufu (Zhipingjiang, now Suzhou, Jiangsu); The "transportation" system in the north is the "Ducao Transport Envoy" (stationed in the west of the Zhigu River) and the "Gyeonggi Metropolitan Caoyun Envoy" (stationed in Dadu), the former is mainly responsible for receiving grain from the sea and other materials from the south, and the latter transports grain from the south to the warehouses of the capital. The two major systems in the north and south each have a well-laid out granary.

(Gao Rongsheng)

[Ming]

The development of Cao Yun in the Ming Dynasty reached a new stage. At this time, the six provinces of Nanzhili, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Henan and Shandong were conscripted and transported. Cao grain is divided into southern grain and northern grain according to different supply areas. Its amount, at the time of Xuande, was as high as 6,740,000 stones. In the eighth year of Chenghua (1472), the constant amount of 4 million stones per year was established. Probably since Zhengde and Jiajing, even the grain conversion (about 100 to 2 million stones) has barely reached this number. It is mainly collected from Nanzhili and Zhejiang, accounting for about 60% of the country's grain. In addition to the grain, there is also white grain, which is supplied by the five prefectures of Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou, with an annual amount of 214,000 stones. All of them are locally produced white ripe japonica glutinous rice. In terms of use, the grain is the military salary of Beijing and the border (north), and the white grain is used for the palace, the Zongren Mansion and the Beijing official grain.

Organization and management of Cao Yun: In the central government, the Cao Yun Division of the Gyeonggi Metropolitan Government was initially set up to make the Cao Yun Mission. Later, the Cao Yun envoy was abolished and the chief military officer of the Cao Yun Mansion was placed. In the second year of Jingtai (1451), the governor of Caoyun was established, and he was the same as the chief military officer. Caofu led the 12 guards with a total of 127,600 people, 11,700 ships, 7,000 people and 350 sea ships, and was full-time for grain transportation, which was called the transportation army. At the local level, officials such as the Fuzuo, Yuandao and Kedao officials, as well as the county secretary, were in charge of local affairs. The Central Household Department and the Cao Government dispatched special officials to preside over the supervision and escort of military and civilian grain ships in various localities. At the county level and below, the chief of grain is responsible for the collection and reconciliation of transportation. Under the chief of grain, there are households and transporters, who are dedicated to transportation.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was mainly based on shipping, supplemented by river and land transportation. One from the river into the sea, through the mouth of Zhigu to Tongzhou, or to Liaodong; One is transported from the river into the Huai and the Yellow River, from Yangwu County to Weihui Mansion by land, and then transported from the Wei River to Jizhou (now Jixian County, Hebei). Jiangnan Caoyun was transported from the Jiang and Huai to Nanjing. As far as the carrier is concerned, sea freight is military transportation, and the rest is **. The right to hire is a form of assistance. During the Yongle period, due to the relocation of the capital to Beijing, the demand for grain increased day by day, and shipping was difficult, so the Grand Canal was renovated, that is, the Cao River from Hangzhou Bay to Beijing. Its methods: First, the dredging will open the river, and more than 3,000 boats will be built to transfer funds. The second is to build grain warehouses in Huai'an, Xuzhou, Linqing, Dezhou and Tianjin along the canal, also known as water warehouses.

After reform, the method of Cao Yun tended to be perfected in the Ming Dynasty, including:

(1) Branch transportation method (i.e., transshipment method). In the thirteenth year of Yongle, the chief military officer of Caoyun was promoted by Chen. It is stipulated that the grain from all over the country will be transported to the four warehouses of Huai, Xu, Lin, and De, and then transported to Tongzhou and Beijing by the army in sections. Transshipment four times a year. Peasants participating in grain transportation are exempted from paying the tax grain of the current year, and if they pay the tax of the current year, they are exempted from transporting grain, and their freight costs are calculated in the support of the grain transported. ** accounts for about four or five percent of the branch transportation.

(2) Redemption method. Xuande five years Chen ■ and other implementation. Grain from all over the country was transported to Huai'an and Guazhou, and exchanged with the army; Henan in the Daimyo Mansion small beach exchange and shading the ocean total shipping; Shandong, on the other hand, was transported to the military in Jining. The cost of military transportation was borne by the peasants.

In the following year, the "rules for increasing consumption" of grain were established, that is, the freight was calculated according to the distance of the region, and it was levied according to the additional consumption of regular grain, and handed over to the officers and soldiers when the grain was redeemed. At first, the redemption and branch transportation were parallel, and then the redemption gradually became more advantageous.

(3) Conversion method (i.e., long-distance transportation method or direct delivery method). In the seventh year of Chenghua, Caoyun was implemented by Yu Shi Tengzhao. The officers who exchanged the transportation crossed the river and went to the states and counties in the south of the Yangtze River to exchange the water. Agricultural grain will be exempted, but an additional fee will be added to cross the river. In 11 years, Huai'an and other four warehouses were changed to exchange. Since then, in addition to the white grain, which is still carried by **, the system of long-term transportation of officers and soldiers has been widely implemented.

In order to maintain the transportation of grain, the state stipulates that all grain is levied in its true nature, and it is not allowed to be reduced or reduced, and the change of grain is strictly restricted. Only in serious cases such as severe disasters, lack of ships or obstruction of transportation, partial changes are allowed, and the total of the positive and consumed items at the time of conversion and levy is included. The cost of transportation shall be borne by the grain households, including freight, military transportation and ship repair fees, etc., which shall be levied according to the regular grain consumption. Due to the corruption of the government administration, the accumulation of corruption in the government at all levels, and the emergence of miscellaneous factions that increase consumption one after another, the peasants' burdens are extremely heavy, usually two or three times or even four or five times the regular grain. The carrier, whether it is ** or military, is a heavy conscription. The peasants were forced to flee and resist and struggle because they were forced to flee and resist and struggle because they were swept away by the wind and waves, extorted by officials, and even ruined their families. In general, the lower echelons of the army also suffered the same hardships and were deducted by the commanders, and the phenomenon of fleeing continued to appear.

(Bao Yanbang)

【Clear】

The Qing Dynasty dug the Middle Canal, completely ended the era of borrowing the Yellow River for transportation, and built the intersection of the Huang, Huai and Yun to ease the river level ratio, reduce the turbidity current irrigation and transportation, and improve the conditions for water transportation.

The method of Cao transportation is basically the Ming system, but there are the following names (called Cao Grain Ben, Fold Three Outline): Zheng exchange rice, transport Beijing warehouse grain, the quota of 3.3 million stones; Changed to rice, Yuntong Prefecture warehouse grain, with a quota of 700,000 stones; Changing the levy to other varieties of grain; Convert the grain into silver, and the price of silver will be included in the local Ding item and reported to the household department. In addition, measures such as interception (after the grain is shipped from various places, when a local disaster occurs, part of it is used as relief, or the grain from one place is intercepted and transported to another place) and the transfer (mainly refers to the interception of Jizhou grain transported by Shandong and Henan, and the allocation of rice for the mausoleum and garrison). The number of boats and the establishment are slightly different from the Ming Dynasty, generally in the prefecture and state as a unit, ten people a boat, ten ships a gang, ten ships mutual insurance. The total number of animals rose from 10,455 to 14,500, and only about 7,000 were actually transported. The shipment volume of each ship shall not exceed 500 stones, and local products can be loaded to and from various ports for marketing (later prohibited due to the silting of the transportation channel). The Qing Dynasty finally implemented the official end of the official transport, and the carrier was the more solid military Ding (Yun Ding) in the military registration of the guard. At the time of shipment, each ship was equipped with one transporter, one lieutenant, and nine to ten sailors were hired. The number of sailors in each province varies, and the total number is about 100,000. The highest governor of Caoyun is the governor of Caoyun, stationed in Huai'an. Under it is the grain road of each province, a total of seven people, in charge of the provincial grain reserves, under the jurisdiction of the subordinate military guards, the selection of leading and transporting accompanying officials, and instructing the provincial governments to meet and select the transport army; Sitting on the water, supervising and verifying the exchange of grain, handing it over to the escort officer, and accompanying the ship superintendent to Huai'an, it was presented to the governor for inspection. Escort, originally the responsibility of the grain road, after the selection of the grain to manage the sentence of one person, specifically responsible for supervising the escort, restraining the army, and later because of the humble position of the official, still escorted by the grain road. The transport officer is led by one or two people from the general manager of Qian, and one Wuju person serves with the gang. In order to ensure that the Cao Yun is correct, patrol Cao Yu Shi was set up along the Huai'an, Jining, Tianjin, and Tongzhou Canals to inspect this section of the Cao Yun. In addition, Huai'an Huaibei has town generals along the river to urge the entry of the boats to move forward; At the Nancao junction between Zhenjiang and Guazhou, the Zhenjiang Province urged the chief military officer (later changed to the deputy general) to inspect the riverbank and coordinate and supervise the boats to cross the river.

Since the implementation of the river canal, funds have been constrained, and there have been many drawbacks, and the call for the resumption of shipping has become increasingly loud. In the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), the General Administration of Shipping was set up in Shanghai, and the Redemption Bureau was set up in Tianjin, and the first shipping was carried out by the General Office of Qishan and other general offices. In the first month of the following year, more than 1,633,000 stones of grain from Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang and Taicang were transported north in two batches. The boat departs from the Huangpu River, passes through Wusongkou to the sea in the east, and travels more than 4,000 miles to the Tianjin Redemption Bureau to inspect and settle rice. The Qing court specially allowed merchant ships to carry duty-free goods to and fro for trade, which aroused the enthusiasm of merchant ships. Seaborne grain accounted for half of the total amount of grain, and 100,000 silver and rice were saved. Since Daoguang, the river has been between 1230,000 stones, and the sea grain has reached about 1.2 million stones.