In 1888, Charles Darwin also gave a definition of science: "Science is the collation of facts, the discovery of laws, and the conclusion of conclusions." Darwin's definition www.biquge.info Pen Fun Pavilion points out the connotation of science, that is, facts and laws. Science should discover facts that are unknown to man, and seek truth from facts on this basis, rather than pure thinking that is divorced from reality. As for the law, it refers to the intrinsic and essential connection between objective things. Therefore, science is a system of knowledge about the nature of various things in the objective world and the laws of motion based on practice, tested by practice and rigorously logically demonstrated.

Science is a system of knowledge about the natural world, society, and thinking, which is produced and developed to meet the needs of people's production struggle and class struggle, and it is the crystallization of people's practical experience.

Science is first and foremost different from common sense, and science seeks the order of things through classification. In addition, science seeks to explain things by revealing the laws that govern them.

Science is the phenomena and laws of the universe, and the laws set by the universe will not negate each other, for example, the universe will not stipulate that its regulations are wrong, and the universe will not stipulate that it can travel through time and space, and that it cannot travel through time and space, and in these two regulations, the universe can only stipulate that one is right and the other is wrong. The science of time travel is a refutation of the idea that the science of time travel is superstition.

For example, the universe does not stipulate that nothing exists in the universe, and that immutable existence is meaningless, so the objects in the universe will move and life will appear.

Hypotheses can be verified simply by gathering information from other sources, by additional observations, or more often by designing an experiment. Experiments allow scientists to test hypotheses by reproducing an event. There are often multiple variables in an event, and the more variables there are, the more difficult the experiment becomes. Therefore, controllable experiments are required, and the classical controllable experiments are carried out in two groups, one group is called the control group; The other group is called the experimental group. Scientists often don't accept the results of a single experiment because it may just be a random event that has no causal relationship with the experimental variables. An experiment can only be credible if a large number of repeated experiments show a clear causal relationship.

One of the core features of the scientific method is communication. In the vast majority of cases, the results of scientific research must be supervised and reviewed by others interested in the research. Communication takes place in the process of scientific exploration of people and a step, including the publication of articles, the disclosure of ideas and ideas.

A scientist must first and foremost be a healthy skeptic. He must distinguish between facts and claims. Whether a thing is scientific or not depends on whether it is supported by a lot of strong evidence, not how loud it sounds. In addition, scientists must have great attention to detail and a strong sense of moral identity for honesty.

The fundamental difference between science and non-science is whether a hypothesis can be verified. For example, we can assume that if ****** had been killed during the Xi'an Incident, the War of Resistance against Japan would have been won more quickly. This hypothesis cannot be verified, so history is not a science, but history, literature, sociology, economics, and philosophy also have their own logical core ideas. At the same time, science and non-science are not static, such as economics, which also uses a large number of scientific methods to help explain economic phenomena, and in general, it is still far from science.

Pseudoscience is not science, but it uses the appearance of "science" and the language of "science" to convince, confuse, and mislead people into believing that it is credible, that it cannot stand the test of real science, and that it belongs to the true subset of non-science. Nutrition, for example, is indeed a science, and many people advertise nutritional products under the guise of nutrition. We all know that the human body needs various nutrients such as amino acids, vitamins, minerals, etc., and if the nutrients are deficient, the body will malfunction. This has been verified by many scientific experiments. And in the vast majority of cases, those supplements are nowhere near as effective as they advertise, and our bodies don't need them as advertised. In these advertisements, carefully selected scientific information taken out of context (amino acids, vitamins, minerals are essential) really makes these products feel very credible. In fact, the vast majority of people have enough nutrients in their daily diet without the need for additional supplements. It is important to note that these supplements are often labeled as all-natural to advertise that they are non-toxic, have no side effects, and are effective. However, curartoxin, ********, nicotine, ****** are also all-natural substances, and I don't think anyone wants to add them to their recipes.

By the definition of science, we know that it is the search for information to solve problems, so science can only solve problems that have an objective basis in reality. Problems such as morality, value judgments, social orientations, and personal attitudes cannot be solved by scientific methods, but it is also impossible to ignore science for the sake of pursuing the spiritual world. At the same time, science is limited by people's ability to search for the essence of natural phenomena. People make mistakes, and sometimes people come to the wrong conclusions due to lack of information or misunderstandings. Science itself has the ability to correct itself, and when we acquire new knowledge, we must change or discard the original wrong ideas. Therefore, it seems that geocentrism and the like were a kind of erroneous conclusion, and at that time, it was constructed by scientific methods, but it was limited by human observation.

For any research method to be considered a scientific method, it must be objective (scientists cannot interpret a single outcome under the scientific method differently or change the occurrence of the result). Another basic expectation is that there must be complete documentation to support it, and that the research method must be carefully examined by a third party and confirmed that the method can be reproduced.

It is generally understood that science is the pursuit of the laws of nature. There is an important criterion for the laws of science, that is, there can be no counterexamples relative to each other in a certain situation. Any objectively existing and reproducible phenomenon that contradicts an existing scientific law declares that the scientific law has certain limitations.

The scientific method uses reproducible methods to explain natural phenomena. Formulate thought experiments or hypotheses from predictions. Predictions are made prior to confirmation of experiments or observations and are used to demonstrate that there is no intervention in them. And the counter-proof of the prediction is the proof of progress. Scientific researchers formulate hypotheses to explain natural phenomena and then design experiments to test those hypotheses, which need to simulate natural phenomena under controlled conditions (in observational sciences, such as astronomy or geology, predictable observations can be substituted for verification experiments). Overall, the scientific method can solve extremely innovative problems without being influenced by subjective bias (also known as confirmation bias). (To be continued.) )