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c_t; Among the terracotta warriors and horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, there are mainly the following weapons: bows, crossbows, beryllium, spears, ge, swords, scimitars and axels. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 info[Fast update,Refreshing website pages,Few ads,,I like this kind of website the most.,Be sure to praise]

With the exception of some scimitars, which were supposed to have been taken out of inventory as terracotta weapons, it is likely that most of the bronze weapons were gradually replaced with iron weapons during the First Emperor's reign.

Of course, there is a saying about this kind of weapon, that is, the material of these bronze weapons is not suitable for use as normal weapons, but is more inclined to be used as a burial object of bronze comparison.

This statement is not too important to Zhang Jiashi, and the important place is that among the conventional weapons of the Great Qin Empire, in addition to bows, crossbows, and scimitars, there are also the following weapons:

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Beryllium is one of the famous long weapons in ancient times, it is a long-handled weapon that originated from the short sword, and many unearthed beryllium soldiers in the past have been mistaken for short swords.

There are also two kinds of beryllium, copper beryllium and copper beryllium, which were mainly popular in Zhao, Chu and other countries during the Warring States Period. Flat-stemmed copper beryllium was mainly popular in the Qin state.

The shape of beryllium is very similar to a short sword, the edge of beryllium is the same as that of a short sword, the flat ridge is two-edged, the section of the beryllium body is hexagonal, the shape is very similar to a short sword, about 30~35 cm long, the back end is a flat or rectangular stem, which is used to install the handle, and there is generally a round hole at the proximal end of the stem, so that the nail can be fixed on the long handle. The bamboo handle or wooden handle with a length of about 3~35 meters is an extremely sharp assassination weapon.

And this kind of beryllium with a long rod is called long beryllium.

Judging from the literature, beryllium may have originated in the Yin and Zhou dynasties and was prevalent in the Warring States Qin and Han dynasties. Beryllium was first called "Yi spear", and the name of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period evolved into magnesium, beryllium, titanium, etc., and the Song, Wu, Qin, Zhao, Yan and other governors of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty beryllium prevailed and was widely used. There are many records of this weapon in ancient books, but it is a pity that there has been no complete physical excavation for a long time. The bronze beryllium unearthed in the pit of the Qin figurines provides us with valuable material materials.

The difference between copper beryllium and spear, in addition to the shape of the head, is mainly the different method of loading the handle: the spear is to incorporate the handle into the spear barrel (chisel), while beryllium is a beryllium stem inserted into the wooden handle, and the external rope is tied. The beryllium has a copper cone at the end of its long handle, which is used to attack enemies behind it in some cases. The beryllium body is also equipped with a sheath to protect the blade. During the Great Qin Empire, the gradual rise of iron weapons made beryllium gradually switch to the use of iron as a raw material for forging.

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The spear is a long-handled combat weapon used for straight stabbing and piercing in ancient China. The spear was one of the most heavily equipped and longest-used cold weapons in ancient armies.

The spear has a long history, and its most primitive form is a wooden stick with a sharpened tip for hunting. Later, people gradually learned to use stones and animal bones to make spearheads, which were tied to the front of long wooden handles to enhance the killing effect. In Neolithic sites, spearheads made of stone or animal bone horns are often found. The armies of the slave society have used bronze cast spearheads. During the Shang Dynasty, the bronze spear was already an important fighting weapon.

From the Shang Dynasty to the Warring States Period, the spearhead cast in bronze has been used, but in terms of shape, the broad-leaf copper spear of the Shang Dynasty has developed into the narrow-leaf copper spear of the Warring States Period. The production of the spear handle is also more elaborate, and there is a bamboo ji, that is, with wood as the core, and the outer ring is wrapped tightly with two layers of small bamboo pieces and painted, making the handle tough and elastic. From the late Warring States period onwards, steel spearheads were often used. During the Qin Dynasty, the spearhead made of steel completely replaced the bronze spearhead. With the improvement of steel smelting and forging technology, the shape of the spearhead has increased and become sharper.

The spear is a pure assassination weapon. Its structure is simple, with only two parts: the spearhead and the spear handle. The spearhead is divided into two parts: "body" and "skull". The middle part of the spear body is a "ridge", and the left and right sides of the ridge unfold into bladed spear blades, and gather forward to form sharp sharp edges. Some ridges have grooves on both sides, called "drinking blood", which is the bleeding and air intake when the spearhead pierces the human body to reduce resistance. The "skeleton" is a straight cylinder used to connect the ridges, and the bottom is thick and the top is thin for easy handling.

In order to prevent the spearhead from falling off when the spear is drawn, some spears are cast with ring-shaped buttons on both sides, which can be threaded through the rope to firmly tie the spearhead to the handle. There are two types of spear handles: wooden handles and bamboo handles. "Bamboo handle" is made of thin bamboo handle, the bamboo knot is opened, the bamboo core is filled with wooden strips, and then wrapped with rope and painted. The bamboo handle is tough and elastic, not easy to break, and its performance is better than that of the wooden handle. The basic shapes of spears include narrow leaves, broad leaves, long leaves, blade belts, and notched skulls. The main function is to stab, which is composed of the spearhead, the handle and the agitation at the end of the handle, and it is listed as the "five soldiers" along with Ge, halberd, sling, bow, and arrow.

The spears of the Spring and Autumn Period were divided into two types, the chief spear and the Yi spear, according to their use. According to the description of its specifications in the examination record of the "Zhou Li", the chief spear used by the infantry is 45 meters, and the nine spears used by the chariot soldiers are 54 meters. However, when the handle is longer than three times the length of the messenger, it is not flexible to use. Therefore, it is still advisable to use a length of 2 to 3 meters. According to the "Examination of the Work Record", the handle of the chieftain's spear is two zhang long, which is a weapon used by the foot soldiers, and the handle of the spear is two zhang and four feet long (average circumference), which is the weapon used on the chariot. At that time, the spearhead was mostly bronze, but the shape began to change from a convex ridge flat two-leaf shape to a three-leaf narrow and long pyramidal shape, and the front was sharper and the piercing power was enhanced. The chisel is perforated to allow the spearhead to be mounted more securely at the shank end.

The length of the spear shaft is generally 270-290 cm, l971 in Changsha in the late Spring and Autumn period Chu tomb unearthed two spears with handles, one handle is 297 cm long, wooden, and the other handle is 280 cm long, "bamboo" handle.

In the late Spring and Autumn Period, in 484 BC (the 36th year of King Jing of Zhou and the 11th year of Duke Lu Ai), the Qi army invaded Lu, and the retainer of the Lu Jisun clan Ran Qiushuai 300 soldiers participated in the battle, "using spears in the Qi division, so they can join their army". It can be seen that the spear has become an effective weapon for infantry and chariot soldiers.

In the era of car warfare, the two formations were relatively far away, and the non-long soldiers could not reach them, so the spear was used as a tool for attack, and the arrow and crossbow of Zuo, the reason why the spear was long and eight were also because it was. By the time of the horse war, the spear was felt to be too long, and it was inevitable that there was a disease of ineffective turnover, so the number of people who used spears was not as many as those who used guns.

Until modern times, firearms have prevailed, and the ancient blades have been eliminated, that is, many martial artists do not know how to use spears, not as good as knives and guns, and they have not yet been extinct. I hereby get a copy of the first book on the used book stall, the title is "The Eight Laws of the Spear" wants to be the ancient people who have a heart, and the picture is drawn to show the future generations; The spear appeared before the gun, and was as old as the Ge, and was the main equipment of the chariot soldiers. The usage is similar to Ge, and it is relatively simple, so after the decline of the chariot, the sharp part was changed to iron to equip infantry and cavalry.

Later, due to the advent of the more powerful spear, the spear gradually became popular. However, as late as the Ming Dynasty, an improved version of the snake spear could be seen still in use.

The snake spear is made of iron and consists of three parts: the spear head, the spear handle, and the spear hammer. The spearhead is more than two feet long, flattened, curved like a snake, and has blades on both sides, so it is called a snake spear. Because the blade part is like a snake, it is named.

The snake spear can reach a total length of about 56 meters, and the wooden handle and tip part of the spear are made of iron, and it is about 25 centimeters long. The tip of the spear is shaped in this way to increase the depth of the assassination, make it more difficult to heal wounds, and inflict lethal damage on the enemy.

The usage of the snake spear is roughly the same as that of the general spear, and the main frame is stabbing, picking, killing, and slashing, etc., and has the ability to go forward and attack. The stronger the user's arm, the more powerful the spear is to pierce the target. The most distinctive feature of the snake spear is that the metal position of its spearhead is shaped like a curved snake body, with a wavy curve. The tip of the spear resembles a snake's tongue and spits out letters, increasing the power of the piercing target.

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Ge, a kind of fighting weapon mainly used for hooking and pecking in the pre-Qin period of the Han people. It was popular from the Shang to the Han Dynasty. Inspired by the stone sickle, bone sickle or pottery sickle of the Stone Age, it was originally a long handle, flat head, and the blade was below, which can be struck horizontally, and can be used to hook and kill, and then due to the needs of combat and the use of different ways, Ge is divided into long, medium and short 3 kinds. The Shang Dynasty already had Tong Ge, and it was still used in the Qin Dynasty when fighting. Generally, the long Ge is used in chariot warfare, and the short Ge is used for infantry. Ge's striking methods include hooking, pricking, etc.

The specifications of Ge are generally 2 inches wide, 7 inches long, 6 inches long, 8 inches long, and weigh 1 kg and 14 taels. Handle length 6 feet 6 inches.

But in fact, the size of Ge is not uniform. The standard Ge is composed of three parts: the head, the handle, and the bronze honor.

Getou: It is divided into three parts: aid, inner and hu.

1 aid: It is a flat blade, used to hook and peck at the enemy, and it is the main killing part of Ge. It is about 8 inches long and 2 inches wide, the body is narrow and long, most of the body has ridges, and the profile is fan-shaped diamond. The upper and lower blades of the reinforcement arc forward and converge into a sharp striker.

2 Inside: Located at the rear tail of the aid, in the shape of a rod, used to install a wooden handle, some are straight, and some are curved downward at the end. There is a hole in the upper part of the rope binding handle, which is called "wearing". In order to avoid falling back when swinging, some have a protruding "diaphragm" in the aid and the inner width.

3 Hu: The lower blade of Ge Yuan is close to the arc of the appendix, and the perforation of the rope is increased along the side of the appendix, which is called "Hu". In the beginning, the Hu was only designed to increase the perforations, and the longer the Hu was, the more perforations there were, and the more firmly the handle and the head were tied, so the Hu became longer and longer. During the fortnight period, the beard was sharpened, which increased Ge's hooking ability. The length of Hu is generally three times that of the Ge blade, that is, 6 inches, and in the Warring States Period, the length of Hu has increased again, becoming a long Hu multi-wearable Ge.

柲: i.e. wooden handle. In order to facilitate the front chop and back hook, the flat round handle is mostly used to facilitate the control. The length of the handle is not the same, according to the needs of actual combat, the foot combat is short, and the vehicle combat is long.

Lian: In the early days, it was only to make it easier to insert Ge on the ground when not in use, so it was not oblique, so adding a copper iron at the end of the handle could not kill the enemy. However, in recent years, the existing Shang Dai Ge Lian has been found with spikes or blades, which may also be used for stabbing attacks.

Ge was popular in China from the Shang Dynasty to the Warring States Period, and had a variety of functions such as stabbing and pecking. The disadvantage is that it is difficult to use Changge weapons to attack enemies in the rear, and many people are not flexible when using melee combat. With the development of weapons and tactics, Ge was gradually eliminated, and later became a guard of honor weapon.

Ge was one of the main weapons of the pre-Qin period, which had a profound impact on the development of later weapons, which even went beyond the weapons themselves and penetrated into ancient culture.

"Gange" is the general name of ancient weapons, the oracle bone inscription has the word Gan and Ge, and "Execution of Gange to Wei Sheji" is the general commentary on the function of Gange in the Book of Rites and Tan Gong. The stem is a branch of a branch, used to resist the invasion of wild beasts and enemies, and is a defensive weapon of human beings in primitive societies; Gange, one used for defense and the other for offense, later evolved into shields, halberds and other weapons. Ancient scholars regarded Gan and Ge as representatives of two types of weapons, defensive and offensive, respectively.

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It is possible that it appeared in the late Spring and Autumn Period, a kind of bladed copper head in Chu, Cai and other countries in the southern Jianghuai River Basin with both the functions of smashing and assassinating, at the top of the octagonal bamboo handle more than 3 meters long, equipped with a bronze head, the blade of the head is generally three-edged spear-shaped, sharp and abnormal, can be assassinated, the top is heavy, with spikes or decorated with relief ornaments, can be smashed.

Some of the middle and front sections of the shanks are also equipped with a second barbed copper hoop, which is a very powerful weapon for chariot warfare. The metal head of Zhen is mostly made of bronze, which can be divided into two categories: "sharp Zhen" for actual combat with sharp edges and "Jin Zhen" for honor guards without sharp edges. It is mainly used in chariot warfare, separating the two armies when the chariots and horses collide, so it has edges and no blades.

A weapon that is long and has no blade, and its use is to strike. But not sticks. Among the unearthed bronze weapons of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there are many spherical vessels, the spherical shape is cast with a milk nail, and there is a round chisel in the center of the sphere, which can be installed with a wooden handle to hit the enemy. The balls weigh from 500 grams to 800 grams, and the number of nipple nails ranges from 3 to 18.

This copper ball is equipped with a wooden handle, which is a smash soldier during the chariot war. Ancient weapons were unearthed from the Warring States Tomb in Suixian County, Hubei Province, and the inscription on the vessel is "殳". The head of the rod is in the shape of a three-sided spear, and there is a copper hoop in the shape of a flower ball and a spike ball at each end of the rod, and the rod is 34 meters long. This kind of pointed shape at the head of the body is a variant of the sword during the Warring States period.

In the subsequent development, the spear overlapped with weapons such as spears to a large extent, and in some cases, making the spear was not easier than making the spear, so in the Great Qin Empire or the early Han Dynasty, the gun soon gradually declined, and finally became a Qimen weapon and gradually reduced its sense of existence in history.

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Yue, an ancient Han weapon, although it has lethality, but it is more used by some honor guards, and the use of weapons is different. In the West, the symbol of power is the scepter, and in China it is the scepter. In primitive societies, the Yue was a symbol of adult men. The axe, to be precise, was originally a torture instrument (used for decapitation or waist beheading), not a weapon.

The main types are as follows:

1. Xuanyue (i.e., Tieyue). Pei's "Collected Explanations" contains, "Song Jun said: 'Xuanyue uses iron, not sharpened'". Jin Cuibao's "Ancient and Modern Notes" cloud: "Golden axe, Huang Yue, iron axe, Xuanyue." Lu Ji's "Jiangling Marquis Lu Gong's Admonition" said: "On the day of the golden Yue mirror, the cloud flag descends to the sky." Li Bai's "Gift to Zhang Xiangho Poem" cloud: "Embrace the Jin Yue, and ride the Zhu wheel on behalf of the drum." "Ming Huangdao Zhou's "Jiehuan Yuan Gong Biography": "In the year of the Yi examination, he and Gong (Yuan Keli) successively took the opportunity to assist the Yue, whose name was in the criminal book, and the history was countable, and then the reputation of the Duke was far away. ”

2. Huang Yue (decorated with gold).

3, Qi Yang (Axe Yue), "Mao Biography" said: "Qi, Axe also; ”

4. Shuangyue. It is evolved from a long-handled jade, one side of the body is a fan-shaped blade, the blade is about 13 centimeters wide, extremely sharp, the other side is a rectangular back of the jade, there are vertical holes, and the handle is installed, and the end of the handle is equipped with an iron bar, which is shaped like a spear head, and the end of the handle has a tooth-shaped guard, which is about 53 centimeters long.

Yue is a weapon of the Han nationality in ancient China. Its shape resembles an axe, and it is mainly chopped. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "The big one is called Yue, and the small one is called the axe." "The difference between the two is that the axe blade is narrower than the axe, and the blade is wider and arc-shaped, resembling a crescent moon. "The Complete Book of Eighteen Martial Arts" contains: the head of the axe is three points larger than the axe, and the rod is about 50 centimeters longer than the axe. In addition, the axe with a hook or thorn on the back and the end of the rod is called a axe.

In the Shang Dynasty, there were Yue cast in bronze. At this time, the bronze Yue still retains the characteristics of the stone Yue: the blade arc is wide, and the two corners are slightly upturned. There are many types of axes in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and the material is excellent. For example, the bronze axes of the same generation contained about 20% of the tin content contained in the "Examination of the Gong Ji". In the Zhou Dynasty, there was a type of hollow-headed axe, mostly tubular chisel, with holes in it to mount the axe handle. The axe contains a variety of metals such as natural copper, lead, iron, tin, gold, etc., and is tough in texture and well-made. However, due to the bulky shape of the axe, the lethality is far inferior to that of Ge, knives, and spears, so it gradually detached from the battlefield and became a ceremonial weapon. In the tomb of the woman who was found in the Yin Ruins of Anyang, Henan, two large bronze pieces were unearthed. Its blade is about 375~385 mm wide and weighs 85~9 kg, and it is inscribed with the inscription: "Good woman". She was the wife of King Wuding of Yin, and she was a famous female commander who was brave and good at fighting during her lifetime, and had led troops to expeditions many times. These two pieces are a symbol of her authority. As a ceremonial weapon, the axe had an important position in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

As a ceremonial weapon, Yue appeared in the early Shang Dynasty and was the burial object of many aristocratic adult men. By the time of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was less, and it basically disappeared in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. However, as a weapon, after continuous improvement, it was still a major infantry weapon in the Tang and Song dynasties, and there was a process of revival. Regard the axe and sword as equally important, the shape of the axe has been improved, emphasizing its functional role, the blade is widened, the handle is lengthened, easy to handle, and conducive to slashing, which is mainly because of the war object during the Tang and Song dynasties, the cavalry from the northern people. To deal with the cavalry, the long-handled axe has an unexpected advantage, cutting the cavalry up and the horse's hooves down, and winning on foot.

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In the history of the development of weapons in the Great Qin Empire, Zhang Jiashi can be said to have embarked on a more practical road.

In terms of the current weapons and equipment of the army of the Great Qin Empire, many long weapons that were relatively unpopular in later generations, Zhang Jiashi chose to gradually replace their existence and replace them with weapons with better combat efficiency.

Of course, the change of this weapon requires time and corresponding training before it can play a role in combat.

And this point is exactly a point that Zhang Jiashi believes that it is necessary to develop the military strength of the Great Qin Empire.

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