readx;??? Among the weapons of the Great Qin Empire, there are two weapons that can be said to be the most prestigious in warfare. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

The first is the Qin sword, which is basically worn by the officers of the Qin army, and the other is the one-handed crossbow, which is one of the protagonists of the Qin army's crossbow array.

This kind of single-handed crossbow was called the Qin crossbow by many people in later generations, and it can be seen.

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Qin crossbow is a general term for the crossbow of the Qin Dynasty, "the crossbowman, angry also said that its momentum is as powerful as anger, so it is named its crossbow." The crossbow is derived from the bow. It is far more powerful than the bow. In the Qin Dynasty, the manufacture of Qin crossbows was mechanized.

But the Qin crossbow is not an invention, but a product of scientific and technological progress.

The crossbow is a long-range weapon derived from the bow and distinct from the bow. The bronze crossbow machine found in archaeology is as late as the Warring States Period, and according to archaeological data, crossbows appeared in the Shang and Zhou dynasties at the latest. The crossbow was transformed from a wooden crossbow to a bronze crossbow during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Qin's single crossbow is divided into two kinds, kick and arm, both are equipped, the kick crossbow is a foot bow, the arm pulls the waist and pulls, and the whole body is wound, so the launch speed of the crossbow is far less than the bow. But the arrows fired are extremely powerful. The flight speed is several times faster than that of the bow. Therefore, when the crossbow machine is fired, the arrow pierces the air, and the bowstring rebounds and rubs violently against the air, making a sharp whistling sound.

According to the Historical Records, the famous Battle of Maling in Qi and Wei showed for the first time the great power of the crossbow, a new weapon, and also reflected the fact that the crossbow was widely used in the Qi army. South Korea in the Central Plains is a country that manufactures famous crossbows. "The world's strong bows and crossbows are all from Korea." There is also the army of Wei, as a powerful country that successfully changed the law in the early Warring States period, and it is equipped with a large number of crossbows. "The warriors of Wei take them by degree, the armor of the three genera, the crossbow of the twelve stones, and the fifty arrows" ("Xunzi Yibing") "Today, I eavesdropped on the death of the king, and there were 200,000 warriors" ("Historical Records: The Biography of Su Qin"). The Qin army, which is located in the west, is also "strong crossbow in front, and Yongge in the back". It shows that the armies of the vassal states during the Warring States period were equipped with a large number of strong crossbows.

The types of crossbows in the Qin Dynasty have developed considerably, and there are hundreds of crossbow relics found in the Qin Warrior Pit. Judging from the complete crossbow remains, there should be at least three crossbows of different shapes, the crossbow is wooden, the rotten wood is rotten, the rotten wood is still centimeters long, the crossbow arm has also decayed, and there is a bronze crossbow machine installed at the end, the crossbow machine is 16.5 cm high, and the Wangshan is 5.5 cm high. This is a kind of crossbow found in the Qin Warrior Pit in large quantities.

At the same time, a special crossbow was also found in the No. 1 figurine pit, which was a wooden strip overlapped on the crossbow arm with a residual length of 64 centimeters, and a copper ornament was sandwiched on the crossbow arm. Obviously, these devices are designed to increase the strength of the crossbow arm, indicating that it is a more tense and long-range crossbow. A large copper dart was also found in the No. 2 figurine pit, each weighing 100 grams. Twice as much as other copper arrowheads. This is not only the Qin Warrior Pit, but also the largest copper axel found in the history of weapons. The use of this copper is inevitably a crossbow with greater tension and lethality. Although the wooden part has decayed, the bronze crossbow machine still moves freely after being unearthed, indicating that the production process of the Qin Dynasty crossbow machine has reached a very high level.

And this kind of Qin crossbow is the famous Qin army hand crossbow.

The Qin crossbow was made by the same state superintendent, the bow stem is flat and round, generally centimeters long, and it is made of mulberry wood, but it is not the so-called monotonous bow. Because the entire bow stem is tied with a dense strip of leather. This not only enhances the structural strength of the bow stem, but also the toughness of the leather strip is excellent, the elasticity is strong, and more energy can be accumulated.

The wooden arm of the Qin crossbow is generally 60~75 cm long and 4~5 cm wide. There is a closure at the front end of the wooden arm. The upper lip is short and the lower lip is long, just in place to embed the bow. Then tie with a strip of leather. Tie it back to the ears on both sides of the wooden arm. In this way, the bow is close to the arm. The reaction force and vibration of the bow and the arrow cannot be loosened. The crossbow arm has a concave arrow path, which can hold the arrow and increase the surface contact area with the arrow, increasing the firing resistance. However, the arrow path can effectively fix the position of the arrow cluster on the crossbow arm, improve the accuracy, and prevent the firing failure caused by the venting string. So a little bit of added resistance doesn't matter. Moreover, the arrow path is generally finely polished, which appears unusually smooth, and it is also painted and waxed to reduce the friction between the arrow and the arrow path when firing.

The rear of the crossbow arm is equipped with a launch-sighting device, which is a set of components that are precision cast in bronze. It is composed of a lookout mountain, a hanging knife, and a cow. Lookout is an aiming device. However, in the Qin Dynasty, there was no scale on it, and it was generally 7.5~8.5 cm high, and the suspension knife was the modern trigger. Generally 9.5~10.5 cm long, the cow is the most elaborate object of design. The tooth is connected to the hanging knife, but does not directly bear the force, but is pivoted by the ox. When winding, the crossbowman pulls the string against the Wangshan, the Wangshan moves back, and the ox resets after the teeth are in position. The ox bears the tooth force on the top, and the hanging knife is against the knife, and the bow and crossbow enter the state of preparation. If the crossbow is fired, the process is exactly the opposite of winding. The crossbow wrenched the hanging knife, and the ox sank even more as soon as it was loosened. The teeth were no longer supported, the force sank, and the bowstring flew away with arrows.

This sophisticated design greatly improves the reliability of projection, greatly reduces the false firing rate, and reduces the vibration during firing, which can greatly improve the shooting hit rate.

There are three humanized designs on the Qin crossbow machine:

1. Use bamboo pieces to make a ring around the hanging knife to prevent accidental contact with the hanging knife and hurt people. This also reflects from the side that the Qin crossbow has a complete standard formation and strict shooting process when shooting.

2. Grooves are made on both sides of the lower end of the wooden arm to facilitate hand-held finger picking, which is reminiscent of the various grip designs of modern firearms. The fine design from this detail also reflects the Qin people's pursuit of accurate shooting. Increase the working hours of the groove to make the hand strong, the hand is strong, the crossbow is stable, and the crossbow is stable to shoot accurately.

3. The size standards of the parts of the crossbow machine are unified across the country and can be interchanged, and there is a preliminary concept of standardization and generalization. Qin arrows are all composed of arrowheads, qi (arrow shafts), feathers and 栝 (small forks at the end of arrows). The arrowhead is made of bronze, and the head of the axle is generally a triangular pyramid, which has been proved to have the best stability and penetration. Just like the current three-edged spear thorn, there are two types of arrows: bamboo and wood. The collar is inserted into the thin bamboo, wrapped around the filament rope, and then the surface is painted, generally 70% of the front section is vermilion, and the back section is painted with brown lacquer. The two ends of the arrow are sharp, and the sharp fork is generally 1 cm deep, which is used to stabilize the arrow on the string, and the complete arrow is 68?72 cm long.

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However, the fact that the Qin army's crossbow array exerted greater power was not entirely due to the Qin army's hand crossbow.

Many crossbowmen in the Qin army are also equipped with crossbows that are correspondingly more powerful than hand crossbows - pouting crossbows or slapping crossbows.

It is very likely that the development of the crossbow morale of the Qin army is at most equal to that of most of the countries of the Kwantung States, and at that time, in terms of bow and crossbow production, the performance of Korean crossbows was undoubtedly the best.

And the improvement of the production technology of the Qin army's bow and crossbow is likely to be the result of the attack on Korea.

In addition to the hand crossbow, there are also large individual crossbows at the power crossbow level.

The crossbow, or the stepping crossbow, can be divided into arm crossbow, waist crossbow, and crossbow according to the string pulling method.

It is a bow that fires arrows with a foot pedal.

This weapon is also called the waist open crossbow, and the crossbow can be divided into arm crossbow, waist crossbow, and crossbow according to the way of pulling the string. It is a bow that fires arrows with a foot pedal. Ordinary humans must use this weapon in a sitting position and use the crossbow of their arms, feet, and waist at the same time. When using, sit flat on the ground and lay the crossbow flat in front of you. The left and right soles of the feet are inserted into the thumbs, followed by the crossbow split, pry the waist hook, and hook the crossbow string. Pull the waist hook with both hands and push the soles of your feet forward. The splitting body fell backwards and used force together to open the crossbow string and hang it on the machine. The range and power of the Tension Crossbow can inflict devastating blows on enemies.

The crossbow is a bow that fires arrows by stepping on a machine. It is a kind of evolution on the basis of the bow, to install a trailer and then install a bracket on it, after the bowstring is opened, it is magnetically fixed by the launcher, the arrow is placed in the slot, and the bowstring is connected to the tail of the arrow. The launcher is activated and the arrow is fired along the groove. The crossbow is first used as an energy storage weapon, qualitatively speaking, the greater the tension of the bow, the greater the energy storage, and the other is the same maximum bow tension, the greater the length of the bow, the greater the energy storage. There are 8 kinds of crossbows in the Han Dynasty (1 stone in the Han Dynasty is about 31 kg) to 10 stones, and the most commonly used (that is, the arm crossbow) is 6 stone crossbows with 2~3 stones, and the waist crossbow is 7~10 stones.

A crossbow that uses the power of the arms, feet, or knees at the same time. There are two ways to draw the bow from the crossbow: one is the foot end of the crossbow, which is used for the strong crossbow, and the other is the knee crossbow, which is used for the weak crossbow. For example, in the Song Dynasty, when the bow was opened, the crossbowman stood on the ground with the crossbow machine, kicked the ring in front of the crossbow machine, and used the strength of the whole body to stretch the string backwards. A crossbow that uses the power of the arms, feet, and waist at the same time in a seated position. When using, sit flat on the ground and lay the crossbow flat in front of you. The left and right soles of the feet are inserted into the thumbs, followed by the crossbow split, pry the waist hook, and hook the crossbow string. Pull the waist hook with both hands and push the soles of your feet forward. The splitting body fell backwards, and with force, the machine started from the beginning, and the vanadium structure was hung.

The Kick Crossbow appeared at least at the end of the Warring States Period, and the Qin army still had the Kick Crossbow in its weapons. The Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses have unearthed a large number of crossbows. The reason why an army can be strong is that in addition to having extremely strong tactics, it must also have a powerful new weapon as a supplement," the Qin army raised their crossbows one after another. This crossbow arrow was made by Lu Zi in that year, and it was improved after the Qin army obtained, and it was changed to be fired by hand to step on the foot, and the power was more powerful, and it was named 'Kick Zhang Crossbow'. Although the Hun cavalry was elite and fast, even in the face of bows and arrows, they were not afraid, but this 'crossbow' was much faster than bows and arrows. I saw that the arrows on the city were raining down, and the Huns' cavalry had fallen down in batches before they arrived in front of the city, and in a short time, there was a river of blood outside the city. Although there were horse archers such as Rong Zhai and Mu Shusa who were on the side with archers to shoot arrows into the city from the northwest corner, the Xiongnu's bows and arrows were far inferior to the Qin army's 'stump crossbows', and the soldiers in the city had battlements to cover, so they had little effect. ”

The penetrating ability of the crossbow is amazing, and the best crossbows in the world during the Warring States period all came from Korea, and the strong crossbows such as Xizi, Shaofu, Shili, and Yuanlai were all shot 600 paces away! It was fitted with a stout bow, which greatly increased the strength of the open bow. You must step on the bow with both feet and use the waist force to open the bow, it can use the power of the waist and legs of the person, so it is longer than the range of the bow with the arm, and the power is greater!

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There are two ways to wind the Qin crossbowman, one is the lightly armed crossbowman, he has no armor protection on his body before the main formation of the No. 1 pit. Destroy the enemy's forward with three consecutive shots and destroy the enemy's spirit. Because of the emphasis on maneuvering, they can only wind their bows on the ground with their crossbow arms upright and lean over to pull the strings.

The heavy crossbowmen in Pit 2 are all kneeling on the ground, and when they are wound, if they get up to pull the string, it will waste time, obstruct people's vision, and even destroy the formation and cause chaos. Therefore, when the heavy crossbow hand is wound, it sits on the ground, straightens the leg and pedals the bow, clamps the crossbow arm between the feet, and winds the arm with the leg force and waist force, and then takes the arrow and bites the string to aim and shoot. Rows of crossbowmen continued to pull strings, load arrows, and shoot in batches to form a rain of arrows, and each person carried a hundred arrows, and the ability to continue fighting was very strong.

And in terms of the archery methods of these two crossbowmen, they did not use hand crossbows, but pouting crossbows or even slapping crossbows.

And although the crossbowmen of the Qin State are the elite of the country and are equipped with the most sophisticated weapons, they may not even have a sword for self-defense. If they are armed with long swords, it is inconvenient to wind them, and even if they carry swords, their ability to defend themselves is limited if the enemy rushes in front of them. So they were surrounded by special guards armed with long-handled weapons. The armor on the crossbowman is not so much to defend against the enemy's white-knuckle attacks, but to gain a certain protective advantage in the fire between the two armies. The Qin army's heavy crossbow operators can be seen as a microcosm of the empire.

Wearing composite armor and holding strong crossbows, they formed an independent phalanx, destroying the withered and decaying when they entered, and solid as a rock when they retreated. The crossbow machines give them superior long-range strike capabilities, similar to the no-contact warfare proposed by the United States today. Put yourself outside the enemy's strike range, one-way attack on the opponent, plus a mobile mixed formation of chariots and horses, and cooperate with the main formation of the No. 1 pit, Qi is in harmony, the formation is open to the enemy head-on, the heavy crossbowman code is strong crossbow pressure formation, attack is concentrated firepower, flank to break the enemy. The mixed formation of cyclists and horses outflanked in a roundabout way.

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Also in the Great Qin Empire, the well-known Qin army crossbow array, in addition to individual crossbows, also has bows and arrows and even bed crossbows.

However, if we think about the situation of the Qin army, the Great Qin Empire is relatively short of horses, and the bed crossbow is insufficient in terms of mobility, it is very likely that the Great Qin Empire did not use a lot of bed crossbows against the Xiongnu in the battle for Hetao Yin Mountain, but mainly used hand crossbows and kick crossbows.

However, Zhang Jiashi did not take measures to curb the development of bed crossbows, but invested a lot of resources to develop bed crossbows with better performance or equip them with corresponding accessories to improve the combat ability of bed crossbows.