readx;??? In addition to the part of "Historical Records" that should be said to be more like "Xia Yu Benji" than "Xia Benji", there are many unreliable contents in the historical records. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info

Zhang Jiashi has read the content of Qingyu Lingshu's "Historical Records" many times, and he feels that before he crossed, he occasionally saw the beginning of the TV series "The Emperor of the Han Dynasty", and the authenticity may be very reliable.

After all, in many places, Emperor Wu of Han was not wrong.

Especially before Zhang Jiashi crossed, the state also carried out a "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project" for a long time to formally conduct a more practical investigation of the historical situation of the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods.

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In Zhang Jiashi's understanding, the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project" is a cultural project in China, a scientific research project that combines natural sciences with humanities and social sciences to study the chronology of the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods in Chinese history, and a systematic project of multidisciplinary joint research.

The origin of this "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project" is mainly a problem, that is, Chinese civilization has a long history, but the "letter history" with a real documented date began in the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, in 841 BC, and this statement can be found in the "Historical Records: Chronology of the Twelve Princes".

In fact, it is also possible that the chronology of the Western Zhou Dynasty or the historians of the princes at that time formally determined the chronology.

That is to say, in 841 BC, the year of the reign of the princes and even the emperor of Zhou Tianzi is strictly more a guess, and in terms of the description of some things, it is more likely to be incorrect.

At the same time, Sima Qian said in the "Historical Records" that he had read many documents about the Yellow Emperor, although there were also chronological records, but these dates were relatively vague and inconsistent, so he abandoned them, and only recorded the lineage of the kings of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties in the "Historical Records: Three Dynasties World Table" without specific reign years. Therefore, there has been no accepted chronology of Chinese history before the first year of the republic.

The first scholar in history to systematically study the chronology of Chinese history before the first year of the republic was Liu Xin in the late Western Han Dynasty.

Liu Xin's calculations and research results are reflected in his Shijing, the main content of which was later included in the Hanshu Chronicles. From Liu Xin to the middle of the Qing Dynasty, many scholars have calculated and studied the chronology of Chinese history before the first year of the republic. These works have certain limitations, because the literature they used in their calculations is basically no more than the literature that Sima Qian has seen, so it is difficult to make a breakthrough. After the late Qing Dynasty, the situation changed somewhat, and scholars began to do chronological research based on bronze inscriptions, which expanded the sources of information. The discovery of the oracle bone inscription in 1899 provided a new source of material for chronological research.

Sima Qian believes: "The residences of the past three generations were all between Heluo. ”

Decades of important archaeological discoveries about the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties prove how close the relationship between the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties and Heluo was. However, Chinese history does not have the exact chronology of the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods before and the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods, and the exact ages of antiquity recorded in China's ancient books can only be traced back to the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty (i.e., 841 BC) in accordance with Sima Qian's "Chronology of the Twelve Princes". [Net]

Did the Xia Dynasty exist or not? When did the Xia Dynasty and Shang meet? Is the Erlitou site really the capital of China's first dynasty, Xia? Some foreign scholars even believe that the so-called Xia Dynasty is simply a historical legend imagined by the merchants. Xia, Shang and Zhou were honored by the ancients as "three generations", and their main activity areas are in the Heluo area, which occupies an extremely important position in China's 5,000-year-old civilization.

It is because of this premise that the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project" has gradually become an important system project of national historical archaeology.

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It's just that the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project" certainly has relative results, just like this: on the 9th of the month, the Xia Shang Zhou Dynasty Project officially announced the "Xia Shang Anniversary Table". The "Xia Shang Anniversary Table" sets the Xia Dynasty to begin in about 2070 BC, the **** boundary is about 1600 BC, the Pangeng moved the capital to about 1300 BC, and the Shang and Zhou boundaries (the year of King Wu's war) are set at 1046 BC. According to the establishment of the year of King Wu's war and the first year of King Yi, the chronology of the Shang king Wuding and the chronology of the kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty were established.

Some people believe that if the project goes well, it will be possible to give a time yardstick for the study of the origin and development of ancient Chinese civilization, but at present, it seems that there are big doubts about whether this significance can be achieved due to the delay in the final complicated report of the project.

However, under this premise, the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project" has gained more questioning voices:

Since the official publication of the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project 1996-2000 Achievement Report (Simplified Version) and the Xia Shang Anniversary Table, the conclusions have been adopted by many mainstream dictionaries and textbooks and have begun to have an impact.

After China put forward its own standards, foreign scholars began to criticize them. However, the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project has just begun, and China's archaeological technology and theoretical level need to be further improved. Since the official publication of the "Xia Shang Anniversary Table" of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, criticism has been heard both inside and outside China. Some people abroad believe that the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project has a "political background" and that the Chinese government is engaged in nationalism, and some scholars have doubts about the "academic ethics" of the project.

Three debates were held in the year. Writing in the New York Times, retired Stanford professor Dewei Ni asserted that "the international academic community will tear engineering reports to shreds." However, some people believe that the so-called "international academic community" has always ignored China's local research results and has no say in Chinese history. Some people also say that since Western society can take Homer's epic poems, the works of blind artists 800 years after the Ilot War, as a proper history, questioning China's dynastic history calculated by scientific methods is a thorn in the bone.

In this regard, foreign scholars often regard works of art and illusory religious teachings such as Homer's epic poems and the Bible as history of faith, and Zhang Jiashi has to say that this kind of questioning is obviously a case of "are you embarrassed to say me?"

But there is also a lot of controversy among the insiders of the Dynastic History Project, and even some ridiculous ideas:

Whether the results of the project failed or not are not yet strongly argued. Some of the achievements in the project have also been recognized by the international academic community, such as Zhang Peiyu's research, but there is a debate within the project. Some Chinese scholars with complex backgrounds believe that it is not necessary for the results of such projects to pass the test of various scholars with "complex backgrounds" in the world, as long as a consensus is reached in the Chinese academic circles, and that Chinese scholars' research on history does not need to be criticized by outsiders, nor can it be obstructed by forces with various purposes.

In the journal "East Asian History", N published an article questioning that the first year of King Zhou Yi was 899 BC.

The paper specifically questions the errors in engineering research methods. The article mentions:

Some of the most recent research projects, including those accepted by the Chinese ****** (referring to the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties), are based on an account of the "Tian Zaidan" in the early 1000 BC. These studies interpret this peculiar account as a partial solar eclipse at sunrise. This interpretation seems plausible (the sky darkens because of the eclipse at the beginning of the dawn, and then the sun rises), but it is uncertain. There are very few eclipses that obscure the surface of the sun at sunrise and are so large that they can darken the sky considerably. On April 21, 899 B.C., there was indeed a solar eclipse at sunrise, and these research projects map this eclipse to this peculiar account (referring to the first year of King Yi of Zhou). ”

Calculations show that the eclipse in 899 B.C. reduced the subjective brightness (the brightness perceived by a human observer) by less than 25 percent. To demonstrate that such a reduction in brightness could give observers a sense of "certainty," some researchers surveyed observers who observed a partial solar eclipse at sunrise in 1997. However, all observers are either located in places where the brightness is reduced by less than 10% (where the observer does not feel "day after day") or in places where the brightness is reduced by more than 80% (where the brightness is reduced). From these data, the researchers concluded that "a reduction in subjective brightness of more than 10% creates a feeling of "certainty of day after day". This conclusion is completely unfounded. In fact, drifting clouds can often reduce subjective brightness by up to 25%......"

In addition, the paper also questions the correctness of the calculation of the eclipse.

In addition, in this regard, some people have conducted a survey based on the "Solar Eclipse Roadmap" and found that on the morning of April 21, 899 BC, the western end of the eclipse belt is in Shandong Province, and Shaanxi Province is impossible to see the sky again. On the morning of the 6th of the previous month, the astronomical scene of Tianzaidan could be seen in Zhengdi.

Well, Zhang Jiashi had to say that he would use the situation of later generations as a way to corroborate this aspect...... It's like using the changes in the landscape after thousands of years to estimate the situation of the ancient battlefield, isn't it a pain in the idle egg?

In addition, in March 2007, Archaeology magazine published Zhu Fenghan's article "Yao Gong Gui and Tang Bohou Yu Jin", introducing the Western Zhou Dynasty bronze Yao Gong Gui in a private collection in Hong Kong, and its inscription has the content of "Tang Bohou Yu Jin Wei Wang Twenty and Eight Rituals".

The inscription is as follows: "(Yao) Gong as his wife Yao Gui, who was ordered by the king to be Tang Bohou Yu Jin, but the king was twenty and eight worshippers." ”

Judging from the shape of the gui and the characteristics of the inscriptions, it seems that the completion time of this vessel is not later than the middle of the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Then, the "Wang Twenty and Eight Rituals" of "The King Ordered Tang Bohou Yu Jin" should obviously be the twenty-eighth year of becoming king.

In view of the achievements of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties in the project stage, the 22 years of King Cheng and the 25 years of King Kang are both less than 28 years. Therefore, as soon as Yao Gongwei came out, the results of the dynastic engineering stage were denied, and the number of years of reign of King Cheng or King Kang had to be revised.

And under this premise, not only the year of King Kang of Zhou or King Cheng of Zhou must be changed, I am afraid that there will be corresponding changes in the year records of 841 BC, at least, after there is a King Cheng of Zhou, it is inevitable that the king of the Zhou Dynasty will reign for less than three years in 841 BC.

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As for the history in this regard, Zhang Jiashi said that some people in later generations are not idle, because strictly speaking, the inferences of many historians are not accurate......

However......

In early January 2013, Xia Hanyi, a professor in the Department of East Asian Languages at the University of Chicago, questioned the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project" at the just-concluded Fourth International Sinology Conference of the Academia Sinica in Taipei, and asserted that the project was unlikely to be published in the future. Li Xueqin, chief expert of the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project" and professor at Tsinghua University, responded to this, saying that it is normal for controversy to occur, and the "traditional version" is under review and will come out after a while.

Professor Xia Hanyi's abstract of the paper "Critique of the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project" Ten Years Later: Taking the Reign of the Western Zhou Dynasty Kings as an Example" reads: "The Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project is a great research project in the history of ancient Chinese culture, according to the statistics of the project, including more than 200 researchers from various disciplines, which are reflected in academic and popular newspapers and periodicals almost every day. At the end of 2000, the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project published the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project Annual Stage Achievement Report - Simplified Version" (hereinafter referred to as the "Simplified Version"), promising to publish a large-scale "traditional version" in the near future. It is now 10 years since the publication of the 'simplified version', and the 'traditional version' has not yet been published, and I am afraid that it is unlikely to be published in the future. Nevertheless, the time is quite ripe to make a more comprehensive review of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. This article is a preliminary reflection. ”

Xia Hanyi said that the Simplified Version only provides a general framework for the Xia and Shang dynasties, and an absolute chronology for the later Shang dynasty, but also acknowledges that these dates are not necessarily accurate. It is completely different for the Western Zhou Dynasty, from King Wu Kexuan to King You's death under Lishan Mountain, providing absolute chronology for the reign of the 12 kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Xia Hanyi believes that "the number of years of reign of the kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty contained in the Simplified Version and any ancient historical books do not have a unified method, and they can be cited if they can find support in ancient books, and abandoned if they cannot find support, which is obviously inconsistent with general historiographical methods." Except for the reign of King Wu and the Shang Dynasty, which is based on the Yi Zhou Shushi Interpretation and some other hand-me-down documents, and the first year of King Yi is based on the record of 'Tian Zaidan Yu Zheng' contained in the Bamboo Book Chronicle, the reign of the kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty recorded in the Simplified Version is basically based on the chronological records contained in the 63 bronze inscriptions that have been published at that time. The chronological framework and periodization proposed in the Simplified Version not only failed to accommodate the newly discovered bronze inscriptions in recent years, but also had several important errors in the periodization of the original 63 bronze objects. ”

Well, Zhang Jiashi had to say that the thoughts of some experts and professors were not something that he, a traverser, could understand......

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Zhang Jiashi, who was sitting on the red cloud and thinking about these things without the edge, did not realize that an assassination operation that was not aimed at him, but had already been arranged, would be launched in the small village he was going to......