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The peasant family officially laid the foundation of Chinese civilization into an agricultural civilization, mainly in the late Warring States period, the Qin Dynasty, and the early Han Dynasty. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

Of course, China also had a relatively vague agrarian system in its previous history, and the peasant family mainly put forward a formal theoretical basis in this regard.

Before the advent of the farm, Chinese farmers had realized that agricultural production must rely on weather and meteorological conditions such as sunlight and rain, as well as land for crops to grow, and how to make these natural ecological conditions most suitable for the growth and harvest of crops requires human strength and wisdom to properly manage crops according to natural conditions.

And the farmer is one of the hundreds of schools that systematically propose this management method:

"Heaven-Earth-Man" constitute a three-dimensional structure, which is indispensable for agricultural production. "Huainanzi" once said: "The eater is the foundation of the people, the people are the foundation of the country, and the country is the king." It is the ruler of the deceased, who is due to the time of heaven, the wealth of the earth, and the use of manpower, because the growth of the masses and the reproduction of grains. ”

"Tianshi" is an important ecological condition for agricultural production, which provides light, temperature, heat and moisture conditions for the growth of crops. Agricultural production itself has a certain seasonal rhythm, spring sowing, summer ploughing, autumn harvest, winter storage are the four basic links, and all of this is determined by the time rhythm of the celestial movement, so people can only grasp the "agricultural time" by grasping the "time of day", and the time of day and the time of agriculture are inseparable.

First of all, through observation and research, people should grasp the rhythm of the four seasons, understand the law of wind, frost, rain and snow, and "know the time" by formulating calendars and other means. Secondly, people should adapt to the time of the day, grasp the agricultural time, seize the time to work diligently at the most appropriate time, and use their hard work to transform the "time of the day" into a real harvest.

The content of the article "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period", about the part of the farmer, believes that the "time of day" and "agricultural time" in the year are fleeting and must be firmly grasped. Therefore, the rhythm of people's life should also be subordinated to the seasonal rhythm of agriculture.

At the same time, the farmer sorted out a relatively primitive set of four-season farming regulations:

Spring is the season for sowing and germinating crops, so it is necessary to do a good job in land planning and renovation to determine crops suitable for planting; strengthen the construction of water conservancy in farmland, repair ditches, ensure the use of water; and protect young seedlings.

Summer is the growing season for crops. Field management should be strengthened, wild animals should be expelled, and weeds should be hoeed. When it is dry, it is burned to fertilize the fields with rain, and all kinds of officials are to inspect agricultural production and persuade the people to work.

Autumn is the harvest season for crops, so it is necessary to carry out the autumn harvest and do a good job in preparing for winter storage; strengthen water conservancy construction to prevent autumn floods; officials should set agricultural taxes according to land conditions; and do a good job in the revenue work of the state treasury.

Winter is the slack season, so it is necessary to collect grain, do a good job of keeping it, and prepare for the next year, and select seeds. Maintenance of farm tools, etc.

......

In later generations, the contents of the peasant families recorded in the "Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles" have basically been lost, but it can also be seen from the relevant records of the "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period":

"Lü's Spring and Autumn Period, Shirong Theory, Shangnong":

The reason why the ancient holy kings led their people was to do agriculture first. The people and farmers are not in vain for the sake of geography and ambition. The people are simple, and the simplicity is easy to use. Easy to use, the border is safe, and the lord is respected. The people and peasants are heavy, and the emphasis is less private, and if there is less private righteousness, the public law is established and the force is single-minded. The peasants will be restored, and their production will be re-migrated. Re-migration is death without worry. If you abandon the original and end the matter, you will not order, and if you do not order, you cannot defend or fight. If the people live in the original and the end of the matter, they will have a contract, and if they move lightly and migrate lightly, then the country will have trouble and have aspirations. There is no intention. The people are wise at the end of the matter, and if they are wise, they are more deceitful, and if they are more deceitful, they are clever and clever.

Hou Ji said: "Therefore, those who work as cultivators and weavers think that this religion is also." "Therefore, the Son of Heaven personally led the princes to cultivate the emperor's homeland fields, and the doctors and scholars all had meritorious deeds. Therefore, the affairs of the time, agriculture is not seen in the country, and the people are respected for the land. The concubine led nine concubines to silkworms in the suburbs and mulberry in the public field. It is based on spring, autumn, winter and summer, all of which have the power of hemp and silk cocoons, and teach women with strength. Therefore, the husband does not weave and wear, the woman does not plough and eat, and the man and woman trade to live forever, and this is the system of the saints. Therefore, respect the time and love the day, not the old and the old, not the disease, not the death. Ueda, husband eats nine people. Under the field, the husband eats five people. You can benefit, you can't lose. One person will rule it, ten people will eat it, and all six animals will be among them. This is the way of the great task. Therefore, the affairs at that time were not to build soil skills, not to be masters and apprentices, not to be crowned, to marry wives, to marry daughters, to enjoy rituals, not to drink and gather people, not to smell the peasants, not to dare to be private in the mean, for the sake of harming the times.

Gou is not the same surname, the farmer does not go out of the palace, the woman does not marry, and the farmer is also. Then the ban was made. There are five forbidden in the wild: the land is not cleared, the hemp is not manipulated, and the dung is not produced. The tooth is not long, and he does not dare to be confined to the garden. The amount of strength is insufficient, and he does not dare to cultivate the land. The peasants did not dare to do anything, and they did not dare to do strange things. For the sake of harming the times. Then make a ban on the four times: the mountain does not dare to cut down the timber, Ze does not dare to ashes, the net does not dare to go out of the door, the cloud does not dare to enter the abyss, Ze is not a boat, dare not be despaired, and it is also harmful.

If the people are not able to farm, Mo is a domestic animal, the country is difficult to govern, and the three doubts are extreme, which is to turn the back on the original and destroy the country. Every citizen is seven feet or more from the three officials. Agricultural attack millet, industrial attack tools, Jia attack goods. Current affairs are not the same, and it is a big culprit. To take it away with the soil merit is to say that it is a joke, and if you are not worried, you will lose it. Taking it away with water is a matter of reluctance, mourning and rejoicing, and the neighbors come to abuse. To take it away with military affairs is to say that it is powerful, and the cause of the disaster is Xu Sui, and he does not raise his name. And when the people were numbered, a great famine came. There are sleepers in the wild, or talking or singing, but there are faint and mourning a lot. Everyone knows the end, but they don't know the truth.

The translation of this part is:

The ancient kings were able to teach the people because they were first and foremost committed to agriculture. The purpose of engaging the people in agriculture is not only to exploit land resources, but also to attach importance to their ideological cultivation. The people will be simple in farming, and the simplicity will be easy to use, and if it is easy to use, the border will be peaceful, and the status of the monarch will be honored. When the people are engaged in farming, their behavior will be steady, and if their behavior is steady, they will show less favoritism, and if they do not favor favoritism, public law will be established, and their energy will be focused on agricultural affairs. When the people are engaged in farming, their property will be abundant, and when the property is abundant, they will not easily migrate, and they will stick to their residence for the rest of their lives, and they will not have two hearts. If we abandon the fundamental principle of agriculture and devote ourselves to industry and commerce, we will not obey orders, and if we do not obey orders, we will not be able to defend our land and fight the enemy. If the people abandon the basic business of agriculture and devote themselves to the business and commerce, their property will decrease, and if the people's property is small, they will easily move and move, and then when the country has a disaster, they will deliberately avoid it. There is no desire to live and work in peace. The common people abandon the fundamental principle of agriculture and devote themselves to the stubble of industry and commerce, and they love to play clever, and they love to play clever, and they act treacherously, and if they act treacherously, they will take advantage of the loopholes of the law, and regard right as wrong and wrong as right.

Hou Ji said: "The reason why the ancient holy kings were engaged in farming and weaving. It is to take this as a fundamental edification. Therefore, the Son of Heaven personally led the princes to cultivate the sacrificial fields of the emperor, and the doctors and scholars had their own specific jobs. So. When the farming season was busy, the peasants were not seen in the city, and it was used to teach the people to value the production of the fields. The concubine led the nine concubines of the harem to raise silkworms in the suburbs. Mulberry picking in the public fields. Therefore, in spring, summer, autumn and winter, there are things of hemp spinning and silk to devote themselves to the education of women. Therefore, men do not engage in weaving but have clothing, women do not engage in farming but have food, and men and women exchange the fruits of their labor to multiply, which is the system set by the sages.

Therefore, people attach importance to the season, cherish time, and refuse to stop until they are old, and refuse to rest until they are sick. He refused to give up farming until he died. The best fields can be cultivated by one person to feed nine people. In the inferior fields, one person can feed five people. The number of people who make offerings can be increased, not decreased. One person operates, ten people depend on it for support, and the raising of six animals is included in it. This is the principle of making full use of the earth's power. So, when the farm is busy. No construction was allowed, no conscription was allowed, no coronation ceremony, no wives and no sacrifices, no gathering of people to ask for wine, and no peasants were allowed to work for themselves without asking for instructions, because this would interfere with the agricultural season. If it weren't for avoiding marriage with the same surname. Men were not allowed to go out to enter and work, and women were not allowed to marry far away, so as to stabilize the farmers. Then it is necessary to make a ban on the field. There are five prohibitions on the fields: the land is not allowed to be cultivated without thawing, no straw is allowed, no dung is allowed to be used in the field, no gardens are allowed to be managed before reaching the age of majority, no ditches are allowed to be cultivated if the labor is insufficient, and no farmer is allowed to engage in business. Don't do anything else. Because these will hinder the agricultural time. Then it is necessary to establish a ban on the four seasons: no timber shall be cut down in the mountains and forests at any time, no fire and water rakes shall be allowed in the lakes and rivers at any time, hunting tools such as nets shall not be taken out of the city gates for hunting at any time, and the nets shall not be put into the water abyss to fish at any time.

If the people are not committed to farming, livestock will be extinguished, and the country will be difficult to govern. The three industries of agriculture, industry, and commerce are extremely chaotic with each other, which is called turning their backs on the fundamentals. Violations of the law incur loss and destruction for the country. All the people who are more than seven feet tall belong to the three departments of agriculture, industry, and commerce. Farmers grow crops, craftsmen make utensils, and merchants handle goods. If the agricultural time and the agricultural work cannot be unified, this is called the "big evil". If the agricultural time is occupied because of civil engineering work, it is called delaying the agricultural time, and the farmers will continue to worry and there will be no harvest. If you occupy the agricultural season because of the water conservancy project, this is called rashness, and if you continue to have fun without a harvest, the neighboring enemy countries will come and wreak havoc. When the agricultural season is occupied because of the war, this is called ferocity. The calamity is caused by the absence of a harvest throughout the year and the absence of agricultural production. Repeated encroachments on the agricultural season meant that a severe famine was coming. The fields are abandoned with unused farm tools, but the monarch talks, laughs, dances, and dances, and is bound to lose a lot of food day and night. They only know the pursuit of the end, but they do not know the true meaning of agriculture-oriented.

......

The content of the part about the peasant family in "Guanzi Diren" is likely to be the essence of the theory of the peasant school of Xu Xing and his disciples:

The husband is in charge of the world, and his Shi is seven feet.

Desecrate the field, the five kinds are not suitable, and they are solid after they are established. Its wood should be grasshoppers, herbs, juniors and pines, and its grass should be thorny. Seeing that it was soil, the fate was said to be five Shi, five seven and thirty-five feet, and as for the spring. The middle corner of the call. Its water warehouse, its people are strong.

Chiyuan, strong and fat, five kinds are not suitable. Its hemp is white, its cloth is yellow, its grass should be white grass and goose, and its wood should be red begonia. Seeing that it was soil, the fate was said to be four Shi, four seven hundred and twenty-eight feet, and as for the spring. Voice-based businessmen. Its water is white and sweet, and its people are long-lived.

Huang Tang, no suitability, only the right millet also. Yixian Ze. The line is falling, the land is ruined, and it is difficult to set up a town. Its grass should be (millet straw) and grass, and its wood should be mulberry. Seeing that it was soil, the fate was said to be three Shi, three seven twenty-one feet and as for the spring. Huyin Middle Palace. Its springs are yellow and migratory.

Rebuke, Yi Da Shu and wheat. Its grass should be grassy, and its wood should be wolfberry. Seeing that it was soil, the fate was said to be re-given, 2714 feet and as for the spring. Calling for a feather. Its springs are salty, and the water flows.

Hei Yan, suitable for rice and wheat. Its grass should be apple, prickly, and its wood should be white begonia. Seeing that it was soil, the fate was said to be a shi, seven feet and as for the spring. Calling in the middle sign. Its water is black and bitter.

Whoever listens to the signs is like a negative pig and is shocked. Whoever listens to the feather is like a horse in the wild. Whoever listens to the palace is like a cow chirping. Whoever listens to business is like a sheep from the flock. Whoever listens to the horn, such as a pheasant climbing the wood to sing, the sound is clear. Where will be the head of the five tones, the first one and three, the four open to close the ninety-nine, to be the head of the yellow Zhong Xiaosu, in order to become the palace. Three points and one benefit, eight out of a hundred, for the sign. There are no three points and go to its multiplication, sufficient, to be a businessman. There are three points, and the compound is in its place, so as to become a feather. There are three points, go to its multiplication, sufficient, to be at an angle.

The grave is extended, six Shi, six seven hundred and forty-two feet, and as for the spring. Shaanxi Zhifang seven Shi, seven seven forty-nine feet and as for the spring. Eight Shi of Shaanxi, 7856 feet and as for the spring. Duling nine Shi, seven nine sixty-three feet and as for the spring. Yanling ten Shi, seventy feet and as for the spring. Eleven Shi around the tomb, seventy-seven feet and as for the spring. Twelve vines and mountains, eighty-four feet and as for the springs. Thirteen Shi of the mountain, ninety-one feet and as for the spring. Fu Shan Bai disciple fourteen Shi, ninety-eight feet and as for the spring. Zhongling fifteen Shi, one hundred and five feet and as for the spring. Sixteen Shi of Qingshan, one hundred and twelve feet and as for the spring, the residence of the green dragon, Geng Ni, can not get the spring, seventeen Shi of the red soil mountain, one hundred and nineteen feet and as for the spring, the Qing Shang under it, can not get the spring. Eighteen Shi of white soil in the mountain, one hundred and twenty-six feet, and as for the spring, there is no spring under it. Nineteen Shi of the mountain, one hundred and thirty-three feet, and as for the spring, there is gray soil under it, and the spring cannot be obtained. Gaoling soil mountain twenty Shi, one hundred and forty feet and as for the spring.

On the mountain, the life is called the hanging spring, its ground is not dry, its grass is like thatch and walking, its wood is a tree, two feet of chisel, and even the spring. On the mountain, it is said that Fulu, its grass carp intestines and dwarf, its wood is willow, and it is chiseled three feet and as for the spring. On the mountain, the fate of Quanying, its grass, Baichang, its wood is poplar, and the five feet of chisel are as for the spring. The material of the mountain, its grass and its strength, its wood is grid, and it is chiseled into two hundred and seventy-four feet and as for the spring. On the side of the mountain, its grass and grass, its wood is elm, and it is chiseled three seven hundred and twenty-one feet and as for the spring.

Every way of grass and soil has its own way. High or low, each with grassy soil. The leaves are under the amaranth, under the amaranth, under the amaranth, under the reed, under the reed, under the grass, under the Xiao, under the Xiao, under the sage, under the grass. There are twelve decays in all the grass things, and each has its own return.

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The above content clearly states the corresponding summary of Xu Xing's peasant theory.

Of course, some people say that "Guanzi" was written by Guan Zhong. But there is no doubt that "Guanzi" is a work that was formed by the Jixia School Palace before the Qi State was invaded by the Yan State, and it has nothing to do with Guan Zhong. In other words, "Guanzi" is just a "fake book" with Guan Zhong's name.

(To be continued.) )

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