readx;?? Although the current total grain output of the Great Qin Empire is not too much, there is still a considerable gap compared to the peak of the Great Qin Empire during the period of the First Emperor. Pen ~ Fun ~ Pavilion www.biquge.info|Novel Ranking m|{To see the latest chapters, please go to:} Please search (Pin% Book ¥¥ Net) to see the most complete!

However, if we talk about the current per capita grain quantity, although Zhang Jiashi has not made relatively professional statistics, there is no doubt that this point should be beyond the peak of the first emperor's reign.

After all, under Zhang Jiashi's rule, the population suffered serious losses due to various factors, but the farming system under Zhang Jiashi's rule was generally much better than that of the Great Qin Empire.

The biggest difference between the two is the number of cattle.

This is a distance that Zhang Jiashi can't change at the moment, because after a long and large-scale war, the farming cattle of the Great Qin Empire can be regarded as the most serious kind of property.

In troubled times, the loss of horses and cattle can be said to be manifold. Horses suffered large-scale losses, mainly as a direct result of the war, and in the case of cattle, it can be said that the reasons cannot be uniformly summarized. The main reason is that the corresponding environment has become harsh, which makes the corresponding laws and regulations of the Great Qin Empire or other countries to protect the cultivated cattle insignificant, which eventually leads to such a situation.

However, although the farming system under Zhang Jiashi is not a large number of cattle, it can be said that the efficiency of the entire farming system has been improved in terms of subsidies from other corresponding systems.

This is mainly a suitable way for Zhang Jiashi to rely on the insights of later generations and the corresponding cultivation materials of the Qingyu Spirit Book.

Zhang Jiashi believes that with this supplement, the farming system of the Great Qin Empire is generally not weaker than that of the Song Dynasty, which had relatively high farming technology.

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There is a part of the information that directly describes the corresponding basis of the agricultural level of the Song Dynasty.

"During the Song Dynasty, agriculture and food in China finally took shape. Food production is more rational and scientific. By the end of the Song dynasty, North China, which was no longer ruled by the Han Chinese, was mature in agriculture. Since then, little has changed until the middle of the 20th century. South China expanded agriculture and added new crops during subsequent dynasties, but the pattern there was established during the Song dynasty. And it hasn't been accompanied by many fundamental changes in technology. ”

This part of the material is excerpted from "Chinese Food" compiled by the American scholar Eugene Anderson.

In the history of China's agricultural development, the status of the Song Dynasty can be said to be quite high:

In the Song Dynasty, water conservancy was greatly developed, a large area was cultivated, and attention was paid to the improvement of agricultural tools, and agriculture developed rapidly. Many new forms of fields appeared in the Song Dynasty, such as terraced fields (which appeared in mountainous areas), silt fields (fields used by silt formed by river erosion), sand fields (sand silt by the sea), and sand fields (wooden rafts made on the lake and covered with mud on top of them). This significantly increased the area of cultivated land in the Song Dynasty. In the second year of the Tao (996). The cultivated land in the country is more than 3,125,200 hectares. By the fifth year of Tianxi (1021), it had increased to more than 5,247,500 hectares. Various new agricultural tools appeared in the Song Dynasty, such as new waterwheels, keel dumpers, and barrel carts. A treadmill instead of an oxen ploughing. Martingale horses used for rice planting. The advent of new tools has also led to a significant increase in crop yields. Generally, farmland can harvest one stone per mu every year, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions can reach two to three stones a year.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Zhenzong introduced drought-tolerant and early-maturing rice varieties from Zhancheng and distributed them to Jianghuai and Zhejiang, which were later the early rice sharp rice in the south, also called Zhancheng rice and yellow indica rice. Agriculture in the Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin has developed rapidly. Some northern crops such as millet, wheat, millet and beans came to the south. Cotton is prevalent in Fujian and Guangzhou. Tea is all over the present Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and other places. The number of areas where mulberry and silkworm and hemp are cultivated is also increasing. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the rice output in the Taihu Lake area ranked first in the country, especially represented by Pingjiang Mansion (now Suzhou), which was known as "Suhu ripe, the world's foot" (referring to Suzhou and Huzhou) or "Su Changshu, the world's foot" (referring to Suzhou and Changzhou). Yield per unit area of crops. According to Mr. Meng Wentong's research, the average per mu in the Tang Dynasty was about 1.5 stone (50% higher than that of the Han Dynasty), and about 2 stone in the Song Dynasty, about 30% higher than that of the Tang Dynasty. Sugarcane is planted all over Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangzhou, and other provinces, and sugar has become a widely used food, and the world's first monograph on pond making has appeared: Wang Zhuo's "Frosting Spectrum".

In addition to the "Frosting Spectrum", Fan Weizong of the Song Dynasty made "Incense Spectrum" and Cai Junmo wrote "Zhuzhi" and "Tea". They are all extremely physical, and the whole world thinks they are right.

These works also verify the relevant foundations of the agricultural development of the Song Dynasty.

In addition, from several aspects, the level of agricultural development in the Song Dynasty has also been proved to a certain extent.

These include:

Tools of agricultural production in the Song Dynasty:

In 994, the tread plough was promoted, from 1036 to 1101, the seedling pulling tool was used to raise the seedlings, from 1115 to 1234 in Hebei, the row head of the ridge was divided and cultivated, from 1127 to 1162, the tool of crushing soil, flat fields and mixing mud was used in the paddy fields of the south of the Yangtze River, in 1169, the knife used for land reclamation was recorded, and the steel-bladed agricultural tools began to be popularized in the late 12th century. Zeng Zhidao's work "Agricultural Implements Spectrum" (has been lost) describes the agricultural tools and agricultural equipment such as plows, rakes, chariots, lichens, gongs, xiaojiao, pestles, buckets, kettles, and warehouses. It was the most detailed book of farm tools of its time.

Farmland and water conservancy development in the Song Dynasty:

From 988 to 998, the water conservancy of Dianbo in the Haihe River Basin of Hebei Province was developed, and in 1026, Fan Zhongyan proposed to repair the seawall in Tong, Tai and Haizhou to defend the people's fields. The embankment is hundreds of miles long and is known as Fangong Dike in history; from 1064 to 1075, Mulan Pi was built in Putian, Fujian; in 1069, the "Farmland Water Conservancy Constraints" were formulated and a national farmland water conservancy management system was established; from 1070 to 1076, during the period of Wang Anshi's reform, 10,793 water conservancy sites were built across the country, irrigating more than 3.6 million mu of fields; in 1088, Shan Gong wrote "Wuzhong Water Conservancy Book", which was the earliest water conservancy work on Taihu Lake water conservancy; from 1107 to 1110, Fengli Canal was repaired and 3.5 million mu of land was irrigated. And created the dark shed sand filter technology.

Changes in the Song Dynasty in terms of agricultural land:

From 960 to 1279, the rice and wheat double cropping system appeared in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. During the period of 1068-1077 in the Song Dynasty, large-scale turbidity diversion and dredging were carried out to improve farmland; from 1127 to 1279, the cases of soil erosion caused by indiscriminate felling of mountain forests have been recorded; and the construction of erected fields in 1149 is recorded in Chen Mu's Book of Agriculture, which is the earliest man-made cultivated land in China. In 1154, the sugarcane field was cultivated by using the action of cane grain wheels, and in 1172, the name of "terraced field" was found in the "Luan Luanlu".

Corresponding crop development during the Song Dynasty:

From 960 to 1279, wheat developed in the Yangtze River basin, forming a situation of "extreme eyes not reducing Huaibei". In 1012, Song Zhenzong sent an envoy to Fujian to take 30,000 pieces of rice from Zhancheng and distributed them to Jianghuai, Liangzhejiang and three roads for planting, which was a large-scale introduction of rice in Chinese history; in 1061, rape has become the main oil crop in the south of the Yangtze River; from 1086 to 1100, China's earliest rice variety "Hepu" came out; from 1227 to 1279, the Taihu Lake area has become a famous high-yield rice area in the country, and it is sometimes known as "Su Xiang is ripe and the world is full".

Arguably. Zhang Jiashi knew that once there was a corresponding improvement in crops, with the corresponding policies of the Great Qin Empire and the foundation laid at present, the development of its farming system would inevitably not be weaker than that of the Song Dynasty, after all, the Great Qin Empire was the first dynasty to comprehensively and firmly implement the cattle farming system.

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And there is a corresponding foundation for agricultural development. If the yield of grain and other crops increases, Zhang Jiashi needs to consider another aspect. That is the "grain cheapness hurting the peasants" that has caused corresponding problems many times in Chinese history.

The literal meaning of the grain is that in a bumper harvest year, the income of the peasants decreases.

In the economic viewpoint of later generations, "grain cheapness hurts farmers" is a classic problem in agricultural economy.

The traditional view is that the profit that farmers get from selling grain depends on two factors: output (q) and grain price (p), and profit is the product of the two; but these two variables are not **, but are related to each other, and their correlation is determined by a downward sloping demand line for grain, and the two are negatively correlated. In addition, the food demand line is not elastic. In other words, the quantity demanded is not very sensitive to changes in prices. When food prices fall, the demand for food increases, but not by much. The basic truth lies in the fact that food is a necessity, and the demand for food is mainly determined by the physiological demand for food.

Another view is that the explanation of "grain cheapness hurting farmers" does not carefully consider whether the factors behind the sudden increase in supply distort the market. One of the lessons is: A series of U.S. interventions in agriculture during the Great Depression exacerbated an already surplus of agricultural products. In addition, the premise of the inelasticity of grain demand is that the quality of grain is single, and the diversified and diversified management of quality is not within the scope of this explanation. What's more, the production of even a single variety of grain is strictly governed by the rules of the market economy, and farmers need to take out loans, purchase raw materials, fertilizers, and even farm machinery during the preparation period. If the peasants enter the grain supply side in large numbers, the prices of the relevant means of production will inevitably rise, and the peasants who cannot afford the high costs will withdraw from the supply side, and eventually achieve a balance between the supply and demand of products, and the profit will not change too much; if there is a distortion of the allocation of market resources in the preparatory stage of production, causing the peasants to rush to the top, "the grain is cheap and hurts the peasants" will really become a reality.

In the later life where Zhang Jiashi is located. There are two main means to prevent grain from hurting peasants: the first is the government's support and protection, which is the current direct grain subsidy, comprehensive subsidies for agricultural materials, subsidies for agricultural machinery, minimum protective prices for grain, and insurance for the development of agricultural policies; and the second is to develop agriculture with special characteristics and enhance the competitiveness of corresponding agricultural development.

However, in ancient times, it was impossible to deal with this situation by means of later generations, but the ancient states also had corresponding ways to solve or partially solve such problems in this regard.

The most famous of these is the "standing close" system.

Changping is a granary set up by the ancient Chinese government to regulate grain prices and store grain for famine to supply the government and the people. The main thing is to use the law of value to adjust the grain supply and give full play to the role of stabilizing the market value of grain. When the price of grain in the market was low, the price of grain was appropriately raised and a large number of purchases were made, which not only filled the large granaries of the imperial court with grain, Taicang and Ganquancang, but also the border counties and localities were also full of warehouses. When the price of grain in the market is high, the price should be appropriately lowered and sold. This measure not only prevented "cheap grain from hurting the peasants" but also prevented "grain from hurting the people," played a positive role in calming down the grain market and consolidating the feudal political power, and to a certain extent reflected the interests and aspirations of the masses of the people.

The idea of the "Chang Ping Position" system originated from the "Ping Ping" system practiced by Li Kui in Wei during the Warring States Period, that is, the government purchased grain storage in good years, so as not to hurt the peasants, and sold the stored grain in bad years to stabilize grain prices. Fan Li and "Pipe" have similar thoughts. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sang Hongyang developed the above ideas, established the Pingzhun Law, and relied on a large amount of money and silk materials in the hands of the government, and collected and sold them at a low price in Beijing to stabilize prices. During the reign of Emperor Xuandi Yuankang, there were bumper harvests year after year, and the price of grain was as cheap as one stone and five dollars, and "farmers were less profitable". Around this time, Geng Shouchang, the chief farmer, focused on the application of the equalization method to the collection and storage of grain, set up granaries in some areas, and purchased grain at too low prices into the government to "benefit the people".

After the Han Dynasty, it was not common to close positions and dispose of them abolishes. In the first four years of Emperor Tai of the Jin Dynasty (268), he always closed the position, and the harvest year was prosperous, and the year was thrifty. When Emperor Wu of Qi, the price of rice grain cloth was cheap, and it was agreed to buy and accumulate savings in Changping City, and in the sixth year of Yongming (488), he issued the treasury money to buy in Jingshi City, and ordered the states to pay for it in the city where it was located.

According to the "General Code", in the twelfth year of Emperor Taihe (488) of Emperor Xiaowen of the Later Wei Dynasty, Li Biaozuo, the secretary and supervisor, asked for two-nineths of the regular transfer of Zhuzhou and counties and the use of Kyoto to support the year. Then the edict was issued. In the third year of Emperor Heqing (564), Emperor Wucheng of the Northern Qi Dynasty ordered Zhuzhou and counties to place rich people's warehouses, and also used the method of Changping.

In the third year of Emperor Wen of Sui (583), he placed Chang Ping in Kyoto and Chang Ping in Shaanzhou. In the same year, Sun Pingjuan, the chief of the Duzhi Shangshu, ordered the people to give less than one stone of millet according to the rich and poor for poor households every autumn, and store them in the Luli for relief in the year of murder, which was called Yicang;

In the second year of Zhenguan of Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (628), he ordered Zhou County to juxtapose Yicang, and where the land was purchased two liters per mu (Gaozong changed to millet according to households) and stored it, and the people were given or loaned to the people in the fierce year to pay back for the autumn maturity. In thirteen years, Lingluo, Xiang, You, Xu, Qi, And, Qin, and Pu Zhuzhou closed their positions. During the reign of Gojong, the Kyoto East and West Markets were placed in Changping, and the Changping Administration was set up. In the seventh year of Xuanzong's reign (719), he expanded the area of setting up regular positions, and set the regular closing position of 3,000 guan in Shangzhou, 2,000 guan in Zhongzhou, and 1,000 guan in Xiazhou; Tianbao four years (745) harvest, the order of Yicang is also quasi-Changping law to harvest, Yicang then has the function of Changping. Tianbao eight years, Guannei, Hebei, Hedong, Hexi, Longyou, Jiannan, Henan, Huainan, Shannan, Jiangnan ten Changping grain a total of more than 460,000 stones. The Anshi Rebellion is often closed and scrapped. Dezong ascended the throne (780), the first resumption of the capital of the east and west of the city Chang Ping, after the household of the Lang Zhao Zanzuo allowed Yu Jin to be the capital of Changping, put the officials to levy merchant taxes and bamboo, wood, tea and lacquer and other taxes to charge, but because of the huge military expenditure, the tax can be used as soon as possible, can not be used for Changping. In the first year of Xianzong Yuanhe (806), it was stipulated that the state governments should take 20% of the annual land tax to close positions and righteous warehouses, and make loans, or loans according to the regulations. Since then, the functions of the regular closing position and the righteous position have been integrated, and it is called the regular closing and righteous position. In the first year of Wenzong's opening (836), he ordered the officials and the people to pay another liter of millet per mu in addition to the land and land, and to add reserves in the prefectures to the regular liquidation year by year, and to stop in Changzhong.

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The above description is basically the policy of the Standing Liquidation System in the Tang Dynasty or before, and the way of actual action.

It's just that Zhang Jiashi knows that in many cases, the regular closing system can only treat the symptoms but not the root cause, and even because of the deterioration of the overall environment.