readx;???? In terms of equipment advantages, the Qin army was ahead of the Hun riders not only in bows and crossbows and armor, but also in terms of melee equipment and weapons, the Qin army had considerable advantages. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info

Because many of the Hun riders at this time used bronze swords to fight.

This is not to say that the smelting technology of the Xiongnu is very poor, on the contrary, although the smelting technology of the Xiongnu is still incomparable to the Central Plains in this period, it is undeniable that even some larger countries in the Western Regions are not too comparable with the Xiongnu in terms of scientific and technological level.

That's not to say that bronze weapons aren't a good thing. On the contrary, in the early stage of development of iron weapons, relatively mature bronze weapons can be said to be able to explode iron weapons for a few streets.

Because the quality of iron weapons of this period was really not very good.

In Zhang Jiashi's understanding, most of the swords in the pre-Qin period were bronze weapons, such as Tai'a and the cadre Mo Ye, etc., which were mainly bronze swords.

And there is a problem, that is, the weapons of the Qin State were the first to use a large number of iron weapons among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, and then gradually transitioned to the iron system.

This is a big gap from historical books.

Historically, it is believed that the Qin State and the Great Qin Empire mainly used more and more mature bronze weapons as standard equipment, mainly because the weapons and equipment equipped with the terracotta warriors and horses of the Great Qin Empire were basically bronze weapons.

And among the terracotta warriors and horses, there are also two kinds of bronze carriage accessories: a two-seater copper carriage and horse excavated in the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang in Lintong, Shaanxi. The first ride is four horses, there is a shed on the car, and the emperor is sitting. The two chariots and horses are made of bronze castings, and their size is proportional to the actual size, and they are extremely delicate. There are also a lot of gold and silver ornaments on the horse, which are painted throughout. Second riding horse, long 3. 17, high 1. 06 meters, it can be said that it is the largest and most complex bronze object ever excavated.

It can be seen that the bronze smelting and the production process of the corresponding utensils during the Great Qin Empire have indeed entered the peak of the Central Plains country.

However, Qin was not a country that mainly used bronze weapons, because there were very few mines in Qin's territory to produce the raw materials needed for bronze.

Although many of the bronze weapons unearthed in the terracotta warriors and horses seem to be sufficient evidence, it is a pity that the proportion of bronze materials in these unearthed bronze weapons is not the proportion of weapons.

In the smelting of bronze and the production of corresponding utensils, there is already a set of corresponding specifications:

"Zhou Li?'s Examination of the Work Record" says: gold has six points: six points of gold, and tin is one of them, which is called the Qi of Zhong and Ding; five points of gold, and tin is one, which is called the Qi of axes and catties; four points of gold, and tin is one, which is called the Qi of the halberd; three points of gold, and tin is one, which is called the Qi of the big blade; five points of its gold, and the second is called the Qi of cutting and killing arrows; and half of gold and tin is called the Qi of Jiansui.

To explain in detail, the translation of this specification is:

The so-called "Six Qi of Gold" is the weight of the six formulas that distinguish the bronze varieties to make various utensils. The so-called "bell and tripod Qi" copper and tin ratio is six to one, that is, copper accounts for 85. 71%, tin accounted for 14. 29%。 The ratio of copper to tin is five to one, that is, copper accounts for 83. 33%, tin accounted for 16. 67%。 The ratio of copper to tin in "Halberd Qi" is four to one, that is, copper accounts for 80% and tin accounts for 20%. The ratio of copper and tin required for the "Qi of the Great Blade" is three to one, that is, copper accounts for 75% and tin accounts for 25%. The ratio of copper to tin is five to two, that is, copper accounts for 71. 43%, tin accounted for 28. 57%。 The ratio of copper and tin is one to one, that is, 50% each.

Mr. Yang Kuan believes that the "Examination of the Gongji" stipulates that "the proportion of copper-tin alloy is very consistent with the principle of alloy" for various types of bronzes1. Tin is 17 to 20 percent of the most tenacious in bronze. "Examination of the work" said that "the axe is Qi", and tin accounts for 16. 67%, and the tin of "Ge Halberd Qi" accounts for 20%, because axes, catties, Ge, and halberds all need to be tough. The composition of tin in bronze accounts for 30-40% and the hardness is the highest. In the "Examination of the Work Record", it is stipulated that the tin of the "Qi of the Great Blade" accounts for 25%, and the tin of the "Qi of the Cutting and Killing Arrow" accounts for 28%. 75 per cent, due to the high toughness required for this type of weapon. As the amount of tin in bronze increases, the luster will change from bronze to reddish, orange, and pale yellow. When the tin is 30-40%, the bronze will turn grayish-white. The "Examination of the Work Record" stipulates that "Zhong Ding Zhiqi" tin accounts for 14. 29%, in order to make it orange and yellow, but also to be able to sound beautifully. The "Examination of the Work Record" stipulates that the "Qi of Jiansui" tin accounts for 50%, because the copper mirror needs white luster.

The formula of the corresponding bronze weapons in the terracotta warriors and horses is more inclined to the corresponding proportion of daily necessities, and the proportion of such daily necessities is more tin content and less bronze content. In weapons, too high a tin content may not increase the hardness of a bronze weapon again, on the contrary, if it exceeds 50%, the hardness and flexibility of this bronze will become poor.

No one would think that the hardness of the bronze mirror is harder than that of the spear sword.

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Therefore, even if the Huns used bronze weapons, it does not mean that the Huns' weapon forging level is very backward.

On the contrary, even in the middle of the Warring States period, the Qin army faced the armies of the six Kwantung countries and collided with the opponent's bronze weapons with immature iron weapons, which often suffered even more.

It was not until the middle and late Warring States period that there was a corresponding change and improvement.

Zhang Jiashi installed iron weapons during this period, mainly because the level of iron forging and smelting in this period was quite mature.

Of course, bronze can and can be mass-produced, but it is undeniable that when Zhang Jiashi was in Liaodong County, he also lacked raw materials for bronze.

Although there has been a lot of improvement after occupying Shang County, for Zhang Jiashi, the mass production of iron equipment that has entered the right track has become the mainstream of the equipment system of the Liaodong Army. For Zhang Jiashi, this is undoubtedly a multiple-choice question that does not require too much thinking.

Therefore, iron weapons have become the best choice for the Great Qin Empire at the moment.

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Zhang Jiashi was the knight unit under his command, and before the formal establishment of a separate mobile combat unit, it was mainly a bow and crossbow, a corresponding long weapon, and a sword that was infused with molten iron and forged accordingly.

There is no doubt that this equipment actually has certain limitations.

After all, compared to infantry units, the bows and crossbows of the Qin knights were relatively small, which was conducive to corresponding operations on horseback. However, the disadvantages are also obvious, because the power and range of these crossbows are quite different from those of the infantry's strong bows.

This is also the reason why the Qin knights paid a heavy price after shooting at the Hun riders.

If the knights were able to use the strong bows and crossbows of the infantry, they would have an advantage in range.

But it's not that this kind of small knight's bow and crossbow doesn't have its own advantages, compared to the strong offensive crossbow of the infantry unit, the Qin army's cavalry standard bow and crossbow have a fast rate of fire, although it is said that the range and power are sacrificed, but a knight who is quite skilled in riding and archery can fire a third arrow outside the corresponding range of the Huns, they can also fire four arrows.

This increase in the rate of fire does not seem to be too obvious, but the Huns paid a rather heavy price for such an inconspicuous gap.

The first wave of arrows launched at a long distance, the Huns did not bring much damage to the Qin knights, because of the range, the Huns' arrows fell on the Qin officers and soldiers, and they were likely to be resisted by the defensive armor of Pizajia.

However, the arrows fired by the knights of the Qin army could be relatively effective in shooting into the bodies of the Hun riders, giving the Hun riders corresponding damage. Because many of the Hun riders were basically wearing leather clothes or a thin piece of leather armor.

However, after the second and third waves of arrows fell, because of the closer distance, whether it was the Huns or the Qin officers and soldiers who were shot or wounded or even directly hit the vital point, the possibility of serious injury or death also increased significantly.

The closer the arrow fired by the Hun rider to the Qin officers and soldiers, the greater the probability of being able to shoot through the leather armor worn by the Qin knights and inflict corresponding damage on the Qin knights.

Of course, after the third wave of arrows fell, the Hun riders also found that something seemed to be wrong, that is, the Qin army's arrows killed and injured many Hun riders who had not yet launched the arrows in their hands.

For some veterans of the Huns who had been in battle for a long time, there was only one possibility, and that was that these Qin knights fired arrows faster.

This was in fact true, especially when the fourth wave of arrows once again killed and injured many Hun riders who did not even have their arrows on their bowstrings, confirming the authenticity of such a situation.

Of course, before these Hun rider veterans could tell them what they had come up with, they had to give up what they had in mind, because at a distance of less than twenty meters from each other, even if they wanted to speak, they were afraid that the next moment they would staggered with the Qin knights and engage in the first life-and-death scuffle.

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Although Su Xuan and Chen Heng did not command the charge of their knight troops together, they chose to command their respective troops separately to resist the Hun raid troops on their respective sides.

In the previous battle, the two of them had already discovered a very serious problem, that is, when they surrounded and annihilated the Hun rider troops of more than 3,000 people just now, the overall riding level of the knight troops under their command was really different from these Hun riders.

In fact, there is no way around it.

After all, in the Great Qin Empire, although there is no shortage of people with relatively superb riding skills, in terms of the overall level of horsemanship, if you can truly compare with the Huns who grew up on horseback since childhood, there is still a very obvious gap.

The first nomadic people in the history of the world, recognized as the Scythians, who began to rise around the ninth century BC.

The Scythians, originating from the steppes of Eastern Europe, between the Don River and the Danube, north of the Black Sea, have been living in the Volga River basin before, constantly migrating, their migration places from Europe all the way to Inner Mongolia and the Ordos Desert, is the earliest nomadic people in history, good at raising horses, they are in constant contact with the Arabs, Celts, absorbing the characteristics of a variety of cultures, including Greek culture, and establishing their own countries in the conquered lands.

In the 7th century B.C., the Caucasus, Asia Minor, Armenia, the Medes, and the Assyrian Empire threatened West Asia for nearly 70 years, and its cavalry galloped between Cappadocia and the Medes, and the Caucasus to Syria in search of plunder. The Scythians in a broad sense should also include a number of tribes stranded in Central Asia, Western Siberia, and the Altai region, whose culture, art, and way of life are very similar to those of the Scythians in South Russia and Iran. The Scythians were short in stature, blue-eyed and bearded, ethnically close to the Sarmats, Cypriots, and Massags, and were broadly similar in language, social life, cultural traditions, and religion. The Scythians did not have a written word. Artifacts about the Scythians were excavated from Ukraine and South Russia.

It can be seen that the nomadic style of the Scythians can be regarded as a headache for several large countries with the strength of ancient powers.

After all, according to the corresponding records, the Scythians threatened several great powers in Western Asia from the 7th century BC to the 6th century BC.

This is somewhat similar to the situation of the Huns.

But there is not enough evidence to show whether the Scythians had a corresponding relationship with the Huns. However, there is a more reliable theory that in the third century B.C., the Parthians may have been descendants of a Scythian ethnic group.

As a large Central Asian country, the Parthian Empire had many nomadic styles.

Historically, the Parthians, together with the Kushan Empire, the Han Dynasty and Rome, which were also nomadic peoples, became the four great powers of Asia and Europe in the history of the first year of the Common Era.

The Kushan Empire was founded by the tribe of the Five Marquis of the Great Yue Clan, the Marquis of Guishan. In the 5th century B.C. ~ the beginning of the 2nd century B.C., the Yueshi people were nomadic in the area from Zhangye to Dunhuang in the west of the Hexi Corridor, and their power was strong and they were the fierce enemies of the Xiongnu. About in the first year of Emperor Wu Yuanshuo (128 B.C.), the Han envoy Zhang Qian came to his country, and the exchanges became increasingly dense after that. The country is divided into five parts: Xiumi, Shuangmi, Guishuang, Fatton, and Dumi. Shortly before 177 B.C., the Yueshi defeated another small nomadic tribe near Dunhuang, Wusun, and killed its king, and it was difficult to seize its land. Around 170 BC, it was defeated by the Xiongnu and moved west to the Amu Darya River valley in Central Asia. In 125 BC, he conquered Bactria (a state established by the ancient Greeks in Central Asia) and ruled the entire Amu Darya and Syr Darya valleys.

In the middle of the 1st century A.D., the Kushan tribe Xihouqiu unified the five tribes and established the Kushan Empire. Qiu then marched south to attack the Kabul River valley and present-day Kashmir, and later established the capital as Gaofu (present-day Kabul, Afghanistan), laying the initial foundation of the empire.

If we include the main force of the remnants of the Huns, who gradually moved westward at that time, Central Asia and parts of West Asia can be said to have once again become the ruling area of the nomads.

This undoubtedly illustrates the corresponding military strength and combat efficiency of the nomads.