readx;???? In the history of both the East and the West, even two relatively developed and powerful countries such as the Han Dynasty and Rome were quite helpless against the threat of nomads. Pen fun and pavilion www.biquge.info

In the history of the East, the Xirong, the Xiongnu, the Donghu people, the Yueshi people, etc., mainly formed the main threat in the early stage.

In later history, the Qiang people, Xianbei people, Huns, etc., made the Jin Dynasty at that time experience the crisis of the Five Hu Chaohua.

After these nomads gradually moved south to the Central Plains, the Rouran gradually replaced these races and became the kings of the grasslands.

In the Book of Liang (Southern Dynasty), there is a corresponding description of Rouran:

Rui Rui country, cover the Xiongnu other species. In the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Xiongnu were divided into hundreds of thousands, each with its own name, and Rui Rui was also a part. Since the Yuan Wei moved south, because of the place of good luck. There is no city, with water and grass for animal husbandry, and the dome is the residence. Braided hair, brocade clothes, small sleeved robes, small hakama, deep boots. The land is bitterly cold, and the river flows in July. In Song Shengming, he sent Wang Hongliang to envoy Yan and lead him to attack Wei together. In the first year of Qi Jianyuan, the king led 300,000 horsemen to the southeast of Yanran Mountain for more than 3,000 miles, and the Wei people did not dare to fight. After a slight invasion weakened. In Yongming, it was broken by Ding Ling, and it moved south to live in a smaller country. In the heavenly prison, the beginning broke Ding zero and restored its old soil. The city was built at the beginning, and the name is Mumo City. In the fourteenth year, he sent an envoy to offer a sable fur. In the first year of the ordinary, he sent an offering. It is a few years after the age of one to the end. In the seventh year of Datong, he offered a horse and a pound of gold. Its country can use the art to sacrifice to the sky and cause wind and snow, the front is against the sun, and the back is muddy, so its defeat can not be traced. Or in the middle of summer, then it is not raining, ask the reason, to warm the clouds.

Whether Rouran was defeated by the Western Wei Dynasty or died out and within itself seems to have become a mystery.

Because there is a corresponding record in the "Book of Western Wei", that is, the last two khans of Rouran were killed by the Western Wei respectively, but the Western Wei did not get control of the original Rouran territory, so the main reason for Rouran's defeat can only be speculated out of thin air.

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During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Turks migrated from the west, replacing the Rouran and officially becoming another ruler of the Mongolian Plateau.

There are many theories about the origin of the Turkic peoples, but the two main theories are as follows:

In the "Northern History" compiled by Li Yanshou, the description of the Turkic origin is as follows: the Turks, who first lived on the right side of the West Sea, were the only tribes, and covered the Xiongnu as other species. The surname is Ashina. Later, it was destroyed by its neighbors, and its people were completely destroyed. There was a son, who was ten years old, and the soldiers saw that he was small, and could not bear to kill him, but cut off his arms and threw him into the grass. There are wolves that bait them with meat, and they grow, and they copulate with wolves, and they become pregnant. When the king heard that he was still here, he sent him to kill him again. The messenger saw the wolf on the side and tried to kill the wolf. At that time, if there is a divine object, throw the wolf in the east of the West Sea, and fall on the northwest mountain of Gaochang Kingdom. There are caves in the mountains, there are lush grass in Pyongyang, hundreds of miles around, and mountains on all sides. The wolf hid among them, and gave birth to ten boys. Ten male chiefs, outside the wife pregnant, and then each for a surname, Ashina is one of them, the most virtuous, then for the king, so the tooth door built a wolf's head, showing not to forget its origin. Gradually, hundreds of families, after several generations, there are Axian people, leading the tribe out of the cave, subject to the worm.

Another more mainstream theory comes from the Book of Zhou: the Turkic first, out of the Suo State, in the north of the Xiongnu. The lord of his tribe is called Ah Langbu, and there are seventy brothers, one of whom is called Yizhi Mushidu, and he was born of a wolf. But he was foolish and foolish, and the kingdom was destroyed. The mud masters are not afraid of strange breaths, and can take advantage of the wind and rain. Take the second wife, Yun is the daughter of the god of summer and the god of winter. One was pregnant and gave birth to four boys: one of them became Bai Hong, one of them was between Afushui and Jianshui, called Qigu, one of them was in the water of the river, and the other was in the mountains of the river, that is, the eldest son. There are still kinds of slander steps on the mountain, and there are many cold dews, the eldest child is out of the fire to warm it, and the saltiness is all good, so the second year is the main one, and the number is Turkic.

The interesting thing is that there is also a corresponding description similar to the "Northern History" in the "Book of Zhou": the Turks were originally a branch of the Xiongnu, and then they were destroyed by neighboring countries, and there was a 10-year-old boy at that time, and the soldiers saw that he was young and could not bear to kill him, so they cut off his feet and threw him into the barren grass. Later, the child was rescued by a she-wolf, and when he grew up, he was united with the wolf, and the king of the neighboring country heard that the child had grown up, and was afraid of future troubles, so he sent someone to kill him, and the man who killed him, when he saw a wolf beside him, also wanted to kill it together, but the wolf ran away and fled to a cave north of Gaochang. In that cave, the wolf gave birth to 10 young boys, and they gradually grew up, started their own families, and reproduced. One of them, living in the Altai Mountains, resembles a helmet during battle, and the locals call it Turkic, so they take the Turkic clan name.

Thus, these theories basically point to the fact that the Turks are likely to descend from a Xiongnu tribe left behind in Central Asia during the westward migration.

The so-called wolf gives birth to a child, Zhang Jiashi can only say hehe.

But in any case, the Turks, as another generation of overlords in the steppe, brought no less threat to the Central Plains Dynasty than the Huns.

Even shortly after Tang Taizong succeeded to the throne, it was because of the large-scale invasion of the Turks, and the troops pointed directly at Chang'an, resulting in the emergence of the very famous Weishui Alliance.

Prior to this, the influence of the Turks on the Sui and Tang dynasties and the chaos of the late Sui and late Sui dynasties was also quite far-reaching.

In the troubled times at the end of the Sui Dynasty, Liu Wuzhou was one of the heroes of the late Sui Dynasty who relied on the Turks and tried to rise in the troubled times.

It can be seen that the Turks had a greater influence on the Central Plains during the Sui and Tang dynasties than the Xiongnu.

Subsequently, in August 744, Basilmi attacked and killed Usumish Khan. Later, the remnants of the Turks set up their younger brother Hulonglu Baimei Special Service to succeed him, and he was the Baimei Khan. Post-Turkic turmoil. Tang Xuanzong ordered Shuo Fang Jiedu to make Wang Zhongsi take advantage of his chaos to attack, and broke 11 departments such as Apo Dagan of the Turkic Left Chamber. Together with Qarluq, Hui attacked and killed Ishhan Khan of Basimijie. In the first month of 745 (the fourth year of Tianbao), Guli Peiluo killed the Turkic Baimei Khan and sent his head to Chang'an. Later, the wife of the Turkic Viga Khan, the bone of the Bodhisattva, led the people to return to the Tang Dynasty. Tang Xuanzong named her Mrs. Binguo and provided her with 200,000 "fans" every year.

At this point, the post-Turkic Turks, which had existed for more than half a century, were destroyed under the joint attack of the Tang Dynasty and the Hui Dynasty. From then on, the Turks withdrew from the stage of history in northern China, followed by the Uighur Khanate. After the fall of the Later Turks, most of the Turks were incorporated into the Uighurs.

At this point, the Turkic people, as one of the steppe overlords who had the greatest influence on the Central Plains countries in addition to the Mongols, became a historical term.

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In the West, nomads also have a profound influence on many countries.

Among them, the most famous is naturally the "****" among Western historians.

The word "****" was first used in the corresponding expression of the anarchist Bakunin of the Tsarist Empire.

However, among Western historians, **** is a generalization of the far-reaching disasters brought to Western countries at that time by the eastern nomads who marched westward or migrated westward.

Among Western historians, there are three times:

The first **** was the journey of the Northern Xiongnu who were forced to move west under the joint attack of the Han Dynasty and the Southern Xiongnu, and finally became the fuse for the demise of the Western Roman Empire.

And before the Western Roman Empire was unlucky, the Eastern Roman Empire was also unlucky:

In 395, the Roman Empire split into Eastern and Western Rome, and the Xiongnu were under the rule of Urdin. Uldin was a very ambitious man, and he once told the governor of the Thracian province of the Eastern Roman Empire that he could conquer wherever the sun struck. In 400 A.D., the Xiongnu under the leadership of Uldin Dadan, and began a large-scale invasion to the west, seized the entire Danube basin in one fell swoop, and once invaded Italy, the chain reaction of this event was to force the tribes of the Danube River basin to avoid the Huns, had to march to the hinterland of Western Rome, in 410 AD, the Visigoths captured Rome, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, and the Western Roman Empire suffered an unprecedented blow. In 408 AD, Uldin led his army to harass the Eastern Roman Empire, and when he was about to retreat, he was attacked by the Romans and died on the battlefield.

After the death of Urdin, the Xiongnu Empire fell silent for a while, but under the leadership of Oktar Dadanyu, the Xiongnu Empire began to flourish again, and after Oktar's death, his brother Luga succeeded to the throne. Lugatan ravaged Thrace and Macedonia in the Eastern Roman Empire twice in 422 and 426 AD, forcing the Eastern Roman Emperor to pay an annual tribute of 350 pounds of gold to the Xiongnu Empire.

Attila took power alone and immediately launched a large-scale war, but the spearhead of the war was directed at Northern and Eastern Europe. In Northern and Eastern Europe, the Anglo-Saxons fled to the British Isles to escape the Huns, while many Germanic and Slavic tribes were defeated and surrendered to the Huns. After consolidating the east and north, Attila Dadan invaded the Eastern Roman Empire in 447, the Eastern Roman Emperor ** team was defeated one after another, and the cavalry of the Huns went deep into the Darnielles and the thermal passes of Greece, seriously threatening the security of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Emperor was forced to sue for peace, and the two sides signed a peace treaty in 448, and the Eastern Rome immediately paid an indemnity of 6,000 pounds of gold to the Xiongnu, and the annual tribute also rose from 700 pounds of gold to 2,100 pounds of gold. At this point, the territory of the Xiongnu Empire stretched to the Caspian Sea in the east, the North Sea in the north, the Rhine River in the west, and the Alps in the south. After the long-term plundering of the Xiongnu and the heavy burden of annual tribute, the wealth of the Eastern Roman Empire has been basically exhausted, so Attila Dadanyu set his sights on the Western Roman Empire.

In 450, after completing his conquests of the east, north, and south, Attila took aim at the Western Roman Empire. In that year, Attila sent an emissary to Rome to ask for a marriage to Princess Honoria, the sister of the Western Roman Emperor, and to demand that the Western Roman Empire take half of the country as a dowry. Such an excessive and humiliating request was naturally rejected by the Western Roman Emperor, so Attila used it as an excuse to launch a war against the Western Romans. In that year, Attila gathered a large number of Hun warriors and a servant army of 500,000 of the conquered peoples, crossed the Rhine and launched an attack on Gaul in Western Rome. The cities of Gaul were destroyed one by one by the Huns, like prey in the steppe, and finally the main force of the Huns besieged the important city of Orleans in Gaul. At this time, faced with a common enemy, the Western Romans and Visigoths temporarily put aside their feud and formed a coalition to rescue Orleans. In the face of the coalition forces, Attila abandoned the siege of Orleans and began to maneuver and detour, seeking opportunities to fight the enemy in a decisive battle. On September 20, 451 AD, Attila's Huns, combined with the Western Roman and Visigothic armies, fought a decisive battle on the outskirts of present-day Paris. The battle was fought so fiercely that after only one day, 150,000 people were killed on both sides, and in the end, the Visigothic king was killed in battle, and the rest of the army was withdrawn from the battlefield, and the Xiongnu also suffered heavy losses and could not attack again, so they had to retreat to the Rhine and rebuild their strength.

In 452, the recuperated Xiongnu Empire launched another war against Western Rome, and Attila, known as the "Whip of God", began to punish Western Rome. The Hun army led by Attila crossed the Alps and invaded Italy. The northern part of Italy was attacked by the Huns, and all the cities in the north were destroyed by the Huns. After that, the Huns captured the important town of Aquileia and attacked the capital of the empire, Rome. The Western Roman Emperor was so frightened that he sent Pope Leo I to negotiate peace with the Huns. At this time, there was a plague in the Xiongnu army, and the reinforcements of the Eastern Roman Empire were about to arrive in Rome, so Attila agreed to negotiate peace, but before withdrawing, he still threatened that if the Western Roman emperor did not send his sister Princess Honoria to the Xiongnu, he would come to attack Western Rome. In this way, the Romans watched as the Huns rode away laden with loot, leaving only the ruins of northern Italy.

It can be seen that both the East and the West, in the face of the Huns' nomadic warfare methods, have paid a very heavy price.

Many peoples who were still in the period of ignorance, such as the Goths before entering the Roman Empire, had to move west after a crushing defeat at the hands of the Huns. Before the Goths, the Huns conquered and enslaved the various peoples they encountered on the way to the west.

This can also show that in the face of the Xiongnu's westward expedition, these peoples' resistance eventually became futile.

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This is also one of the main reasons why Zhang Jiashi was afraid of the Huns, as a traditional nomadic people, their corresponding national strength and tactical system, in many ways can effectively contain the offensive forces of the Central Plains.

Of course, in terms of defense system, the army under Zhang Jiashi has a certain advantage, but once the Huns launch a full-scale attack on the Great Qin Empire, the Qin army under Zhang Jiashi will take care of one or the other is still a trivial matter, and more seriously, if the Huns occupy all the initiative, then it will undoubtedly be a disaster for the Great Qin Empire, which is in ruins.