readx;?? It can be seen from the construction system of the Great Wall that even if there are no reinforcements, the Great Wall can hold on for a period of time depending on the amount of materials it stacks. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info [← Eight [← Eight [← Read [← Book, .2↘3.o

In the defense system of the Great Wall, because of the complexity of the terrain and the influence of some aspects, the construction of passes along the Great Wall as nodes is undoubtedly a direct help to the defense system of the Great Wall itself.

The pass is an important garrison base along the Great Wall, and the location is mostly on the choke point in and out of the Great Wall. The whole pass structure is generally composed of square or polygonal city walls, city gates, city gate towers, and urn cities at the pass. There are also Luo Castle and moats.

(1) City wall: The city wall of the Great Wall here is generally particularly strong, the inner and outer eaves walls are mostly covered with huge bricks, stones, etc., filled with loess, gravel, and the height is generally around ten meters, which not only makes it difficult for the enemy to climb the siege, but also can give people a feeling of fear. The top of the city wall generally has a width of four horses riding side by side, that is, four or five meters wide, so that the troops can maneuver and transport grain, weapons, etc. during battle. There are also horse paths and stairways to get up and down the city walls. On the outer eaves of the castle wall, there were battlements to provide hope and shooting, and on the inner eaves wall, a female wall (Yu wall) was built to protect people and horses from falling from the top of the wall.

(2) City Gate: The City Gate is a passage in and out of the pass in peacetime, and an exit to counterattack the enemy in wartime. In the early days, wooden lintels were mostly used, and after the Yuan Dynasty, bricks or stones were generally used to build arch-shaped door openings. In order to increase stability, a section of the platform near the city gate is mostly made of stone masonry. Many of the gates are engraved with the name of the gate. The door opening is equipped with a huge double wooden door, the wooden door is covered with iron sheet, inlaid with giant nails, and the inside of the door is equipped with a latch and a lock ring, and some are also equipped with mechanisms.

(3) City gate tower: There is generally a city gate tower above the city gate. It was an observation post and command post for battles, as well as a combat stronghold. The city gate tower is mostly a one-, two-story or three-storey wooden structure and a brick and wood structure building, and its roof is mostly a palace type or a hanging mountain type or a rest mountain type structure. Bucket arches are commonly used in these structures. And the entire building inside and outside with paint for architectural decoration. In this way, the whole city gate tower not only has a rich and colorful artistic image, but also adds its dignity and majestic spirit, so as to adapt to the functional and aesthetic requirements of the battle. Shanhaiguan's "first pass in the world" city gate tower is a two-story building with a mountain-style roof. The two three-story city towers on the top square platform of "Guanghua Gate" and "Rouyuan Gate" in Jiayuguan are painted with a layer of orange-red by the sun, the green glazed tiles on the mountain-style roof are shining, and the animal-shaped tiles, dragons, and lions decorated on the roof ridge appear more bright and active. Under the city tower of "Rouyuan Gate", the red painted pillar corridor, carved beams and painted buildings, colorful, concentrated expression of China's ancient superb architectural technology and architectural art, to the motherland's architectural treasure house added brilliance.

(4) Water pass: The Great Wall is a variety of channel-type structures designed at the intersection of streams and valleys to achieve the purpose of water flow passage and defense. The more famous ones are the Great Wall of Nine Gates, Badaling Water Pass, Huangya Pass, Great Wall Water Gate, etc.

(5) Urn City: Urn City is outside the city gate of the expected enemy's main attack direction, and then build an "N" shaped city wall to form two city walls, so it is called "Urn City". Its function is to increase the depth of defense and strengthen the defense capability of the city gate. There is also a city gate in the urn city, but the direction of its main axis is mostly directly proportional to the main axis direction of the main city gate, which is to strengthen the defense, so that the enemy will not go straight to the main city gate when breaking through the urn city gate, and at the same time, it is also convenient to shoot the enemy down on the city wall. For example, the east gate of Shanhaiguan City was originally called "Zhendong", because it faces outside the pass, some people describe its danger with the verse of "the lock and key of the two capitals are incomparable, the first pass of the Great Wall", so it is built with a solid urn city, and the city gate of the urn city is open to the south, and the main axis of the city gate of the east gate is orthogonal. The axis of Jiayuguan's "Rouyuan Gate" and "Huiji Gate" is obviously also orthogonal.

(6) Luocheng: Luocheng is an "N" shaped city wall built outside the expected enemy's main attack direction Wengcheng, but this city wall is relatively long, it not only plays the role of covering the urn city, but also can cover the longer section of the inner city wall. On the west side of the urn city of Jiayuguan, five or six meters apart, there is a Luo city, nearly 200 meters long, which is the first line of defense of the city pass, plays the role of increasing the depth of defense, and is conducive to obtaining time for preparation for battle. On the walls of Luocheng, there are generally castle towers built to observe the enemy's situation and command the battle. At both ends of the city walls, arrow towers were generally built to strengthen lookouts and patrols. The Luo city of Jiayuguan and the inner city form a heavy wall, which is the front line of defense facing the enemy's main attack direction.

(7) Moat (moat): use the terrain to dig a deep ditch to irrigate instead of the city wall, and generally there are moats around the city pass. It was formed during the excavation of the city, and later the river water was introduced, forming another line of defense for the seki city. There was a moat about two zhang deep and five zhang wide outside the city of Shanhaiguan, forcing the enemy to wade across the river to reach the city, increasing the difficulty of the siege and creating a favorable opportunity for the soldiers guarding the city wall to shoot the enemy.

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From these aspects, the defense system of the Great Wall itself can be regarded as quite sound, but Zhang Jiashi understands that the current Great Wall system of the Great Qin Empire, for some places, there are no such defense facilities at all.

This is mainly due to the fact that many of the Great Walls are too old, and in the renovation of the Great Wall during the reign of the First Emperor, the original Great Wall of Yan, Zhao and Qin was mainly used to connect them.

In fact, this project is not small-scale. Because before the Great Wall of Qin, the Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms actually had a large gap.

Later generations described the Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms as follows:

The specific direction of the Great Wall of Zhao is from the territory of Xuanhua in Hebei Province, through Shangyi County, across the Dongyang River, into Xinghe County, and then take Huiteng Liang Mountain, the southern foot of Daqing Mountain, through Wula Mountain and go straight to Wolf Mountain. Judging from the field investigation in Inner Mongolia, it is also like this: the Great Wall of Zhao traveled westward from Xinghe, passed through Chayouqian Banner and Zhuozi County to the north of ********, arrived at Baotou along Daqing Mountain, and then crossed the Kundulun River around Wula Mountain into the Houtao Plain, and then tended to the Wolf Mountain. Its ruins are intermittent, sometimes with mountains as barriers, sometimes through deep mountains and valleys, twists and turns, very spectacular. The Great Wall of Zhao was built between the 20th and 26th years of King Wuling (306 BC ~ 300 BC), that is, after Zhao Yong advocated "Hufu riding and shooting".

The Great Wall of Northeast Yan is located in Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong. There is a story in the history of the construction of this Great Wall: at first, the Yan State was threatened by the adjacent Donghu Shanrong in the north, and sent a famous general Qin Kai as a hostage to Donghu in order to temporarily settle down. Hu Ren trusted Qin Kai very much. Later, Qin Kai came back and sent an army to break Donghu and drive Donghu out more than a thousand miles away. Therefore, Yan built the Great Wall, built Yang to Xiangping (now Liaoyang, Liaoning), and set up five counties, Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong, to prevent Donghu from harassing again (see "Historical Records: The Biography of the Xiongnu"). Later generations inferred that Qin Wuyang, who co-assassinated Qin Shi Huang with Jing Ke, was Qin Kai's grandson, and that when it was the time of King Yan Xiao or the first year of Yan Wangxi's accession to the throne (254 BC), this was the last Great Wall to appear during the Warring States period. The place where the Great Wall passes through is about northeast of Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, through Duolun, Dushi and other realms in Inner Mongolia, and then east through Weichang County, Hebei Province, and Chaoyang, Liaoning. The remains of the Great Wall of Yan are still preserved in these areas. The Yan Great Wall passes through the Naiman Banner and the Kulun Banner in the south of Tongliao City, and the territory section is about 125 kilometers long.

The Great Wall of Yan extends from Chifeng City, Ao Han Banner Baoguo Tusu Mu Lotus Leaf Flower Gacha into the Gaohe of Tuchengzi Township in Naiman Territory, passes through Qijiazi, Xingshu Yuanzi and other villages, directly reaches the Niu River, and then takes the river to replace the city, traces 20 kilometers north, and continues to extend eastward from the east bank of the Niu River, through the northern foot of Toad Mountain, Kougen South, Chaoyanggou and other places, stretches to the west of Ping'an Township of Kulun Banner, and then extends to the east, until Kulun Banner advances Sumu, and then enters the territory of Fuxin County, Liaoning Province. The section of the Yan Great Wall in Tongliao City is built of rammed earth slabs, with a residual height of 1 meter to 2 meters and a bottom width of 6 meters to 8 meters.

The Great Wall of Qin, from Jingning County, Gansu Province, enters Xiji County, Guyuan City, Ningxia, goes north along the east bank of the Hulu River, passes through the Dongpo, Baolin and Mingrong Villages of Jiangtai Township, Xiji County, turns east on the southeast side of Jiangtai Township, and enters Malian Township; At this time, the Great Wall is divided into two internal and external roads: one starts from Haibao, goes around Qiaowa, crosses the Qingshui River, reaches Zhengjiamo, and goes south along the river bank to Chenjiashawo, merges with the former Great Wall, and then enters Guyuan Dongshan, and enters the territory of Zhenyuan County in Gansu Province through Chengyang, Mengyuan and other cities.

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In these records, in addition to the fact that the area around Baotou was an important defensive area of Jiuyuan County, and two Great Walls were built before and after, the connection between Yan and Zhao was actually problematic.

According to the relevant records, the connection between the Great Wall of Yan and Zhao was in the area of Xuanhua County in the later generations, but if we compare the situation of Dai County and Shanggu County, the Great Wall of Yan and Zhao should have the distance between Wei County and Xuanhua County in later generations.

In other words, if the Great Wall of Qin connects the Great Wall of Yan and Zhao between Wei County and Xuanhua County, then at least about 20 kilometers of city walls need to be built.

If the newly built Great Wall of Qin in the area of Jiuyuan in Yunzhong is excluded, then it is very likely that the connection of this distance is the largest project.

The approximate area of the Great Wall of Qin is:

It starts from Minxian County, Gansu Province in the west, follows the Tao River to the north to Lintao County, and from Lintao County to the northeast through the south of Dingxi County to Guyuan County, Ningxia. From Guyuan to the northeast through Huanxian in Gansu Province, Jingbian, Hengshan, Yulin and Shenmu in Shaanxi Province, and then turn north to Tuoketuo South in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and arrive at the south bank of the Yellow River.

The Great Wall north of the Yellow River runs from the Wolf Mountain in the western section of the Yinshan Mountains to the north of Daqing Mountain in the east, and continues eastward through Jining and Xinghe in Inner Mongolia to Shangyi County, Hebei. From Shangyi to the northeast through Zhangbei and Weichang counties in Hebei Province, and then eastward through Fushun and Benxi to the southeast, it ends at the mouth of the Cheongchon River in the northwest of Pyongyang, North Korea.

Zhang Jiashi actually wanted to spit out one thing, that is, the description of the other part of the Great Wall of Qin is opposite to the location of the Great Wall of Yan and Zhao, which seems to be very wrong, because it is obvious that the location of the Great Wall of Qin in many areas has been moved to the north a lot.

But this point is not important to Zhang Jiashi.

He was more concerned about how long the Great Wall could hold out before it was broken through by the Huns.

In fact, the defense system of the Great Wall is not too backward, but Zhang Jiashi can't be too relieved.

Later generations have a view that in the city attack and defense warfare that has developed in China for more than 2,000 years, the Mohist school as early as the Warring States period has made high achievements in siege and city defense, manufacturing many complex equipment, and the means and techniques of attacking and defending cities have reached extremely high attainments. The besieging side used stone throwers, siege engines, rockets or rockets to launch poisonous smoke, soft ladders to climb the city at night, forced use of ladders and knives to climb the city, pontoon bridges across moats, wooden archery towers, digging tunnels, piling up earth into mountains, wooden stakes hitting the city gates, and the practice of running with one person and pushing him up to the top of the city with long poles that were still used until the Liberation War.

The methods of the defenders of the city are nothing more than raising the bell and shouting at night, writing letters asking for help, holding on to food, saving food, archery, artillery, rolling wood and stones, boiling water, lime water, human feces, urine, menstrual blood, dog blood splashing from the city, throwing torches, slashing axes, swords, stabbing and so on.

In comparison, it is still the besieging party that can use more resources to plunder. But with the exception of nomadic tribes. Starting from the era of cold weapons at that time, agricultural civilization had great advantages over nomadic civilization, which was manifested in the asymmetrical relationship between city building and siege. The Han people, whose agricultural civilization had reached its peak, were indeed far ahead of the nomadic tribes in terms of city building. At the beginning of the construction of the city, he used his mind skillfully to try to create his own initiative and put the besieging party in a passive position, and the crossfire network woven by the horse surface, the moat, the horse wall, the antlers, the horse reject, and the walled fence caused the attacker's soldiers to advance slowly. The nomads are really not good at attacking cities, and using the Great Wall of the agrarian society to block the southward movement of the nomads is also an effective way for agricultural civilization. Inside the Great Wall is a huge city. Whether it is the Great Wall or the city, whenever the nomadic cavalry rushes in front of them, because there is no corresponding siege idea, siege equipment and organization method, they are all caught off guard in front of the strong city wall, and the siege skills are lacking.

The most representative is the Tang Dynasty Xue Rengui's expedition to the west, although less than 100,000 troops defeated Suoyang City in Anxi County (it is estimated that there are only tens of thousands of soldiers and horses left), and was besieged by hundreds of thousands of nomadic tribesmen in the Western Regions, but still held on for a whole year and four months until the rescue troops were moved from Chang'an to relieve the siege.

Okay, Zhang Jiashi wants to vomit very much, do the people who put forward this point of view know that Xue Rengui has nothing to do with this Suoyang City in fact? ]