Chapter 95

Since Zhang Jiashi was in charge of the empire, his tax revenue has not been significantly improved due to the sharp decline in population.

It is true that the resumption of production in many agricultural production areas has made the supply of grain relatively sufficient, but the financial pressure of the Qin Empire has not improved significantly by simply using the government's treasury or Zhang Jiashi's private business income to buy the peasants' grain, plus the taxes that should have been paid.

Zhang Jiashi is very distressed by the fact that this problem will evolve into a vicious circle strictly speaking. Although Zhang Jiashi relied on the commercial sales profits of the salt industry, it can be said that he had become the pillar of financial revenue of the Great Qin Empire, although Zhang Jiashi himself was helpless about this, he also clearly understood the truth of urgency.

But once Zhang Jiashi or the Great Qin Empire lost the support of a relatively stable commercial system, then for the Qin Empire, the situation it faced was even worse where Liu Bang might become emperor.

Therefore, a more effective or relatively able way to reduce the overall expenditure of the empire has become the existence of a solution that Zhang Jiashi must find.

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Compared with the early Han Dynasty, the overall environment of the Qin Empire is much better at present, because even after Liu Bang became emperor and established the Han Empire, the Han Empire was still in turmoil during the years of Liu Bang's reign.

Although the overall battlefield between Liu Bang and several rebellious princes and kings was not strictly speaking, it almost swept the world like the chaotic times at the end of the Qin Dynasty, but it also included several key areas of fiscal revenue.

As the core of the Han Empire, the Qiguan region can be said to be an important financial source for Liu Bang to quell the rebellion of the kings.

And even if it is not considered to be the domain of the princes and kings that have been divided, the military expenditure in the areas directly under the Han Empire is strictly speaking, and even the current Qin Empire is much lower.

If it weren't for Liu Bang's subordinates who had been famous for thousands of years such as Xiao He and Cao Shen, I am afraid that the Han Empire would have existed for even less time than the Qin Empire, and it would have truly become a flash in the pan of history.

And even Zhang Jiashi's current core pivotal figure of the Qin Empire has almost inherited the original essence of the Han Empire, while the situation of the princes and kings is much better than the Han Empire. But overall, Zhang Jiashi found that the situation he had to face was not much easier than Liu Bang's.

Because of the absence of such an existence as princes and kings, it is true that the Qin Empire can better gather strength, but for a wider range of war recovery areas, Zhang Jiashi really has a feeling of being speechless and asking the sky.

Coupled with the huge pressure brought by the Huns, Zhang Jiashi could only grit his teeth and maintain a necessary and huge military force.

In this respect, the Qin Empire's military spending was actually less than that of the original dynasty facing the nomads to the north.

But this positive factor does not help much in terms of finances.

Therefore, Zhang Jiashi had to focus on how to restore national strength faster.

And Zhang Jiashi looked at the corresponding system of the later dynasties many times from the Qingyu Lingshu, and finally set his sights on the Juntian system.

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The equalization system was a system of distributing land according to population from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, in which part of the land was owned by the government after a certain number of years of cultivation, and part of the land was returned to the government after his death. In the Tang Dynasty, land annexation became more and more serious, and in the Tang Tianbao period, it was impossible to implement land repayment, so it was replaced by the "two tax laws" during the reign of Dezong. The scope of implementation has always been implemented only in the northern country, and the first is that it was implemented in the whole country after the unification of the Sui.

The implementation of the equalization system affirms the ownership and possession rights of land, reduces disputes over land and property, and is conducive to the reclamation of ownerless wasteland, thus playing a positive role in the restoration and development of agricultural production. The implementation of the equalization system, the reduction of the amount of rent and the introduction of the three-long system, which was associated with it, helped the dependent peasants to get rid of the control of the powerful clans and transform them into state households, greatly increased the number of small self-cultivated peasants under the control of the government, ensured the source of servitude, and thus strengthened the power of the absolutist centralized system.

In the early years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, in view of the long-term war in the north of the country, the people were displaced, the hukou was migrated, and a large number of fields were barren, and the national tax revenue was seriously affected. In order to ensure the source of state taxes, the Northern Wei government distributed the land under its control to the peasants, who paid taxes to the government and undertook a certain amount of conscription and military service.

In the ninth year of Taihe, Emperor Xiao of the Northern Wei Dynasty promulgated the Juntian Decree in accordance with the proposal of Li Anshi of the Han Dynasty, which evolved from the "system of counting and dictating the fields" that had been implemented in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In fact, the military system of the Sui and Tang dynasties was based on the uniform land system, and the peasants received the land as soldiers for the country and became government soldiers, and the government soldiers had to prepare their own food materials, which reduced the cost of raising soldiers for the state.

The Juntian system was the foundation of the Sui and Tang tax systems, and the people had the obligation to pay taxes when they received land from the government, and the Tang Dynasty's rent regulation was basically implemented in the Juntian system, so that Tang Neng was seriously damaged in agriculture after the great rebellion at the end of the Sui Dynasty, but it was very rich in the Zhenguan period, and it can be said that the Juntian system also established a military and economic foundation.

The Sui and Tang dynasties were special in that the slaves and cattle in the Northern Dynasty also received land, and the number of slaves and maids was also unlimited, and the cattle were also granted 60 acres of land, limited to four oxen, a total of 240 acres, and the poor peasants received 80 acres, which was three times more.

In the Sui Dynasty, slaves and maids were restricted, and the family of the Shu people was limited to 60 to 300 princes, and the Ding Niu was cancelled in the Sui Dynasty, and in the Tang Dynasty, slaves and maids and cattle were not allowed to grant land, and women did not have the example of granting land, and only widows and concubines could get 30 acres of land. Later generations speculated that this was due to the fact that the government did not have enough acres of land to distribute the population. The age of the grant of land and the return of land in the Tang Dynasty were three years later and six years earlier in the Northern Wei Dynasty respectively, which shows that there has been a situation where the field is insufficient and the distribution is insufficient.

The establishment of administrative districts in wide townships and narrow townships can prove that there were some places that could not be granted land according to the number of fields under the equalization system. In the twentieth year of the emperor's reign, Emperor Sui sent envoys to the whole country to investigate the situation of Juntian, and found that only 20 acres of land were received for each ding of narrow townships. The number of fields granted in the fragment of the household registration of Kaiyuan Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty also shows that there are many people who have fields for the whole industry, and there are almost no households for those who divide the fields.

From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, the land system of uniform land production was implemented. Later Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty still practiced this system, after the Tang Dynasty, the population increased, land annexation became more and more serious, and the basis of the implementation of the equalization system - land state-owned system was seriously damaged. In the first year of the founding of Tang Dezong, at the suggestion of Prime Minister Yang Yan, the two tax laws were implemented, and the uniform land system was abolished.

The Juntian Order was a pioneering measure for the reform of Emperor Xiao of the Northern Wei Dynasty. This system played a positive role in consolidating feudal rule and restoring and developing agricultural production.

Later generations believed that the core of the equalization system was that the intention of this field system was not to seek absolute equality of acres of land, but only to seek a slight limit for the rich and a minimum level for the poor.

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At the beginning of the implementation of the Junda system, the main regulations were as follows:

1. Men under the age of 15 shall be granted 40 acres of open fields for growing grain and 20 acres for women. The open fields are all ownerless wasteland, because of the consideration of fallow rotation, so when the field is granted, it is generally increased by one or two times according to the fallow cycle, also known as "double field". Slaves and maids and ploughing cattle can obtain additional land, and slaves and maids receive land like ordinary peasants, and the number of people is not limited, and the land belongs to the owner; each head of Ding Niu receives 30 acres of open land, and each household is limited to 4 heads. The land received was not allowed to be bought and sold, and he died of old age, and the land was returned to the government.

2. For those who receive the field for the first time, each man will be granted 20 acres of mulberry field, and the prescribed mulberry, jujube, elm and other trees shall be planted within 3 years. Mulberry fields can be used as hereditary fields, which are not returned for life, and can be hereditary, but they are restricted from buying and selling. In areas where mulberry cultivation is not suitable, each man is given another 10 acres of hemp field, and the woman is given 5 acres, and the slaves and maids are also given the field, and they are also repaid according to the open field method. Newly settled households can also be allocated a small amount of homestead land, one mu for every three families, and one mu for five slaves and maids, and the homestead land is also a hereditary property.

3. Mulberry field is calculated according to the existing Dingkou. "He who has a surplus must sell his surplus, and he who is insufficient must buy what he has not enough, and he shall not sell his share, nor buy what he has enough. "The mulberry field is a world business, and it is allowed to buy and sell a part of it. If the amount of mulberry fields has already exceeded the amount that should be granted, "there is no acceptance and no return"; if the quota is reached, it is not allowed to receive it again; if the amount exceeds the quota to be granted, it may be sold; and if it is insufficient to give the amount, it can be bought.

4. If the whole family is old and disabled, and the 11-year-old and the disabled each receive half of the land of the men, and those who are over 70 years old do not pay back what they have received, and the widow keeps the will, although she is exempted from school, she is also given the woman's field.

5. In places where the land is narrow, residents can move to the empty and barren areas to receive land, and in places with wide land, residents are not allowed to move without reason, and they can apply to the government for borrowing land other than the land they can do. Land that has been displaced due to criminal displacement or has no one to keep a job shall be confiscated by the state and used for the purpose of granting and receiving land.

6. Local officials at all levels shall be granted different amounts of public land (post division fields) according to the level of their official positions, and they shall be transferred to the later officials when they leave their posts. The local officials were given public land according to the area where they were in office, fifteen hectares for the assassin history, ten hectares for the taishou, eight hectares for the governor and the other driver, and six hectares for the county order and the county cheng. The old and the new are handed over, and they are not allowed to be sold.

The subsequent changes to the uniform field system are as follows:

The Northern Qi Dynasty abolished the regulations on receiving Beitian, but the actual number of fields received by a husband and woman was still equivalent to Beitian, and there was no restriction on slaves and maids receiving fields in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Northern Qi Dynasty was limited to between 300 and 60 people according to official qualities. Taxes are also regulated.

The Northern Qi Dynasty generally received the land from the age of 18, and the Northern Qi Dynasty granted 80 acres of open fields for men, 40 acres for women, and 60 acres for Ding cattle, with a limit of 4 heads per household, and 20 acres of mulberry fields or hemp fields.

The Sui Dynasty stipulated from the second year of the opening of the Sui Emperor:

The official Yongye field is suitable for its grade, from the king to the governor, as many as 100 hectares, as little as 40 acres. At the same time, internal and external officials were given posts according to their ranks, up to five hectares and as little as one hectare. The internal and external government offices also granted public land for public use.

In the first year of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, he exempted women, slaves, and subordinates from rent, and also canceled their land grants. "From the kings downwards, as for the governors, they are all given to Yongye Tian, and each has its own difference. The most are 100 hectares, and the few are 40 hectares. Its Ding male and male Yongye Lutian all follow the system of Hou Qi. And the tree is made of mulberry elm and jujube. Its garden house, the rate of three to one acre, the slave and maid to five to one acre, the Beijing official and the post of the field, one product to the field of five acres, each product to fifty acres of difference, to nine products for one acre. Foreign officials also have their own duties. and gave him a field for public use. ”

Sui system eighteen years old for "Ding", twenty-one years old for "Cheng Ding". Cheng Ding can be granted the field and service, at the age of 60 then return to the field, Sui granted the open field and mulberry field are as many as the Northern Qi Dynasty, but the narrow township is only 20 acres per Ding. The aristocratic officials have the preferential treatment of the field, and the Yongye field can be as many as 100 hectares, and the office field is 5 hectares. Therefore, the Jun Tian of Sui has been slightly deteriorated.

The Tang Dynasty's Juntian system also had some changes:

Women are generally not allowed to farm, and slaves and maidservants and cattle are no longer allowed to farm. Due to the shortage of land area, the land is no longer doubled in the narrow rural areas that need to be cultivated. The Tang Dynasty also stipulated that those who migrated and were poor and had no burial could sell their Yongye fields, and those who moved from narrow villages to wide townships could sell their fields (i.e., open fields in the Northern Wei Dynasty), which expanded the scope of land sales.

1. Men under the age of 18 and Ding men, each of whom is divided into 80 acres of land and 20 acres of Yongye field. Old men and disabled people are given 40 acres of land, and widows and concubines are given 30 acres of land; if these people are the heads of households, each of them will receive 20 acres of Yongye land and 30 acres of land. Miscellaneous households receive land like the people. The industrial and commercial households, and the official households, received half of the land of the people. Taoist priests and monks gave 30 acres of land, and nuns and female crowns gave 20 acres of land. In addition, ordinary women, tribesmen, and slaves and maids were not allowed to farm.

2. The nobles with titles from the prince to the prince and the prince were reduced from one hundred hectares to five hectares of Yongye Tian. The ministry officials were reduced from the first grade to the eighth and ninth grades, and the sixty hectares of Yongye Tian were reduced to two hectares. The five grades of the loose officials are subject to the same ministry of Yongye Tian. The commander went from Zhuguo to Yunqi and Wucai, and was reduced from 30 acres of Yongye Field to 60 acres. In addition, bureaucrats and government offices at all levels also receive different amounts of land and public land, with the rent of the land being used as a supplement to the bureaucracy's income, and the rent of the public land being used as the cost of the government. The ownership of these two types of land is vested in the state.

3. The Yongye fields and citian fields of the aristocratic bureaucrats can be sold freely. If the people are displaced and cannot afford to be buried, they are allowed to sell the eternal field. Those who move to wide townships where there are few people and have more land and sell them as houses and residences are allowed to sell their land. The amount of land purchased shall not exceed the statutory amount to which the person shall share.

One view is that the equalization system of the Tang Dynasty was much more complete than that of the Sui Dynasty in terms of the system itself, but from the perspective of the legislative intent of the equalization system to solve the problem of land collection, the objects of land granting, the implementation method and the implementation effect, the equalization system of the Tang Dynasty lagged behind the equalization system of the Sui Dynasty.

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