An's good city, the ancestor of An's built. An's family white, Long Xinglang Gong (press, sic), public Weng Geqing, the old surname Zhao, from the beginning of the dragon, the outside with the gallop, the inside of the curtain, there are miracles...... There are four directions, Dingding Yanjing, the day of the release of the horse...... So he invited Lu Village, Liangyi in the west of the country, with nearly 100 hectares of plastered soil, and he was prepared for affairs.

Gong and Yi said: My work is completed, and my heart is calm and peaceful. Si ancient people every place to the official to the matter for the clan, I praise Liao'an in the middle of the earth, now the family is also safe, is the descendants of Yi An, Yu Yi An for the clan?

It is to order the Ju clan to take An as the surname, and name the young son Antai. Gong said abruptly: Yu Yi'an?

It is to order the Ju clan to take An as the surname, and name the young son Antai. The public also said abruptly: I have no anxiety, the tomb of the only ancestor is far away, and I can't sacrifice what my heart is.

However, I am old, and there is nothing to do, and this is the responsibility of the descendants. He died later...... The three heirs, all of whom are handsome and handsome, either serve in the inner government, or serve Wang Tian, and the industry of the ancestors of Shao is magnified.

So in the west of the village, the soil was actually found to be a cow sleep and built Si Yan.

In a sense, Zhang Jiashi believes that the Juntian system is more suitable for the current Qin Empire, mainly because the core of the Juntian system is "land is nationalized".

At present, the Qin Empire is also implementing the fundamental purpose of this land policy, and collects land endowments and land rents.

It can be said that, apart from the need for significant adjustments in some details, the Qin Empire's implementation of the Juntian system was not strictly speaking, not too difficult. Moreover, there is not much resistance among the common people to this kind of land system.

Of course, whether it will cause corresponding chaos because of the implementation of the uniform field system, Zhang Jiashi believes that this problem should not be big. Because in the future, as long as there are strong policies and corresponding supporting measures to amend, then this aspect of the problem is actually not too difficult.

But when there is a big problem, it cannot be solved by peaceful means.

Although Zhang Jiashi was very distressed about the population problem, and even longed to let the Qin Empire officially carry out the purpose of the birth plan of "more people and greater strength", once there was a stubborn person, he would not be stingy with the sword in his hand.

......

In order to effectively implement the Juntian system, there are still two problems to be solved for Zhang Jiashi.

One is the fixed rent system, which Zhang Jiashi believes has an inevitable effect on the stable implementation of the uniform land system, and the other is a corresponding supporting system that can effectively implement the uniform land system.

The fixed rent system can be said to have advantages and disadvantages, of course, according to the original history, the outrageously high rent fixed rent system is not advisable for Zhang Jiashi.

Because in China's feudal landlord economy, the fixed rent was transformed from the sharing rent system. Generally speaking, the rent in kind is first converted into a fixed rent in kind, and then the fixed rent in kind is converted into a fixed rent in money.

But the advent of fixed rent was very early. In the Han Dynasty, there was already a fixed rent in the military tun. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, there were a large number of schools and sacrifices.

The so-called Xuetian, Xuetian refers to the fields used by academies and state and county government schools, which is the economic pillar of school education in China's feudal society. The system of setting up schools to support students was founded in the Song Dynasty, and since then, it has continued until the last stop of China's feudal society - the Qing Dynasty.

The management of the school field is different from place to place, and the government has not made uniform regulations, the school usually has a special agency or appoints a special person to manage the school field, there are generally three ways, one is managed by the school official, the second is managed by the squire landlord, and the third is managed by the school students.

Almost all of the business methods of Xuetian adopt the tenant system, that is, measure the school's field, recruit tenant farmers, determine and collect the amount of rent, and collect funds in the form of tenant rent

Xuetian was first seen in the Southern Tang Dynasty and began to be promoted in the Song Dynasty. Its source was either given by the emperor's edict, or allocated by the government from the official land, or purchased by local appropriations, or donated by private individuals. The amount of Xuetian in the Song and Yuan dynasties is unknown. In the Ming Dynasty, according to the amount of some states and counties, the total number should be more than 100,000 mu. In the Qing Dynasty, according to the records of the "General Examination of Imperial Documents", the eighteen provinces in the second year of Yongzheng had a total of 388679 acres of academic fields, which increased to 1,158,600 mu in the eighteenth year of Qianlong, an increase of 1.98 times. The largest increase was in Hunan Province, followed by Zhili Province (present-day Hebei Province). The study of fields in various places continued until the period of the Republic of China.

Compared with the private land, the land rent of the school field was implemented earlier in kind and the monetary rent. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, the vast majority of schools had adopted the in-kind fixed rent system, and only a small part of them implemented the sharing rent system. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, almost all school fields were subject to a fixed rent system. In the Song Dynasty, in addition to the rice fields, the mountains, gardens, mulberry gardens, etc. have been charged monetary rent, and in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the rice fields also charged more monetary rent. According to the 224 cases of Fuzhou and county schools compiled in the "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books", 54% of them received monetary rent, 13.4% of them collected both monetary rent, and 32.6% collected rent in kind.

In terms of fixed rent, for example, the rent of school fields in Huangxian County, Shandong Province was between three liters and two buckets per mu in the Ming Dynasty, and between six liters and two buckets and five liters per mu in the Qing Dynasty. Xiangtan County, Hunan Province learned to rent fields, between seven and eight buckets per mu in the Ming Dynasty, and between eight buckets and five liters per mu in the Qing Dynasty. In terms of monetary rent, such as Fujian, from Wanli in the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Ming Dynasty, it ranged from 0.11 taels to 0.63 taels per mu, with an average of 0.28 taels per mu. In the Qing Dynasty, from the case of Jiaqing in Hanzhou, Sichuan, the low one received 612 wen per mu, and the high one received 2733.6 wen, and the compromise calculation was 1673 wen. The exploitation rate of land rent in school fields is about 1/3 lighter than that in private fields.

The school fields in Fuzhou County are in the hands of the school officials, that is, professors, teachings, and teachings. The academy is managed by the superintendent, the secretary and the director. Most of the people who rented the fields were connected with the local government or the gentry, or were subleased by the local officials and gentry. In some places, the school land was directly distributed to the poor, who were allowed to cultivate it for life. In spite of this, the tenants were in fact small peasant producers, but they were more free from the personal oppression of private landlords and had more personal freedom.

The feudal government stipulated that the school fields could not be sold, and the "original amount" of school fields listed in the local chronicles enjoyed the privilege of exempting from state taxes, but the academy fields had to be paid to the fields.

In feudal society, Xuetian played a certain role in cultivating talents for the landlord class regime.

The rent collection of the sacrificial field is similar to that of the school field, but the scope of its use is mainly based on the sacrificial expenses of the ancestors.

It can be said that sacrificing fields is a manifestation of the Han people's sacrificial culture. After the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the Manchus also had a great assimilation in terms of sacrificial fields: thick burials must first set up tombs, and ancestors need to set up sacrificial fields.

And the sacrificial field in the Manchu generation of the source category is not so "above board":

In the early days of entering the customs, the banner people Ji Ding granted land, and the land granted was enclosed from the Han people, which was called "enclosure".

The original land and sacrificial fields of the flag people were mostly set up in their own enclosures. In the seventeenth year of Kangxi, the banner man An's Qidi tablet contains:

An's good city, the ancestor of An's built. An's family white, Long Xinglang Gong (press, sic), public Weng Geqing, the old surname Zhao, from the beginning of the dragon, the outside with the gallop, the inside of the curtain, there are miracles...... There are four directions, Dingding Yanjing, the day of the release of the horse...... So he invited Lu Village, Liangyi in the west of the country, with nearly 100 hectares of plastered soil, and he was prepared for affairs. Gong and Yi said: My work is completed, and my heart is calm and peaceful. Si Gu people every place to the official to the matter and for the clan, I praise Liao'an in the Tu'an, now the family is also safe, is the descendants of Yi An, Yu to An for the clan? The prince also said abruptly: Yu Yi'an is the surname of the Ju clan, and the young son is called Antai. The public also said abruptly: I have no anxiety, the tomb of the only ancestor is far away, and I can't sacrifice what my heart is. However, I am old, and there is nothing to do, and this is the responsibility of the descendants. He died later...... The three heirs, all of whom are handsome and handsome, either serve in the inner government, or serve Wang Tian, and the industry of the ancestors of Shao is magnified. So in the west of the village, the soil was actually found to be a cow sleep and built Si Yan.

During the Shunzhi and Kangxi periods, the source of the flag land was single, which determined that the flag people's land and sacrificial fields were mainly set up in their own enclosures. Purchased land, that is, land that can be bought at a price.

In the selection of land, the quality of "feng shui" has gradually become an important factor to consider, and it is also a factor that leads to the increase in the purchase of land. Feng Shui, also known as Kanyu, can refer to the way of heaven, and refers to the earth, and taken together, Kanyu refers to the geographical situation and natural environment. In the relationship between man and the environment, to seek harmony between man and heaven, earth and nature, and to achieve the goal of turning evil into good fortune is the purpose of paying attention to feng shui. When it comes to choosing a place, the factors that must be considered include "qi", dragons, caves, sand, water, and orientation, and only if these aspects are in line with the rules, it can be called a treasure of feng shui. However, the location of good feng shui may not be in the old enclosure of the house, in this case, the purchase has become an important means to add new flowers.

In addition, the continuous reproduction and analysis of future generations, and the gradual reduction of the margin within the ancestors, also prompted the banner people to find new sources.

"Demin Tombstone" said: "But my ancestor is limited to the narrow ground, difficult to bury, there is nothing left, Tuwei for several years, Fang Bu is buried in the north of the Dongba outside the Dongzhi Gate, and another new Qi is made, standing towards the meridian, and three points of Ding. More than 300 trees are planted around, and the land is 2 acres and 35 acres and 5 points. ”

Demin was subordinate to Manchuria with a white flag, and served as a general of Jingzhou in the ninth and twenty-sixth years of Qianlong, and died soon after serving for the second time, and was awarded the title of Guanglu doctor. He asked Mr. Feng Shui to search for several years before selecting Xinqi in the north of the Dongba outside Dongzhimen. The so-called "land" is the purchase of land.

Among the various sources of the land, the displacement land is a special one. The so-called "replacement land" is the land that is exchanged for one's own land.

Dai Quande, the banner man, wrote "Beishan Cemetery Record" and said: His ancestral tomb is in Zhangxi Village, Shunyi County, which is an old enclosure, and has been buried for five generations since the high ancestor.

There are two criteria for choosing Xinqi, one is that it should not be too far away from the ancestral tomb: I am afraid that it is too far away from the ancestral tomb, and the descendants will "take care of their close ancestors and leave their distant ancestors, and lose the meaning of water and wood"; Finally, the newly selected land is in the east of Changping Prefecture, 35 miles away from the ancestral tomb, which is convenient for the sacrifice of the year, and the descendants are provincial, and the place is remote and the value is not high.

The new land has a total of 11 acres and 48 acres and 8 minutes and 3 centimeters, of which the yin house covers an area of 53 acres and 3 minutes, the yang house covers an area of 57 acres, and the family temple An Yunguan covers an area of 11 acres and 9 minutes and 3 centimeters. Six hectares were used as the support field for the grave keepers, and the rest was cultivated by people. Of the above-mentioned land, more than six hectares were purchased by Dai Quande with silver, and the other five hectares of official land were exchanged for three times as much self-purchased land as usual. At the same time, at the same time, 13 acres and 69 acres of land in Daxingzhuang in Tongzhou were set aside to be set up as a sacrificial field.

According to the Qing system: "Officials and other tombs that cannot accommodate burials are allowed to exchange official land for burial." The exchange conditions are, first, that is, the ratio of one to three, that is, "one mu of official land is given three acres, and it is allowed to be exchanged", and second, the land income after the exchange should be higher than the original land. This has become a common practice for officials of the Eight Banners to replace their official land with a land.

The relevant exchange events are not only contained in the inscription, but also frequently recorded in the archives: in the tenth year of Qianlong, Wailang Qingfu, a member of the Manchurian Ministry of Labor of Zhengbaiqi, submitted to the Accounting Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs that he had purchased 50 acres of land in the south of the Camel Fang Ying Road outside Dongzhi Gate and one hectare of land in the south of the Camel Fang Camp Road, and 1 hectare of Sun Hippo Liandian's land, in exchange for 50 land under the name of Zheng Mingrong, a gardener under the Fengchen Yuan of the North Internal Affairs Department of the Camel Fang Ying Road, as a land. After obtaining Zheng Mingrong's consent, the Accounting Department allowed Qingfu to change the acres of land in accordance with the example of "anyone who changes the cemetery, one mu of each official land, and three acres of land in exchange", and transferred it to the White Banner Manchuria Metropolitan and Fengchen Yuan, and sent someone to lead the parties on both sides to clearly indicate the replacement of land to each other and record it in their respective files.

During the Qianlong period, the Qing government redeemed 18,976 hectares of "Mindian" banner land four times in view of the fact that a large number of flag lands in the Qifu area were pawned by the people, which seriously affected the livelihood of the flag people. Some banner people use the redeemed flag land as a land and a sacrificial field, in order to preserve it forever.

Feng Sheng's wife Zhao Jia's "Monument to the Sacrifice of Fields" said: In the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), the imperial court specially gave Ali Gon Luanzhou 24 acres and 70 acres of land, and 12 and a half earthen houses. Ali Gon served as an official outside the country, and his housework was sparse, and he was stolen by the original owner to the people. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong (1762), it was found out that he complied with the ministry text, paid the price of 500 taels on behalf of the minister, and redeemed the management industry.

In the forty-fifth year, because of the lack of funds for the employment of Fu Jin, he borrowed 2,000 taels of official silver from this place, and the interest rate was 300 taels of silver per year. Later, due to the arrears of interest silver, the four-room public discussion attributed this place to the long house, listened to its selling price, paid the official items, and established a balance and a license. Zhao Jiashi remembered that her husband Fengsheng had passed away, the family business had withered, and there was nothing left, and he was unwilling to entrust this place to his surname, so he sold all the old hairpin clothes, and finally got an official debt of 2,300 taels.

Aligon, Niu Hulu, Manchuria is a native of the White Banner, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Qianlong Dynasty, the Governor of Huguang, Liangguang and other places, and the Minister of the Interior of the Guard. Qianlong died in the army in the 34th year of the Burma Campaign, and he was strong and enshrined in the Xian Liang Temple. Later, the title was added as Guo Yi Jiyong Gong. He has four sons, that is, the "four rooms" mentioned in the inscription of Zhao Jia's family, the long room is the husband of Zhao Jia's Fengsheng, and the following three rooms are the Wuxing forehead, the Sekejing forehead, and the Buyanda Confession. Feng Sheng's forehead was awarded the title of first-class duke, and he was promoted to the Minister of the Interior of the Guard, and the Secretary of the Ministry of War. In the forty-first year, he made great contributions to the pacification of Jinchuan, and was crowned a first-class son, and his younger brother Buyanda was the heir. Died in the forty-second year, gave the prince Taibao, and was honest and martial.

After Feng Sheng's death, the family declined, and in order to keep the redeemed sacrificial field, Zhao Jia's family had to sell all the old hairpin clothes to settle the official debt. It can be seen that even if it is a big family, it is not easy to keep the land and sacrificial fields left by their ancestors for a long time. This is exactly the intention of Zhao Jia's monument.

With the improvement of agricultural productivity and the development of commodity and monetary relations, fixed rent generally developed in the Ming Dynasty, and in the Qing Dynasty, fixed rent gradually occupied a dominant position in the form of land rent. During the period of the Republic of China, according to the survey materials of 879 counties in 22 provinces in 1934, the fixed rent in kind accounted for 50.7%, and the fixed rent in money accounted for 21.2%.

Legacy land refers to the public land reserved by the ancestors when they divided the property, and its sources are actually diverse, including old enclosure, purchase land, replacement land, and redemption land. In large families, several clans usually keep a piece of ancestral land and sacrificial fields, and the proceeds of the sacrificial fields are used for the maintenance of ancestral tombs and sacrifices.

The Ming Shantai clan of the Xianglanqi clan, whose ancestors divided the family in the seventeenth year of Qianlong, divided the land into six parts, and set aside three acres of land for the sacrifice of seventy acres. These two lands collect a total of 100 hangs of rent money every year, which is stored for the repair of tombs, and sacrifices are made three times a year.

The same situation is also in the case of the Zhenglan Banner Sect Fulun. Before his death, the sixth ancestor of the town of the country of Tuoketuohui, in the Chaoyang Gate outside the ten miles of the fort to set up the tomb, will be located in Luanzhou Li Fuzhuang a hectare of old enclosure as the descendants of the public sacrifice field, the annual rent of silver ninety-six taels, to the fifth ancestor town of the country Gongyang restoration, and in the Xishan Chonggezhuang to pick up a tomb. So he divided the rent into two parts, which were used for the sacrifice of the two tombs, and assigned two houses to take turns to manage.

In the archives, there are also records of ten houses and grandchildren jointly owning a piece of "ancestral relics and old enclosures" as a sacrificial field.

With the extension of lineage and the increase of family branch analysis, the contradictions surrounding the ancestral relics often become more and more intense. Therefore, among the nobles of the Eight Banners, lawsuits about ancestral lands are not uncommon.

Gifted land, that is, in the name of the imperial court, the supreme ruler directly assigned a certain piece of state-owned land to the deceased meritorious hero as a land or sacrificial field as a reward. This practice was first seen in the Kanwai period.

Shenyang Ma Jia's "Ancestral Inscription" records: Keku Gaha, a famous general in the early Qing Dynasty, Jin Feng Baron, and entered the customs Dingding, stayed in the capital, died of war wounds, "give the burial of the south of the lonely family outside the west gate of Fengtianda, send people to sacrifice at four o'clock, and give 150 acres of sacrificial fields, in order to show the reward." After the death of his fourth son, Nong Dai, he was also buried here. The big west gate is also called Huaiyuan Gate, and the place of South Gujiazi is located in the area of Erjing Street, Daxi Road, Shenyang City. This piece of land is one of the ancestors of the Ma Jia clan outside the Guan.

After the Qing court entered the customs, the nobles of the Eight Banners rewarded mediocre merit and continued to use the method of giving land or sacrificial fields. In the fourth year of Kangxi, the Han soldier with the yellow flag, the former university scholar, the secretary of the military department, and the five provinces of the five provinces were slightly Hong Chengchou died. The Qing court remembered that it had made great contributions to the south of the Yangtze River and the southwest of Pingding, and gave Wenxiang and gave it land at the Maizhuang Bridge outside Xizhimen.

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, a large-scale "Ji Ding grant land" was implemented in the area of Jifu. The princes and eunuchs who occupy a large number of strong men occupy an area of tens of millions of days, while ordinary banner families only have one, two or even a few dings, covering an area of several or even dozens of days. For the latter, even this limited land is often lost due to years of war, poor management, or natural and man-made disasters, and even falls to the point of embarrassment without a place to bury.

Shunzhi 10th year edict: Eight banners are poor and have no burial ground, and each flag is allocated to the tomb for 50 days.

The first batch of land was allocated in units of flags, and each flag was only 50 days, indicating that although the number of poor bannermen was increasing, the total number was not very large. In the early years of Kangxi, the scope of the land allocated to Gongzhong was expanded to the banners of the Internal Affairs Office and the subordinate leaders of the Prince's Mansion.

In the seventeenth year, the Holy Ancestor Xuanye inspected Gyeonggi and saw that the burial grounds of the deceased soldiers of the Eight Banners were narrow, and the graves were fortified. In addition, with acres of land near Beijing, all of which are garden land of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and officials below the king's level, it is ordered that those who overflow in the positive amount when the flag land was allocated at the beginning will be checked and allocated.

Seeking approval: Eight banners in the inner government leader, each leader to the tomb for six days. Manchuria and Mongolia, each leader gave the cemetery three days. The Han army, each leader gave the cemetery a quarter and a half.

But these cemeteries were soon overcrowded again, and Xuan Ye had to send an edict to the Internal Affairs Office again: "I have heard that the burial places such as the cloth and collar and the Hun Tuo and the people given in the past are now gone. It is very pitiful for such poor people to serve hard in the day, and there is no place to bury. It is to be allocated to the Yamen field at the discretion of the Ministry of Households".

In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the number of middle- and lower-class bannermen who lost their land increased significantly, and part of their land was concentrated in the hands of the Eight Banner nobles, and the other part fell into the hands of the people in the name of pawns and pawns. At the beginning of Qianlong, it was said that Jifu "is the people of the banner land, five or six out of ten". Under such circumstances, even if the Qing rulers allocated a number of public land to the poor bannermen, it would be tantamount to a drop in the bucket. With the intensification of the "Eight Banners Livelihood", it is natural that the problem of the burial ground for the poor under its umbrella is difficult to solve.