readx;? In the development of Chinese culture and history, the Mongols can be said to be the first people to have the most far-reaching disasters to the Chinese nation and Chinese culture. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info

But in some ways, it is interesting to note that Temujin, as the founder of the Mongol Empire, was in a sense a Mongol Khan who eventually came into contact with Han culture and partially accepted it.

This can also be said to be the beginning of the Mongol Empire's acceptance of sinicization.

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In this beginning, there were two people who were quite influential on Temujin. One is Yelu Chucai, a descendant of the former Liao nobles, and the other is Qiu Chuji, one of the "Seven Truths" of the Quanzhen Dao.

The name of Yelu Chucai is said to have the taste of the Sinicization of the Khitan people: its name and characters are taken from the allusion of "Although Chu has materials, Jin is practical" in the "Spring and Autumn Zuo's Biography".

Not only that, Yelu Chucai's family background in the study of Han culture can be said to have allowed him to receive a good educational foundation in many aspects:

Since Yelu Chucai's grandfather, their family has been in the Jin Dynasty for generations and often lives in Yanjing. At that time, Yanjing had a deep foundation of Han culture, which made the Yelu family influenced by Han culture for generations, forming a family style of reading and knowing etiquette. Yelu Chucai was influenced by Confucianism from an early age, and his ideal was to govern the world according to Confucian doctrines.

Yelu Chucai adheres to the family tradition, learns Chinese since childhood, is proficient in Chinese, and at a young age has been "well-versed in group books, bypassing astronomy, geography, legal calendar, mathematics and interpretation of the old doctor's divination.

In the tenth year of Genghis Khan (1215), the Mongol army captured Yanjing, and Genghis Khan learned that he was talented and full of wealth, so he sent someone to ask him about his plan to govern the country.

According to Grusser's "Steppe Empire": "After the capture of Beijing, among the captives willing to support Mongol rule, Genghis Khan selected a Khitan prince, Yelu Chucai, who won the favor of Genghis Khan with his 'eight feet long and beautiful beard' and was appointed as an auxiliary minister. ”

In the fourteenth year of Genghis Khan (1219), with Genghis Khan's westward expedition, Chang Xiao made many miraculous feats with the way of conquest, governing the country and reassuring the people, and was highly valued.

In the twenty-first year of Genghis Khan (1226), he accompanied Genghis Khan to conquer Western Xia, and advised that state and county officials were forbidden to levy and kill without authorization, so that the wind of greed and violence would be slightly reduced.

And after that, the record of Yelu Chucai is mainly after Wokotai.

After becoming Genghis Khan's vassal, it is likely that Yelu Chucai learned the Mongolian language in his own position. In this way, it will help them to perform better in the corresponding position.

And the content of Yelu Chucai's famous law "Cheap Eighteen Things", Zhang Jiashi did not find it in the Qingyu Lingshu, and "Yuan Shi Yelu Chucai's Biography" did not record it in detail:

Yelu Chucai played: "All local prefectures and counties should let the chief executive specialize in civil affairs, and ten thousand households should be in charge of military affairs, and the powerful should not interfere in all local affairs of tax collection. ”

He also recommended Zhenhai and Glue to work with him, but the powerful were not convinced. Because of his enmity with Yelu Chucai in the past, Xian Debu was especially jealous of him, so he framed him in front of King Zong: "Yelu Zhongshu ordered to appoint his own cronies in his old days, and he must have a rebellious heart, and he should ask the emperor to kill him." ”

King Zong sent someone to tell the emperor that Taizong realized that this was a false accusation, so he reprimanded the person who came and sent him back. Then someone accused Xian Debu of committing a crime, and Taizong ordered Chu Cai to try the matter, and Yelu Chu Cai said: "This person is arrogant and arrogant, so it is easy to attract the attack of others. Now we are about to use troops against the south, and it is not too late to deal with it later. Taizong said to his courtiers in private: "Chu Cai doesn't care about personal enmity, he is really a generous elder, you should follow his example." "The dignitaries in the palace can think of not spending money to recruit gold and silver collectors and households to farm and plant grapes in the Western Regions, and Taizong ordered the relocation of more than 10,000 households in Xuande, Xijing. Chu Cai said: "In the edict of the first emperor, it is said that the people behind the mountain are simple, no different from the Mongols, and they can be used when they are in danger, and they should not be easily relocated. Now that Henan is about to be conquered, please do not disperse the people behind the mountain so that they can be used in this military campaign. Taizong agreed to his request.

In the spring of the year of Renchen, Taizong went south to conquer and was about to cross the Yellow River, and ordered the people who fled to surrender to avoid death. It has been said that "these people surrender when they are in danger and flee when they are fine, and they are only good for the enemy, and cannot be treated leniently." ”

Yelu Chucai asked for hundreds of flags to be made and distributed to the refugees who surrendered so that they could return to their villages, and many were saved as a result. According to the traditional Mongolian system, anyone who attacked a city with bows, arrows, and stones was disobeyed by the enemy, and after the conquest, all the soldiers and civilians in the city were killed.

Bianliang was about to be captured, and the general Subutai sent someone to say: "The Jin people have resisted for a long time, our army has suffered many casualties, and the day Bianliang conquers it, the city should be slaughtered." Yelu Chucai hurriedly went in and played: "The soldiers have worked hard for decades, and all they want is the land and the people. What's the use of getting the land and losing the people?" Taizong hesitated, and Chu Cai said: "Skilled craftsmen and wealthy families are all concentrated here, and if you kill them all, you will get nothing." ”

Taizong accepted his opinion and issued an edict to punish only the Yan family, and the rest would not be investigated. At that time, there were 1.47 million people living in Bianliang who had fled the war. Yelu Chucai also asked to send people into the city to seek Confucius's descendants, found Confucius's fifty-first grandson Kong Yuancuo, and asked him to inherit the title of "Yan Shenggong", hand over the land of Kong Lin and Confucius Temple to him, and order him to collect the Taichang Lile Sheng of the Jin Dynasty.

He also recruited famous Confucian scholars Liang Zhi, Wang Wanqing, Zhao Shu and others to translate the "Nine Classics" into spoken language and tell it to the prince. And he led the sons and sons of his ministers to take the scriptures and explain the meaning thereof, so that they might know the doctrine of the saints. The compilation office was set up in Yanjing, and the scripture office was set up in Pingyang, and since then civilization and education have flourished.

At that time, the Henan region had just been conquered, and there were many prisoners, and the Mongolian army returned, and seven or eight out of ten of the prisoners escaped. The emperor decreed that anyone who took in and financed the fugitives should be executed by the whole family, and the neighbors of the same village should also sit together. As a result, no one dared to take in the fugitives, and most of them starved to death on the road. Yelu Chucai calmly said to Taizong: "Henan has been pacified, and the people here are all the sons and daughters of His Majesty, where else will they go! Why should dozens or hundreds of people be implicated in death because of a single captive?"

Taizong woke up and issued an edict to lift the ban. After the fall of the Jin Dynasty, only more than 20 states such as Qin and Gong did not surrender for a long time, and Chu Cai played: "In the past, our people escaped punishment, and some of them concentrated in these places, so they resisted desperately, and if they promised not to kill them, they would be self-defeating." "With a decree of pardon of capital crimes, the cities surrendered.

In the first year of the first year, it was discussed to register the common people of the Central Plains, and the minister Kuduhu and others suggested that adult men should be taxed. Yelu Chucai said, "No. If the adult man flees, then the tax cannot be collected, and the household should be the object of collection. "After many debates, it was finally decided that households should be the object of collection. At that time, the prisoners obtained by the prime ministers were often deposited in the local prefectures and counties, and Chu Cai took advantage of the opportunity of registering the household registration to order that all the prisoners be registered as civilians, and those who concealed their private occupation were punished by death.

In all likelihood, "Eighteen Cheap Things" is a consolidation of this aspect rather than a separate legal provision.

But there is no doubt that while Yelu Chucai continued to want to pass on the relevant descriptions of Confucianism, Yelu Chucai made great efforts to protect Chinese culture within the upper echelons of the Mongol Empire.

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In addition to Yelu Chucai, Qiu Chuji can also be regarded as an important figure who brought Chinese culture into the upper echelons of the Mongol Empire.

In later generations, Qiu Chuji's fame came more from the famous martial arts novel writer Zha Liangyong (that is, Jin Yong, whose pen name is likely to be dismantled from Yongzi) in the work "The Legend of the Condor Heroes".

But in the Taoist system, Qiu Chuji's fame is actually far more famous than Qiu Chuji in the novel.

The representative culture of Qiu Chuji in the religious aspect of Chinese culture entered the Mongol Empire, mainly in the book "Journey to the West in Changchun", which has a fairly intuitive description.

Of course, here is only a selective description of the representative content, that is, in the Mongol Empire, the edict that had a considerable relationship with Qiu Chuji:

Emperor Genghis Zhenren Qiu Shi: Those who came from the provincial edict should be prepared. Only the teacher: The three sons of the Tao are virtuous. Ordered the ministers to serve the Yuan Qi and gallop to visit the seas. The time is right, and the sky is not far away. The two dynasties repeatedly edicted but did not work, and they were willing to rise up with a single invitation. It is said that I am the apocalypse, so I return. Exposed to wind and frost, he voluntarily trekked through the moraine. When the book comes, what can I say with joy? The affairs of the military state are not expected by me, and the moral heart is sincere and good. I am not inferior to the chieftain, and I will use Zhang. The military is about to test, and the border is decided. Come and go, the strength rate is natural, and the long-term work is temporary, and I hope to be convinced. It is used to carry Yang Weide, and slightly park the car. Re-thinking Yunxuan is not only in Penglai, but also in Tianzhu. Daruma Dongmai, Yuan Yin Fa to convey the heart, the old family to the west, or turn into a Hu into the Tao. Although Gu Chuan's road is wide, it is not far away to see a few sticks. The answer to the chapter can be clear. In autumn and summer, the division is better than peace, and it is not too much.

Four Decrees, one of which:

Emperor Genghis decree and officials everywhere: Qiu Shen Xian should have the bottom of the cultivation of the bottom of the courtyard, etc., the recitation of the scriptures every day to the people of the world, and the emperor long live the long life, according to the difference in taxes are suspended from teaching. According to Qiu Shenxiandi, the monks and other people everywhere in the courtyard, all of them were exempted from paying taxes, and their external fraud was launched out of the house, and the shadow accounted for each of the poor people, and they sued the lawsuit and punished the crime. The Lord shall not transgress wrong, but shall give it to the one who uses it. The right to pay the immortal door to receive.

Second: according to the envoy's basis: the gods should be monks, strict abbots at the bottom of the courtyard, etc., and exempt from taxes. That's right. March Day of the Year of the Sheep.

Third: Xuancha Ali Xianmian was sent to Emperor Genghis's holy decree: Qiu Shenxian played the official matter of the end, which is also good. I have already written a holy decree with you before, teaching you that there should be a monk in the world who is in charge of the good people, and if you are good or bad, you will take care of the gods and immortals. Whoever knows you is so deserved. September 24 of the year of the Lunar New Year.

Fourth: Jia Chang, the marshal of Xuanchadu, sent the holy decree of Emperor Genghis: Qiu Shenxian, don't come to the summer in your spring moon itinerary, the road is hot and difficult, do you have to ride a good bottom horse along the road? Do you come to Xuandezhou and other places, do the officials look down on you? Do the people have to come? I often think about you here, I have never forgotten you, and you have forgotten me. November 15 of the year of the Lunar New Year.

Please sparse three songs:

One of them: Yanjing Xingshangshu Province Shi Mo Gong, I would like to invite the real abbot of Changchun Gong Tianchang Viewer: stealing must have a person, and then you can start a middle machine; Heavenly Viewer: Purple Mansion on Earth, Blessed Field in Heaven. If it weren't for the true immortals, who would call this Dao venue? The root of the tongue has the fragrance of flowers and trees, and the mind is dust-free. The eyes of the real man and the sky are the pillars of the world. Xiang also rode the green ox and walked westward, not afraid of the sky; Fortunately, there is not much to let go, and I will come early. Be careful. August of the year of the Decimus.

Second: Xuanfu envoy, the imperial historian Wang, urged the real master abbot Yanjing Shifang Tianchang viewers: stealing to strain the dragon, not the hoof can stop; no heart of the wild crane, why can't the sky fly? Therefore, Mengzhuang travels, the price of the lacquer garden increases; Chen Tuan returns to seclusion, and the cloud platform is glorious. It's not until the generation, it's hard to do such a thing. Master Fu Wei Zhenren: The qi is pure and pure, and the Tao is big and high. The name of the book has been written, and it has been temporarily called the jade pot. Take a thousand years as the twilight, and take the eight poles as the gate. Zhenzhu history of the sect style, mention the true seal. In the past, he was also the leader of the three dynasties, and now he is the national teacher of Ziwancheng. A few years should be edicted to go north, originally planned to settle in the sea; once he returns to the south, he may be good at the Forbidden City of Shandong Wei Taiji, and the grand structure of the Great Yan. Where the country is located, far and near take the first. He will want to establish the foundation of people, like a good place for the head of the house. Dare to stretch out in the tube, and hope to be less stationed in Nijing. Thousands of miles of clouds are draped, and the hope of heaven and man is the hope of heaven and man, and the wind moves in all directions, and the fragrance of morality is smelled. Be careful. August of the year of the Decimus.

Third: Yanjing Xingshangshu Province Shi Mo Gong, I would like to invite Qiu Shenxian to live for a long time in the sky: stealing from time to time, although the saint does not hinder things, and the gentleman has a lasting heart. At both ends, there is a rough idea. Changchun real person: Chongyang Gaodi, the four seas are renamed. He is the emperor's teacher and the godfather of the world. In the past, I applied for a job, and I also searched for work from thousands of miles; The upper is to wish the emperor's holy life, and the lower is to recommend the blessing of the living beings. Because of the ridicule of the small people, he did not dare to shake the fairy staff. Don't want to be old, so you have a reverie. The master of the capital is the root of the summers, and the distance is based on the law. If it is said to give up this and go to the other, it is said to go down and enter the secluded. Dare to stay, fortunately it is not easy to move. Hugh Xiu Momo, not for the deep mountains and poor valleys, forever and long, and as the master of Taiji Qionghua. Be careful. August of the year of Bingxu.

As can be seen from the above, because the influence of Qiu Chuji on Genghis Khan was in a sense far greater than that of Yelu Chucai, Taoism or Quanzhen Taoism had even become a privileged class in the area controlled by the Mongol Empire.

In a sense, the Quanzhen Dao did not suffer much influence during the Mongol Empire or even the Yuan Empire, and Qiu Chuji's contribution was indispensable. (To be continued.) )

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