In the fifth year of Yongzheng, he was ready to use troops against the Dzungar Department, and officially sent troops in the seventh year. In line with this, Emperor Yongzheng set up a military aircraft department to assist him in handling military affairs.

Emperor Yongzheng appointed the ministers from the scholars, scholars, squires and relatives and nobles, such as Prince Yi Yinxiang, scholars Zhang Tingyu, household scholars Jiang Tingxi, and scholars Ortai, all of whom were ministers of relatives and ministers of military aircraft.

There is also the military machine Zhang Jing, who is elected by the cabinet, the Hanlin Yuan, the Six Ministries, the Li Fan Yuan and other yamen officials. All of these people are part-time, and their promotion is still taking place in the original yamen.

Therefore, at the beginning of the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department,

"No special officer". There is no official office in the Military Aircraft Department, and there is a duty room, which is in the Longzong Gate, close to the Yangxin Hall of the Yongzheng Emperor's dormitory, so that the Minister of Military Aircraft can be summoned to discuss matters.

The absence of a special officer and a government office makes the Military Aircraft Department a special kind of organization.

If Zhang Jiashi will not implement the reform of the land at this stage because of the stability of regional governance, then there is no need for the officials and gods to pay for grain and fire consumption to the public.

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The current tax system of the Qin Empire has been linked to the title system to a large extent, and Zhang Jiashi has given corresponding tax exemptions based on the rank of some military industrial lords, which has also implemented the system of integrated payment of grain by officials and gods in a sense. However, the magnitude of this practice is relatively small, especially for the owners of the higher military titles, the less they pay in terms of taxes.

The largest description of the integration of officials and gods is "the integration of officials and gentry on errands, and the integration of grain".

This system was an economic means chosen during the Yongzheng period in order to make up for the lack of financial revenue of the Qing Empire at that time.

The premise of this system is that after more than 40 years of Kangxi's rule, there was a crisis in the country's finances and tax revenues were limited.

However, due to the inherent feudal society's system of exempting those who have achieved fame from forced labor and paying taxes, the really rich people such as officials and landlords do not need to pay much in taxes, which not only makes the financial burden fall on the poor people, but also empties the state treasury.

"The officials and gentry pay the grain as an errand and errand" means that the officials and gentry, like the ordinary people, have to pay taxes and participate in voluntary labor. In Chinese history, in addition to paying money and grain and paying taxes, ordinary people also had to work as errands and participate in "compulsory labor" organized by the government, such as building embankments, controlling rivers, building roads, and transporting, that is, the so-called "forced labor", which was also a supplement to taxation.

Before Yongzheng, in order to attract scholars, the emperors of all dynasties implemented the system of not paying taxes and not paying taxes like officials. Any scholar with a meritorious reputation, even if he is just a showman, can not pay for food, and he should not be bad. Historically, there have been many loopholes in the system of landlords, who have evaded taxes by giving land to tax-exempt scholars, resulting in a large loss of national tax revenue. In the fourth year of Yongzheng, the system of "officials and gentry as one errand and food" was implemented. Officials and soldiers, who had always regarded themselves as high-minded, not only had to pay taxes out of their pockets, but also had to mingle with the sweaty peasants and participate in heavy manual labor.

And this also became an inducement that may have been the beginning of the aggravation of the situation in the literary prison during the Yongzheng period.

To a large extent, the system of integrated grain payment by officials and gods is more of a reform category of the Yongzheng New Deal.

Yongzheng's New Deal refers to the iron-fisted reforms carried out during the Yongzheng reign in response to the governance and financial situation of the Kangxi period, as well as the long-term decadent social atmosphere. The reforms included the administrative system, the servitude system, the policy towards the peasants, the policy of changing the land and returning it to the people, and the policy of the border ethnic groups.

There are two main political reforms:

The first is the secret folding system:

It is an official document system, which is the product of the political development of imperial power in the Qing Dynasty. It first appeared in the Kangxi period, but it has not yet been institutionalized in terms of the scope of performers, transmission methods, sparse performance content and Zhu criticism, etc., and Emperor Yongzheng has made clear provisions on this.

With regard to the writers of the songs, he clearly stipulated that the officials above the level of the central ministry and the Hanlin Branch, the local governors of the towns and the feudal clans, the salt administration, the customs and weaving, etc., and some middle-level officials such as Taoists, prefects, Tongzhi, and deputy generals could also be written by the emperor. This not only clarifies the responsibilities of the announcer, but also expands its scope.

In order to ensure that the content of the folds is not leaked, Emperor Yongzheng established a set of confidentiality systems. The writer must write in person, and generally no one else is allowed to write on his behalf, and he must not pass it on to the outside world, otherwise he will be punished. Leather boxes were made from the palace, equipped with locks and keys, and issued to the performance officials, which were used exclusively for storage and transmission of music folds. The excerpts of the superintendent and above were sent to the Inner Qianqing Gate, handed over to the Inner Affairs Office, and went directly to the Imperial Front, unlike the inscription and the Traffic Administration. The excerpts of ordinary officials were also sent to the ministers designated by Emperor Yongzheng, who presented them on their behalf, and the person who handed them over had no right to know the contents of the excerpts. Emperor Yongzheng finished reading it, made a Zhu review, and the excerpt was sent back from the original channel.

In terms of the content of the recital, it is richer than before, and the most important thing is that they use it to discuss government affairs. Emperor Yongzheng said: "If this chapter cannot be exhausted, then the excerpts can be explained in detail, and those that cannot be fulfilled by the decree can also be explained in detail in the excerpts, so as to determine the end." His subordinates could ask the emperor to decide on issues that he did not know or did not understand, and the emperor could ask his subordinates questions about what he did not know or did not understand, so as to increase his knowledge and make a decision.

Many of the major political affairs of the Yongzheng Dynasty, such as the aforementioned policy of apportioning the land into the mu, were finally decided through repeated discussions between Emperor Yongzheng, Huang Bing, Li Weijun and other Xinjiang officials, and the Central Jiuqing. When it is used to discuss political affairs and decide policies, it has given it new vitality. This is also something that the Kangxi Dynasty did not have.

Since Emperor Yongzheng institutionalized the recital, the magistrates have to write the recital for important affairs, and after the approval and approval of Emperor Zhu, they wrote a book of inscriptions for an official report. In this way, the title book becomes an official article, and its value is greatly reduced. The recital replaces the role of the original script. Officials also became more and more involved, making it the main official instrument. This system persisted until the end of the Qing Dynasty.

The second is the establishment of the Military Aircraft Division:

In the fifth year of Yongzheng, he was ready to use troops against the Dzungar Department, and officially sent troops in the seventh year. In line with this, Emperor Yongzheng set up a military aircraft department to assist him in handling military affairs. Emperor Yongzheng appointed the ministers from the scholars, scholars, squires and relatives and nobles, such as Prince Yi Yinxiang, scholars Zhang Tingyu, household scholars Jiang Tingxi, and scholars Ortai, all of whom were ministers of relatives and ministers of military aircraft. There is also the military machine Zhang Jing, who is elected by the cabinet, the Hanlin Yuan, the Six Ministries, the Li Fan Yuan and other yamen officials. All of these people are part-time, and their promotion is still taking place in the original yamen. Therefore, at the beginning of the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department, "there was no special officer". There is no official office in the Military Aircraft Department, and there is a duty room, which is in the Longzong Gate, close to the Yangxin Hall of the Yongzheng Emperor's dormitory, so that the Minister of Military Aircraft can be summoned to discuss matters. The absence of a special officer and a government office makes the Military Aircraft Department a special kind of organization.

The main responsibility of the Military Aircraft Department is to follow the instructions, write them down, and forward them. Emperor Yongzheng summoned the Minister of Military Aircraft every day, sometimes several times a day, like when the Northwest was nervous about the use of troops, Zhang Tingyu "went straight from the morning to the twilight", "waited for one or two drums from time to time", in order to be ready to respond to the call at any time.

When summoned, Emperor Yongzheng instructed how the events should be handled, and sometimes asked the Minister of Military Aircraft about the situation and listened to their opinions in order to make a ruling. The Minister of War and Aircraft drafts the document according to the will. After the edict is formed, it will be issued directly to the relevant officials by the Military Aircraft Department without going through the cabinet.

Zhao Yi, who served as a military aircraft officer in Zhangjing during the Qianlong period, said that the minister of military aircraft "is only for the transmission and compilation, and cannot be used for a little praise and painting." That is to say, the Military Aircraft Department is nothing more than the emperor's secretarial team, which can only faithfully carry out the emperor's orders, and cannot form a force that endangers the imperial power.

Emperor Yongzheng founded the Military Aircraft Department and combined it with the folding system, that is, he replied to his subordinates with Zhu's criticism, summoned the Minister of Military Aircraft to grant political affairs, and the affairs of the world were always handled by him. Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang dismissed the prime minister and promoted the sixth ministry, so that "the world's affairs are all the court in general", he couldn't deal with it alone, so he appointed a bachelor who was still a low-level official at that time to assist in dealing with it, but at that time the cabinet system had not yet been formed, and the university scholars could not help him.

Emperor Yongzheng is different, he has a fixed assistant when he sets up a military aircraft department, and he can deal with political affairs in a timely manner, so his power is more concentrated than that of Ming Taizu, and the power of other emperors before him cannot be compared with him.

Economic reform can be said to be the focus of Yongzheng's New Deal.

In addition to the points mentioned above, there are two important system implementations:

One is to investigate the deficit that was already quite serious in the Kangxi period, and the other is to return the fire to the public.

How serious was the deficit during the Kangxi period?

Yongzheng's description should be the most intuitive: "Over the years, the treasury of the household has been short of millions of taels, and I know it very well in the domain. He also said, "Recently, there have been many people who have been fighting for grain in the prefectures and counties of the prefecture and prefecture in shortcoming," and "the shortage of money and grain in the treasury may be as much as hundreds of thousands in recent times."

Emperor Yongzheng was well aware of the serious situation of corrupt officials and corrupt officials, fraud and shortage of money and grain, and was determined to rectify the rule of officials and check the money and grain. The order was given within a month of his accession. First of all, he talked about the necessity of cleaning up: the lack of money and grain in various places is either extorted by their superiors or their own encroachment on fishing, which is illegal. First, Emperor Daxing was lenient and benevolent, and did not clarify the code of the corrupt officials, and the so-called extortion and arrest were just false stories, and the debt was still the same. However, as a result, the treasury is empty, and once there is something happening in the local area and there is an urgent need for expenditure, it is not a shallow matter, so it must be inventoried. He then talked about the policy of cleaning up, that if there is a deficit in the locality, it should be made up within three years, and if the limit is not completed, the crime will be severely punished.

After the clean-up order was issued, there was movement from the central government to the local government. The household department found out that the deficit was 2.5 million taels, and Emperor Yongzheng ordered the successive officials, officials and officials of the ministry to compensate 1.5 million yuan, and the other million was made up by the household department year by year. Li Yinggui, an official of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and others fraudulently spent more than 100,000 taels of money and grain, and Emperor Yongzheng copied their family property to compensate.

In the first year of Yongzheng, the local inventory was carried out generally, and there were many local officials who were dismissed from their posts and their family properties were seized that year, including Zhang Shengbi, the political envoy of Huguangbu, Zhang Anshi, the envoy of Hunan, Wu Cunli, the governor of Jiangsu, Li Shiren, the political envoy of Jiang'an, and Wang Shun, the grain road of Jiang'an. Su Keji, the former governor of Shanxi, was accused of embezzlement of 4.5 million taels, and Emperor Yongzheng confiscated his family property and ordered his family Zhao Qi to help compensate 200,000 taels.

After three years of strict investigation, considerable results have been achieved, and the central government's clean-up has basically been completed, and some provinces and autonomous regions, such as Zhili, Henan, Shanxi, and other provinces, have made up for the shortfall. Some provinces have also gained some effect, but they have tried to end it hastily. Emperor Yongzheng was extremely dissatisfied with this, and ordered a three-year extension of the time limit, and the period of affairs should be completely clarified, otherwise the crime of supervision and punishment would be punished.

The return of fire consumption to the public is an open-source means:

When the magistrate levied a tax on money, he would collect more money on the grounds of attrition.

In July of the second year of Yongzheng, it was promoted to the whole country, changing the "consumption envy" surtax since the Ming Dynasty to a statutory positive tax, and the system of raising incorruptible silver, with the intention of cracking down on the arbitrary apportionment of local officials. This move has concentrated the right to collect taxes, lightened the additional burden on the people, increased the salaries of foreign officials, and played a positive role in rectifying the administration of officials and reducing corruption. However, in addition to the amount of fire consumption, the prefectures and counties secretly increased their allocation, which failed to fundamentally improve the governance of officials.

Fire consumption is the Ming Dynasty Zhang Juzheng after the implementation of a whip law, the tax is generally levied silver, the people pay the silver due to the amount of tax is not too much, most of the small pieces of broken silver, the state and county government summary to hand over to the treasury, to smelt the broken silver into a large piece, in the process of broken silver smelting loss, the state and county officials require the people to make up, so in addition to the tax silver, the taxpayer has to pay more, the extra part is called "fire consumption", used to compensate for the loss of smelting broken silver and transportation costs.

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the collection of fire consumption was more than that of the Ming Dynasty, according to the literature, the provinces in the late Kangxi period levied fire consumption in the general provinces reached three or four yuan, the highest reached seven or eight yuan, and the people were overwhelmed. In addition to the insatiable greed of local officials and the use of fire consumption to take advantage of the use of fire consumption, the increase in the amount of fire consumption in the Qing Dynasty was also related to the implementation of a low salary system for officials in the early Qing Dynasty and allowing local officials to levy more fire consumption to make up for their shortcomings.

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the average county salary was only 45 taels, which was far from enough to support the family, hire the master, bribe the boss, and usher in the expenses of sending to. The state and county officials also had to give gifts to the prefects, Taoist officials, envoys, political envoys, governors, governors and their butlers, and doormen, while local officials had to give gifts to the central yamen and ministers personally.

On the one hand, the frenzied collection of fire consumption corrodes the entire bureaucratic ranks, on the other hand, it increases the burden on the people, and at the same time affects the growth of state tax revenues. In the early days of Kangxi, he issued an order prohibiting state and county officials from privately levying fire, but due to the opposition and resistance of local officials, the ban continued repeatedly, and the imperial court acquiesced. When Yongzheng arrived, Yongzheng made a decisive decision: the provinces would return the fire consumption to the public, and also issue the incorruptible silver as a financial subsidy for officials.

The reform of the system of returning fire consumption to the public has achieved remarkable results: First, it has strengthened the centralization of power, weakened the financial power of the local governments, and changed the fire consumption revenues that have always been controlled and managed by the local governments to the centralized control and management of the central government, thus increasing the degree of dependence of local governments on the central government; second, it has curbed the unhealthy trend of local officials indiscriminately levying and increasing the number of people without permission, and clarified the rule of officials. The maintenance of honest silver has led to a significant reduction in corrupt practices among local officials. Third, it has lightened the burden on the people. Fourth, the central government's fiscal revenue has been greatly increased.

However******** effect at the time was actually not significant.

During the Yongzheng period, the system of raising incorruptible silver was still in the exploratory stage, and the amount of incorruptible silver raised by officials in various places varied greatly and there were many changes, such as the Yunnan Governor's initial set of 17,000 taels of incorruptible silver, which was then reduced to 12,000 taels, and then reduced to 10,550 taels; the Sichuan governor's initial set of 12,000 taels of incorruptible silver, then increased to 18,864 taels, and then reduced to 10,000 taels; and the incorruptible silver of the Shandong and Henan governors was as high as 20,000 taels, and then there were many adjustments. Others, such as the governor, the political envoy, the envoy of the procurator, and the officials of the prefecture and county, also had uneven and varied a lot.

In view of this, in the 12th year of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong proposed that the amount of incorruptible silver should be distributed in accordance with the principle of "the distance and proximity of the locality, the complexity and simplicity of affairs, and the amount of consumption", and in the 25th year of Qianlong, the amount of incorruptible silver in each province was adjusted, so that the amount of incorruptible silver in the provinces has been basically uniform. Basically, the higher the grade, the more abundant the incorruptible silver is. After the implementation of the system of maintaining incorruptible silver, it has become the main income of officials.

Compared with the huge amount of honest silver, the official salary is insignificant and is increasingly ignored.

"However, the good officials are few, and they take the same as before. ”

The most typical example is that He Shen was an official for more than 20 years, and the embezzled money and goods were converted into more than 1 billion taels of silver, which was equivalent to 14 times the government's financial revenue for ten years and the private property of King Louis XIV, and it was also equivalent to 16 times the silver reserve of the treasury in the fifth year of Yongzheng and 100 times the silver reserve of the treasury in the last year of Kangxi.