On the one hand, in addition to the fact that the "equalization and equal loss" did not have much significance for the current Qin Empire and was deliberately ignored by Zhang Jiashi, the fundamental reform of the economic system of some famous dynasties in later generations was also ignored by Zhang Jiashi because it was not suitable for implementation at this time.

One is the large-scale implementation of "changing the land and returning to the stream and returning the fire to the public" that began in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and was implemented on a large scale in the Yongzheng period, and the other is "the official gentry pays grain in one".

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Changing land and returning to the country is not so much an economic change as a change in the way ethnic minorities are governed.

The Qin Empire is not without the existence of ethnic minorities at present, on the contrary, in the Qin army under the command of Zhang Jiashi, there is a considerable number of Miao and Baiyue mountain infantry units.

That is to say, since these people have become members of the Qin army, the Qin Empire also has a certain degree of strength in governing these places during this period.

Among them, for the Miao system in Qianzhong County, Zhang Jiashi benefited from some influences, and had a close relationship with local governance or cooperation with local natives.

At this time, it was not appropriate to implement it in these places, because it might destroy the Qin Empire's influence base in the local area and even cause a series of problems.

Changing the land and returning to the stream refers to changing the Tusi system to the Liuguan system. It is also known as the Tusi reflow, the soil and the waste land, which began in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and refers to the abolition of the Tusi leaders who originally ruled the ethnic minorities and changed them to the central government of the imperial court.

Changing the land and returning to the stream is to change the management method of ethnic minority Tusi into a Han style of official management. Tusi is the head of the original ethnic group, and the liuguan is appointed by the central government. Changing the land and returning it to the river is conducive to eliminating the backwardness of the Tusi system, and at the same time strengthening the central government's rule over some areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in the southwest. After the reform, there were still some Tusi rebellions, the largest of which was the Wumeng Tusi rebellion.

The Tusi system was developed on the basis of the county system in the Tang and Song dynasties, and its essence was to "govern the people with local officials", recognizing the hereditary leadership status of various ethnic minorities and giving them official titles for indirect rule. Some local officials wantonly killed the people on the grounds of hereditary inheritance, and for the sake of the border, "the Han people were destroyed by it, and the Yi people were poisoned by it." ”。 Even there was a fight or war within the Tusi family, and in the 38th year of Kangxi (1699), the Lu family of the Yi nationality in Dongchuan killed each other because of the struggle for the inheritance of Tufu.

In order to solve the shortcomings of the long-standing Tusi separation, the monarchs of the Ming and Qing dynasties have begun to brew to solve this problem. There are generally two methods for changing the land and returning to the stream: "One is to change the land from the top down, first change the land government, and then change the land state." The second is to seize all favorable opportunities to carry out the work, if there is no heir to the local officials, there is no successor, or if the clan is in contention, they will send a liuguan to take over; after the local officials have a vendetta against each other, and after they are pacified, they will send a liuguan to take over; some local officials who commit crimes or are suppressed against the dynasty will be dismissed for their crimes and replaced by liuguan." In some cases, when the local people applied to the feudal dynasty to "change the land and return to the stream," the dynasty dismissed the hereditary status of the local officials and changed them to liuguan with the so-called intention of serving the people. In short, when the feudal dynasty had the opportunity, it immediately seized the opportunity to change the stream......

The Tusi system implemented at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty had many drawbacks, such as the Tusi tyrannically ruled the people internally, rebelled against the central government infrequently, harassed the Han people bordering it, and there were constant wars between the Tusi. In order to solve the shortcomings of the long-standing Tusi separation, most of the rulers of the Ming and Qing dynasties advocated the implementation of the policy of changing the land and returning it to the stream. That is, in places where conditions are ripe, the hereditary system of Tusi will be abolished, and prefectures, departments, prefectures, and counties will be established, and liuguan with a certain term of office will be dispatched for management.

The Tusi system is a management system implemented by the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties in the southwest and southeastern minority areas, which was developed from the county system of the Tang and Song dynasties, that is, the leaders of the ethnic minorities were appointed as Tusi and Tuguan. They were given the right to rule over the area under their jurisdiction in accordance with local traditions. In the border areas, the imperial court even allowed the Tusi to keep their troops.

The Tusi system is under the condition of low level of productivity, inconvenient transportation, and huge differences in national culture. It has played a certain positive role. However, the Tusi have been officials for generations, monopolizing one side, and some Tusi are tyrannical and lawless, carrying out political oppression and economic plunder against the people in their territory. With the development of society, the Tusi system has become increasingly decadent and backward, and it has become inevitable to abolish it.

The Ming Dynasty was not only the heyday of the Tusi system, but also the starting point of the collapse of the Tusi system due to the need to strengthen centralized power and began to restrain and weaken the Tusi power. After the Ming Dynasty pacified Yunnan, from the Hongwu to the orthodox years, various measures and even war methods were adopted to smash the frontier crisis caused by the separatist force Luchuan, and the territory of the southwest frontier was greatly expanded. In order to adapt to the social development of the southwest frontier under the new situation, the Ming Dynasty gradually established a set of administrative region system of hierarchical management of "inner border area" and "outer border area" in the southwest frontier, which profoundly affected the development and formation of the southwest frontier.

The national general chronicles and Yunnan Tongzhi compiled in the Ming Dynasty completely recorded the social situation of Yunnan from Hongwu to Tianqi, whether it was the Huanyu Tongzhi, the Ming Dynasty Unification Chronicles, or the Jingtai Yunnan Tujing Chronicles, Zhengde Yunnan Chronicles, Wanli Yunnan Tongzhi, Tianqi Dian Chronicles and other books, which reflected the administrative construction of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty were recorded separately according to two types, and the "internal and external" characteristics of the Ming Dynasty's southwest frontier administrative region system were seen through.

The earliest extant Yunnan Tongzhi of the Ming Dynasty, Jingtai Yunnan Tujing Chronicles, records the administrative establishment of the Yunnan Buzheng Division: "Zhili Mansion, Prefecture, Sifan 29, Waiyi Mansion, Prefecture, Sifan 17. ”

It is worth noting why the Yunnan Buzheng Division is under the jurisdiction of "Zhili Mansion, Prefecture, Division" and "Waiyi Prefecture, Prefecture, Division"?

What is "Waiyi"?

As contained in the book, the establishment of Yunnan political regions in the sixth year of Jingtai is: Yunnan Buzheng Division, Zhili Mansion, Prefecture, Division: Yunnan Mansion, Chengjiang Mansion, Qujing Military and Civilian Mansion, Xundian Military and Civilian Mansion, Wuding Military and Civilian Mansion, Lin'an Mansion, Guangxi Prefecture, Guangnan Prefecture, Yuanjiang Military and Civilian Mansion, Zhenyuan Mansion, Malongta Langdian Governor's Office, Chuxiong Mansion, Yao'an Military and Civilian Mansion, Jingdong Mansion, Shunning Mansion, Yongning Mansion, Lancang Wei Military and Civilian Command Embassy, Beisheng Prefecture, Zheledian Governor's Office, Dali Mansion, Menghua Mansion, Heqing Military and Civilian Mansion, Lijiang Military and Civilian Mansion, Golden Tooth Military and Civilian Command and Envoy, Tengchong Military and Civilian Command Mission. Yunnan Waiyi Yamen Prefecture, Prefecture and Division: Mubang Military and Civilian Propaganda Division, Myanmar Military and Civilian Propaganda and Consolation Division, Mengyang Military and Civilian Propaganda and Consolation Division, Cheli Military and Civilian Propaganda and Consolation Division, Eight Hundred Dadian Military and Civilian Propaganda and Consolation Division, Laos Military and Civilian Propaganda and Consolation Division, Mengding Mansion, Menggen Mansion, Ganya Xuanfu Division, Nandian Xuanfu Division, Longchuan Xuanfu Division, Zhenkangzhou, Wandian Prefecture, Dahou Prefecture, Weiyuan Prefecture, Mangshi Yuyi Chief Lawsuit, Niuwu Yuyi Chief Lawsuit.

Since the whole province of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty was at the forefront of the southwest frontier, the above-mentioned way of recording the administrative regions of "waiyi" and "zhili" reflects that the system of the southwest frontier political regions has a distinction between "inside" and "outside".

The political districts of the "Zhili Yunnan Buzheng Division" recorded in the "Jingtai Yunnan Tujing Chronicles" are the 12 prefectures, the seven military and civilian offices, the three military and civilian command and envoy divisions, one state, and the two chief officials, and the political districts that belong to the "Waiyi Yamen" have six military and civilian propaganda and comfort divisions, two imperial Yi mansions, three Xuanfu divisions, four imperial Yi prefectures, and two imperial Yi chief officials. This shows that the forms of administrative divisions such as prefectures, prefectures, and divisions coexist in the two divisions of "Zhili" and "Waiyi", so the form of administrative divisions is not the basis of the division. However, from the perspective of geographical distribution pattern, the most obvious difference between the two sets of political divisions is the geographical situation of the frontier: the so-called "Zhili Prefecture, Prefecture and Division" are all areas within Yunnan, while the "Waiyi Yamen Prefecture, Prefecture and Division" are all located in the periphery and border areas of Yunnan's "Zhili Prefecture, Prefecture and Division", thus forming the pattern of "hinterland" of Yunnan and "Outer Frontier Administrative Region" of Waiyi Yamen Prefecture, Prefecture and Division.

The Ming Dynasty had already begun to consider abolishing the Tusi system, and instead set up prefectures, departments, prefectures, counties and other institutions in minority areas, and dispatched liuguan for a certain term of office for direct management, which was called "changing the land and returning to the stream". The early reforms were moderate. In the event of the extinction of the heirs of the local officials, the vendetta between the earth palaces, or the suppression of rebellions, and the dismissal of the local officials for crimes, the local Tusi system will be abolished and replaced by liuguan.

This contradiction, which arose under the condition that the contradiction between the local officials and the feudal dynasty was becoming increasingly acute, existed for a long time since the Tang and Song dynasties. With the continuous development of the social productive forces, the system of local officials is becoming less and less suitable for the needs of society. The constant resistance and struggle of the broad masses of the people shook the rule of the local bureaucratic system. At the same time, the local officials increasingly opposed the feudal dynasty and opposed its jurisdiction. This kind of behavior that is detrimental to the national unity of the feudal dynasty is naturally intolerable to the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, it is imperative to "change the land and return to the stream".

In the eleventh year of Wanli, Liu Shi, the governor of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, promoted Liu Ling to Tengyue guerrilla, and Deng Zilong to serve as a general in Yongchang. In Yaoguan, the Burmese soldiers were defeated. Liu Ling and Deng Zilong took advantage of the victory to pursue, led their troops out of Longchuan and Mengmi, and arrived at Ava. Burmese will Meng Spoon down. The invading Burmese soldiers of Longchuan, Manmo, and Mengyang fled one after another. Liu Ling returned to Longchuan to capture Yuefeng's father and son, and dedicated himself to the court.

More than a year of border unrest has been put to rest. The original Burmese chieftain Mangli should be attached to the southwestern Tusi from the association. The leader of the barbarian Mo is Shun, and he was in the same position as Yue Feng at the beginning, and he was attached to Mangying. When Liu Ling led his troops into Longchuan, Yue Fengyi's army surrendered, and Sishun tied up the Burmese and the elephant horses. Liu Ling, as the deputy general of the General Military Administration, Linyuan Counselor, "moved the town to Barbarian", "relegated the Jinsha River, built a platform at the former site of Wang Ji, and was very famous. "Jianda will be executed in Manmo. ”

This is the world-famous Weiyuan Camp, which is located in present-day Bhamo in Burma. On February 21 of the twelfth year of Wanli (1584 AD), Liu Ling recruited Meng Yang, Mu Bang, Meng Mi, and Longchuan Tusi to build an alliance and swear: "Six comforts are expanded, three are restored, all Yi is sincere, and tribute is forever. ”

In the thirteenth year of Wanli, the Manmo pacification division was added, and the Manmo Tuguan Sishun was appointed as the pacification envoy. Liu Ling remembered the victory of this battle and said: "On November 26 of the last year of Wanli Gui, Heng Lance swore an oath to divide the sentry and marched together, and went straight to the thief's nest. ...... The tiger's den laughs and talks, the merit is not fighting, the wolf smoke breathes, the performance is at the bottom of Xianning, according to the Jinsha, the city is barbaric; the words are big but not the carrying; through the treasure well, across the South Yunnan, the letter is not good and unfavorable. The land is full of pioneers, far and near is no less than thousands of miles, and the captives and plunderers are estimated to be hundreds of millions of people. ...... In February, the plough was empty. ”

Liu Ling and Deng Zilong conquered Burma, defeated Mang Yingli, and "entangled Zhuyi and fought the bloody Weiyuan camp," and achieved a decisive victory, but Mang Yingli's forces were not completely wiped out. Liu Ling soberly realized that "although the territory has been cleared, the Mang chieftain is wanton, if it is not urgently exterminated, it will eventually spread as a bane." We should take advantage of the victory to discuss, "after the peace, another plan to change the soil and set up the stream, in addition to pacifying, it is more appropriate to build a fortress and set up a general to control the key rush, and set up the yamen of the division and the horns." The strategy of accompanying the tuntian is to have enough food, and the wealth can make the rich, and the guarantee is strong in the form; and the aborigines are trained to be foot soldiers, and the strength can be strong, and the border is almost in trouble. ...... The peace of southern Yunnan will always be safe.

However, Liu Ling's plan was not taken seriously by the authorities, and not only did he not give support, but he transferred Liu Ling out in the 15th year of Wanli (1587 AD). Liu Lingzhen was barbarian about two years, and the Tusi on the border of Fusui had no time to exterminate Dongwu Mangyingli and completely quell the rebellion, so he left with regrets, Xu Ci said in the "Preface to the Western Expedition to Burma by Fufeng Pinggong": "...... In the first war, he took Hanqian, and then he won Yue Feng, in the third war and recklessly, and in the fourth war, the old warblers of Burma retreated. ”

The officers and men were full of expectations for Liu Ling's conquest of memory, but Liu Ling was dismissed from his post before the third or fourth war.

During the prosperous period of the Qing Dynasty and the Yongqian Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and the central government had enough strength to strengthen its rule over the minority areas. In the fourth year of Yongzheng, Ortai vigorously promoted the policy of changing the land and returning it to the river, that is, the central government selected officials with a certain term of office to directly manage the government affairs of minority areas. "The method of making seedlings should be used in conjunction with Enwei. "Guangshun Changzhai Tusi provoked the officers and soldiers, but was devastated by the Qing army, and set up the Changzhai Hall.

During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty in China, the Tusi system was abolished in some ethnic minority areas in southwest China, and the political reform of the liuguan system was implemented. In order to solve the disadvantages of the division of Tusi, in the fourth year of Yongzheng, Ortai, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, proposed to abolish the hereditary system of Tusi, set up prefectures, departments, prefectures, and counties, and send liuguan with a certain term of office to manage them. Emperor Yongzheng praised this very much and asked him to handle it carefully. In the sixth year, he ordered Zhang Guangsi, the envoy of Guizhou, to implement the policy of changing the land and returning it to the river in the southeast of Guizhou. At the same time as the establishment of prefectures and counties, military institutions were added. At the same time, the Qing government abolished the original Tusi service system, and as in the hinterland, taxes were levied according to the mu of land, and the amount was generally less than that of the hinterland, and the goal of Yunnan and Guizhou to be reclaimed and returned to the land was basically achieved in the ninth year of Yongzheng. The Tusi system was abolished, the elements of rebellion were reduced, and the government's rule over the frontiers was strengthened, which was conducive to the social and economic development of minority areas.