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The circulation time of "Grip the Sutra" may be in the last years of the Three Kingdoms. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info but before the appearance of Ma Long's "Eight Formations Overview", the "Grip Qi Sutra" was not recorded in the history books.

At the very least, even the content of the two military books of "Three Strategies" and "Liutao" is also not seen in the detailed comparison of "Grip Qi Jing".

However, in the "Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicle", there is no corresponding description of the "Grip of Qi Jing".

Although it is possible that the "Sutra of Grasps" is the only one that was lost and obtained by future generations, this possibility is not strictly speaking.

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In addition to the idea of the art of war, there is also a part of the content of "Li Weigong Asks the Right" that mentions Tang Taizong and Li Jing's understanding of employing people and appointing foreign clans to raze and control raze:

Taizong said: "Near the Khitan and Xi are all subordinate, and the two governors of Songmo and Raole are all protected in Anbei." How about I use Xue Wanche?"

Jing said: "Wan Che is not as good as Ashina Sheer and the power of the obsessive and the deed, and this is the knowledge of the soldiers." The ministers taste the pine desert, Rao Le mountains and rivers road, the love is smooth, as far as the Western Regions tribes more than a dozen kinds, the history is credible. The subordinates taught them to form a formation, and they all nodded their heads in obedience. I hope that Your Majesty will let it go, if it is thorough, it will be brave and unscrupulous, and it is difficult to be alone. ”

Taizong said: "All the people are envoys of the Qing Dynasty! The ancients said, 'Attacking barbarians with barbarians, China's momentum is also.'" 'It's a good thing. ”

Taizong said: I put the governor of Yaochi to protect the capital of Anxi, and the soldiers of the Han Dynasty, how to deal with it?

Jing said: The people born in the sky are not different from the Han and the Chinese, but the land is far away from the desert. He will live by shooting, and will learn to fight. If I am kind and caressed, food and clothing, then they are all Han people. His Majesty put this capital to protect, and the ministers asked to collect the Han soldiers, dispose of the interior, reduce the food supply, and the so-called law of the soldiers. However, those who choose Han officials who are familiar with each other and scatter the fort barriers, which is enough to endure for a long time. Or in case of police, the Han pawn will be released.

Taizong said: What is the governance power of "Sun Tzu"?

Jing said: "Treat the near and the far." to wait for work, to be full of hunger", this is a brief statement. Those who make good use of the soldiers, push these three meanings and have six meanings: to lure to come, to be quiet and to be impatient, to treat the heavy and light, and to treat the slackness with strictness. Wait for chaos to govern, and wait for attack to defend. On the contrary, it is powerful. The art of non-governance. An Neng is on the verge of battle!

Taizong said: Today's people practice "Sun Tzu", but they say empty words, and Xianke promotes its meaning. The law of governing power should be told to the generals everywhere.

Taizong said: The old generals and old pawns are withered and destroyed, and the armies are newly replaced.

Jing said: The ministers taste the priests, and they are divided into three classes. The law must be formed first, and the law must be established. Awarded to the military academy, this class also. The law of military academies is to take one as ten, ten as a hundred, and so on. Awarded to the generals, the generals are the teams of the general schools gathered for Chen Tu, and this is also. The general's family is a three-class religion. So the big reading, the inspection system, respectively, the oath of punishment, His Majesty looked at it, and there was nothing to do.

Taizong said: There are several families in Wufa. Who's Important?

Jing said: The minister's case "The Biography of the Zuo Family in the Spring and Autumn Period" is cloudy, first biased and then the army; "Sima Fa" says; five people are in the army; "Wei Xuanzi" has a binding order; and the Han system has a ruler and a military symbol. Later generations used paper for it, so it lost its system. According to the law, from five to twenty-five, from twenty-five to seventy-five, this is the system of seventy-two soldiers and three soldiers. If the chariot is ridden, then twenty-five people shall be eight horses. This is the system of five soldiers and five deserved. It is the art of war, but the law of military is essential. There were five in the small column, twenty-five in the large column, seventy-five in the ginseng column, and five in the number, so that there were three hundred and seventy-five people. Three hundred people are positive, sixty people are strange, and one hundred and fifty people are divided into two positives, and thirty people are divided into two odds. Cover left and right and so on. The so-called five people are a team, and ten people are a team, so far, because of this, it is also important.

In this section, there are two main points:

The first is that Li Jing hopes to establish military academies in the name of the state to implement the content of military education, so that the country can obtain more military talents.

But I don't know if Tang Taizong was worried about it, or because he thought that the current time to establish a military academy was not appropriate, and finally shelved Li Jing's suggestion in this regard.

It's just that the Tang Dynasty did not have military schools or similar schools, but the Tang Dynasty created a precedent, that is, martial arts.

Wu Zetian's imperial examination system first started from the imperial examination, and the selection of literary talents who ruled the country and the world were all selected, so the literary examination was the main component of the imperial examination system. In the Tang Dynasty, there were many kinds of subjects, such as Ming Jing, Ming Fa (those who are familiar with laws and regulations), Ming Zi (those who are familiar with calligraphy), Ming Shu (those who are familiar with arithmetic), Jinshi, Junshi (those who are talented and handsome), etc., and then gradually evolved into only two subjects, Ming Jing and Jinshi.

These two subjects were originally just trial strategies, that is, writing essays according to the scriptures and current affairs, and then gradually changed to the Jinshi department focusing on poetry, and the Ming Jing department focusing on "Tijing" and "Moyi".

The so-called scripture is to open a page of the scripture at will, cover the left and right sides, and only expose a line in the middle, and then cover the three characters with a paper sticker to fill in (fill in the blanks). The so-called Moyi is a simple written test of the words and phrases of the scriptures. Tijing and Moyi, as long as you are familiar with the scriptures and commentaries, you can be tested, and writing poetry requires a certain literary talent, so it is difficult to enter the Shike and the first, and the "thirty old Ming Jing, fifty young Jinshi" that circulated at that time refers to this meaning.

Wu Zetian was the only female emperor of China, and the martial arts system began during her reign. Wuju mainly selects generals, and compared with Wenju, its importance is not as good as Wenju, and the status of Wuju is not as good as that of Wenju.

The martial arts in history began in the reign of Wu Zetian, in 702 AD, the military department presided over the martial arts examination, the examination subjects are horse shooting, foot shooting, flat shooting, horse pistol, weight, wrestling, etc. The Song Dynasty stipulated that martial arts should not only be forced, but also military strategy, such as the art of war of Sun and Wu (Sun Tzu, Wu Qi) and so on. In the Ming Dynasty, it was changed to "strategy first, then martial arts", and military strategy was placed above military technology, and if you failed the written test to answer the policy, you could not participate in the martial arts test. In the initial stage, there were three questions in the written test, two questions on the trial strategy, and four books on the other question. Later, the title of the four books was changed to the silent writing of the martial arts. However, most of the military positions in the Ming Dynasty were inherited by Shiyin, and those who were gradually promoted by the ranks, and the military selection was only a supplementary form.

The situation in the Qing Dynasty was very different. From the institutional point of view, it basically followed the late Ming Dynasty, and there were not many changes in the examination procedures and methods, but because the rulers of the Qing Dynasty were born nomads and were good at riding and archery, the importance of martial arts greatly exceeded that of the Ming Dynasty. Although the military attachés of the Qing Dynasty still regarded their military background as the "right path", followed by those who were born in the military examination, the number of military attachés continued to increase, accounting for a considerable proportion in the army, because the feudal state vigorously advocated it. The system has become increasingly strict, and the admission is relatively fair, so the practice of martial arts among the people has flourished for a while.

In the Tang Dynasty, martial arts mainly tested weightlifting, mounted archery, rifle shooting, horse pistol and other skills, and there were also requirements for the appearance of candidates, who had to "have a majestic torso and be a general". In the Song Dynasty, it was stipulated that martial arts could not only be forced, but should be "deputy strategy", and asked Sun Wu about the art of war. In the Ming Dynasty, it was changed to "first strategy." followed by martial arts", if you fail the written test of answering the policy. You can't refer to the martial arts test.

In the Qing Dynasty, it was changed to try horse foot shooting first, and the horse shot two times and six arrows, and the middle three were combined. Five of the nine arrows in the foot shot are combined. After that, the strength is compared, including drawing a hard bow, dancing a knife, and lifting a stone. The bow is divided into eight, ten, and twelve forces, the sword is divided into eighty, one hundred, and one hundred and two pounds, and the stone is divided into two hundred, two hundred and fifty, and three hundred pounds. Only those who pass the written test will take the written test.

Before the Song Dynasty, there was no "martial champion". The first Wu champion was born in the time of Song Shenzong, a native of Fujian Xue Yi, and later died in battle with Western Xia. In history, there are also famous generals born in martial arts such as Guo Ziyi in the Tang Dynasty, Xu Huiyan in the Northern Song Dynasty and so on. The martial arts system in China's history was founded in the Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Wu Zetian's Chang'an (700), he "ordered the states of the world to preach and teach martial arts", and determined that under the auspices of the Ministry of War, an examination would be held for the samurai of the world every year, and those who passed the examination would be awarded military positions. It is generally believed that this is the official introduction of "martial arts" or "martial arts" in China's imperial examination system. Since then, the martial arts examination has been inherited by most feudal dynasties and has become an important system for feudal countries to recruit Wubei villages.

The martial arts of the Tang Dynasty focused on technical bravery. The focus is on the immediate marksmanship, and the whole system is not complete enough, so it can only be said that it was the creation period of martial arts. Since the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the martial arts examination has been incorporated into the entire imperial examination system, and the procedures of the three groups of examinations and the examination methods of the outer field examination of martial arts and the infield examination of military books have been determined, and the martial arts system has been regularized. The abolition of martial arts in the Yuan Dynasty is not good. The prosperity of Wuju was the Ming and Qing dynasties. Especially in the Qing Dynasty.

Although martial arts is not the basis for bringing general-level personnel to the country, there is no doubt that the martial atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty is inseparable from martial arts.

If there is no martial arts, I am afraid that the Tang Dynasty's military combat capabilities will decline to a great extent before the Tianbao period.

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And another point. That was the Tang dynasty that formalized the Chinese dynasty that used foreigners as regular armies on a large scale.

Of course, this is actually a helpless move. Because in the turbulent times of communication between the Sui and Tang dynasties, the collapse of the government and military system has been seen.

In the history of military operations in the Tang Dynasty, especially during the reign of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the troops composed of foreigners have become the main force of several protectorates of the Tang Empire.

This can also be seen from the background of several famous generals in the Tang Xuanzong period.

Gao Xianzhi (?-January 24, 756), a famous general in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, was a native of Goguryeo. Handsome, good at riding and shooting, brave and resolute. When he was young, he entered the Tang Dynasty with his father. At the age of 20, he was awarded the rank of general. The official went to the deputy capital of Anxi, the four towns were known as the soldiers and horses, and the prince of Miyun County.

Tubo occupied Xiaobolu, and the Tang Dynasty failed to send troops three times, so in the sixth year of Tianbao (747), he was ordered to be the envoy of the camp. Lead the army to attack, outwit Xiao Bolu, and promote the envoy of Anxi Festival. Tianbao attacked Shiguo (present-day Tashkent, Uzbekistan) for nine years, first made peace, and then raided, capturing its king and his subordinates. The following year, Shi Guo led the Great Eclipse to attack, and he attacked the Great Eclipse and returned defeated. After entering the court, he was awarded the three divisions of the Kaifu Yi and the right Yulin general.

In the fourteenth year of Tianbao (756), when An Lushan rebelled, Gao Xianzhi went out to fight against rebellion as a deputy commander, lost the front line, retreated to Tongguan, and was framed and killed by Bian Lingcheng, the eunuch of the prison army.

Geshuhan (?-757), a member of the Geshu tribe who was the leader of the Turgish (Western Turkic tribe), was a famous general of the Tang Dynasty.

In the sixth year of Tianbao (747), Wang Zhongsi promoted Ge Shuhan to be the deputy envoy of the Great Dou Army and moved to Zuo Weilang General. During the Tianbao period, he fought with Tubo in Kubahai, repeatedly broke Tubo, and was awarded the general of the right military guard. Wang Zhongsi was jealous of Prime Minister Li Linfu, so he framed Wang Zhongsi for "wanting to serve the prince", and Xuanzong replaced Wang Zhongsi with Ge Shuhan. The imperial court interrogated the loyal heirs severely, and planned to punish them with death. After Ge Shuhan heard about it, he said that Wang Zhonghei was not guilty, and asked to use his official title to atone for the sins of Wang Zhonghei, Xuanzong did not listen, and walked into the inner palace, Ge Shuhan followed all the way, "generous words, tears and tears", Xuanzong was deeply moved, and then demoted the loyal heir to Hanyang (now Hubei) Taishou.

In June of the eighth year of Tianbao (749), Geshuhan commanded the troops of Longyou, Hexi and the Turkic Absi. Attack Stone Castle City. The Tibetan army attacked for many days and suffered heavy casualties. Ge Shuhan was furious and broke the city within three days, otherwise he would kill Gao Xiuyan and Zhang Shouyu, the deputy generals of the siege vanguard. Three days later, the Tang army occupied Shibao City. Meritorious service, Honglu member of the foreign secretary.

In the eleventh year of Tianbao (752), he entered the three divisions of Kaifu Yitong.

August 30, 12th year of Tempo (753). Enter the king of Xiping County. In the thirteenth year of Tianbao (754), he worshiped the prince Taibao again. Add 300 households, and also serve as a doctor.

An Shi was captured by An Lushan during the rebellion, and then An Qingxu killed An Lushan, ascended the throne as the emperor, and soon was defeated by the Tang army and fled, killing Ge Shuhan. In the Tang Dynasty, the emperor gave the captain, and he said that he was martial.

Fugu Huaien (?~765), a native of Tiele during the Tang Dynasty. During the Anshi Rebellion, Fugu Huaien fought with Guo Ziyi, served as the left military envoy of Shuofang, was brave and resolute, and made many military exploits. He also had a good relationship with the Hui Hui, and once sent an envoy to the Hui to borrow soldiers, and married the second daughter and the Hui Hui. In the Anshi Rebellion. Forty-six people in the family of Fugu Huaien were martyred for the country, which can be described as full of loyalty. After quelling the rebellion, Fugu Huaien led Shuo Fang to Tunfenzhou. Later, because he was framed by the eunuch Luo Fengxian, he raised troops to rebel against the Tang Dynasty, and soon died of illness, and the Tang Dynasty still felt sorry for him.

Bai Xiaode. The year of birth and death is unknown, a native of Anxi (now Kucha, Xinjiang), a famous general of the Tang Dynasty.

Bai Xiaode is a descendant of the Qiuzi royal family, brave and strong, good at riding and shooting, and especially good at making two short spears. Later, he was conscripted into the army and was promoted to a junior officer for his repeated military exploits. In the fourteenth year of Tempo (755). The Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Bai Xiaode entered the King of Guanqin with the army and served as a military officer in the army of the general Gu Huaien. After the imperial court recovered the two capitals, Bai Xiaode was promoted to deputy general for meritorious service, and was subordinate to Li Guangbi, the envoy of Hebei Jiedu.

In the second year of the Qianyuan Dynasty (759), the rebel leader Shi Siming attacked Heyang and first sent his general Liu Longxian to challenge. Liu Longxian believed that he was strong in martial arts, and he didn't take Tang Jun in his eyes, and scolded Li Guangbi. Li Guangbi asked the generals who could take Liu Longxian's head, and the generals recommended Bai Xiaode, and Li Guangbi sent Bai Xiaode to fight. Bai Xiaode lived up to expectations and single-handedly beheaded Liu Longxian, and the rebels were very frightened when they saw this, so they fled in panic. Bai Xiaode was promoted to the position of commander of Zhenxi and Beiting camp because of his merits.

In the first year of Baoying (762), due to the fact that Zhenxi and Beiting Xingying Jiedu made Lifei Yuanli greedy and cruel, often withheld military rations and whipped soldiers, thus provoking the soldiers to mutiny, killing Lifei Yuanli, and electing Bai Xiaode as the envoy of Zhenxi and Beiting Xingyingjiedu. In the second year of Guangde (764), he was reappointed as the envoy of the Jufang and Suining festivals, and was ordered to resist the Tubo that invaded the Tang Dynasty. He successively served as the secretary of the criminal department of the inspection school, the secretary of the ministry, and the king of Changhua County. In the fourteenth year of the Great Calendar (779), he served as the young master of the crown prince. Soon after, Bai Xiaode passed away and was posthumously presented to the crown prince.

And during the period of Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, there were also foreigners who were famous generals:

Obsessed with losing his thinking: the year of birth and death is unknown, Turkic, married Tang Gaozu Li Yuan's daughter Jiujiang Princess as his wife, worshiped Ma Duwei, and was named the Duke of Anguo. Originally a confidant of the ****** Jieli Khan, he led his troops to invade the Tang Dynasty and surrendered. In the fourth month of the ninth year of Zhenguan, February of the nineteenth year, and the first month of the twentieth year, the leader of the army led by Zhizhi Sili defeated the Tuyuhun army and the Xue Yantuo army in Juruchuan, Xiazhou and other places, so that the northern border of the Tang Dynasty was stabilized from then on. On the third day of the second month of the fourth year of Yonghui of Tang Gaozong, he lost his thinking and was implicated in the rebellion of Fang Xuanling's second son, Fang Xuanling, and was sent to Shanzhou. In Longshuo, he was reinstated as the governor of Guizhou, and died of illness soon after.

Ashina Sheer: (609-655): Turkic man, famous general in the early years of the Tang Dynasty. Ashina Sheer was the second son of Luo Khan of the ****** Khanate. In the second year of Zhenguan (628), Ashina Sheer defeated the Western Turkic Khanate and established himself as Dubu Khan. After that, he led an army to attack Xue Yantuo, was defeated, and fled to Gaochang.

In the ninth year of Zhenguan (635), Ashina Sheer led 10,000 people to defect to the Tang Dynasty for fear of the retribution of the Western Turks, and was named the general of the Left Cavalry Guard, and married Princess Hengyang, the sister of Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. In the fourteenth year of Zhenguan (640), Ashina Sheer served as the head of the march, and together with Hou Junji, he attacked Gaochang and was named Bi Guogong for his merits. Later, he participated in the Tang Dynasty's wars against Goguryeo and Xue Yantuo, and made many military exploits and had a reputation for being honest. In the twenty-first year of Zhenguan (647), Taizong of Tang appointed him as the governor of Kunqiu Dao, responsible for military operations against the Western Regions. Together with Qibi He Li and others, he led 100,000 people from Tiele and the Turkic tribe to defeat Qiuzi and force the king of Khotan to submit.

After the death of Tang Taizong, Ashina Sheer asked for a burial, but was stopped by Tang Gaozong. Yonghui four years, the official worship of the town army general. Yonghui died in the sixth year (655) at the age of forty-seven, and was given the general of the auxiliary state, the governor of the prefecture, and the burial of Zhaoling. Tang Gaozong ordered his tomb to be built in the shape of a green mountain and erected a monument in recognition of his contribution to pacifying Qiuzi.

Khibi Holi: A native of the Tiele tribe, his grandfather and father were both khans. When he was nine years old, his father died, and in the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), he and his mother led more than 1,000 people from his headquarters to belong to the Tang Dynasty. In the ninth year of Zhenguan (635), the Tang Dynasty sent Qibi He Li and others to Chishuichuan to crusade against Tuyuhun. Seeing the opportunity, he selected more than 1,000 elite soldiers, raided the tent of the king of Tuyuhun, captured the queen of Tuyuhun, and captured more than 200,000 camels, horses, cattle and sheep, and achieved a major victory. Taizong then issued an edict, appointing him as the guard of the North Gate, inspecting the camp affairs of the school, and marrying Princess Lintao to him. In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan (642), when Qibi He Li returned to Liangzhou to visit his mother and younger brother, he was abducted to Xue Yantuo, he scolded Xue Yantuo Khan, and shouted to the east: "How can there be a martyr of the Tang Dynasty who has been humiliated in the court? immediately cut off his left ear to show his loyalty to Datang.

After He Li returned to the Tang Dynasty, he was successively awarded the general of Zuo Xiaowei, the deputy chief of the Kunqiu Road march, and the chief of the Gongyue Road march. Taizong personally conquered Goryeo, he was the head of the former army, and was stabbed with a spear during the siege of the city, and his injuries were serious, and Taizong personally applied medicine to him. Tang Taizong died, and Qi Bi He Li asked to be buried with his body to guard the mausoleum, but was stopped by Tang Gaozong. In the second year of Yifeng, He Li died of illness. Tang Gaozong posthumously presented him as the general of the auxiliary state, the governor of the state, and accompanied the burial of Zhaoling, and said Yi.

(630-689): A native of Baekje (present-day southwestern Korean Peninsula). Earlier, Hei Tooth Tsuneyuki served as a Da rate (Baekje official name) and a county general (equivalent to the position of assassin of the Tang Dynasty) in Baekje State.

From the first year of Longshuo to the third year, Liu Renliang led the army to defeat the Baekje army many times, and Heizhi Changzhi led his troops to surrender to Tang. Soon, Heiya Changzhi was transferred back to China and served as the general of the left army and the assassin of Yangzhou.

In the first month of the third year of Yifeng, Hei Yan Changzhi led 500 soldiers to form a death squad, and attacked the Tubo barracks in the middle of the night, killing more than 300 people, so that the Tang army turned danger into a disaster. After Tang Gaozong heard the report, he rewarded the black tooth Changzhi's merits, promoted him to the general of Zuo Wuwei, and concurrently inspected the Zuo Yulin Army, and served as the deputy envoy of the Heyuan Army, and gave him 500 taels of gold and 500 horses of silk. In July of the second year of Tiaolu, Hei Zhi Changzhi led his troops to repel the Tubo army, and was promoted to the ambassador of the Heyuan Army for his merits, and was rewarded with 400 horses. After taking office, Heiya Changzhi placed more than 70 beacons in the place, opened more than 5,000 hectares of tuntian, collected more than 500 thousand stones of grain every year, and the military food was sufficient, and the defense line of Heyuan was more solid, becoming the backbone of the resistance to Tibet. In November of the first year of Guangzhai, Heiya Changzhi, as the general of the Jiangnan Provincial March, helped the general Li Xiaoyi defeat Li Jingye and put down the rebellion.

In the second to three years of vertical arching, the black tooth Changzhi defeated the ****** army twice. In September of the first year of Yongchang, Zhou Xing framed the black tooth Changzhi for rebellion and was arrested and imprisoned. On the ninth day of October, Heizhi Changzhi hanged himself in prison.

And these famous generals of foreign nationalities were known as vassal generals in Chinese history.

Before the middle of the Tang Dynasty, these feudal generals could be said to have a high status in the Tang army, and even for a period of time, they served as the pillars of the border defense of the Tang Empire.

After the Anshi Rebellion, the status of the Tang Dynasty's vassal generals declined, but it was not cleaned up.

is like Li Keyong in the last years of the Tang Dynasty, he can be said to be a typical general.

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