The classic conditioned reflex that has had a wide impact on later generations, its appearance is accompanied by a series of realities that make countless dog lovers wail in pain. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

If you know anything about the history of science, you will know that Schrödinger, the famous "cat lover", has only the motive of killing cats at most. And Comrade Paplov, who has dealt with dogs all his life, is a real dog sadist.

Uncle Ba's most famous classical conditioning theory is actually his accidental acquisition.

The Nobel Prize in his family was awarded for his research on digestive physiology, especially the study of salivary glands, stomach glands, intestinal glands, etc. In this series of studies, there is a well-known experiment of false feeding. And its experimental method may be difficult for many people who love small animals to accept.

After the start of the experiment, Comrade Pavlov operated on the dog to be experimented.

Start by making a knife on your esophagus and connect it to a tube.

Then make a knife to the stomach and attach another tube.

After they were stitched up, after the dog was hungry, Uncle Ba served the meat to the dog.

The result can be imagined.

Because the dog's esophagus was cut open, and the meat flowed down that tube......

Bizarrely, after the dog had eaten in vain for a few minutes, a large amount of gastric juice flowed from the tube attached to its stomach.

After that, Uncle Ba cut off the dog's vagus nerve.

Although in subsequent experiments, the dog was still eating meat, but it no longer secreted gastric juice.

This famous "fake feeding" experiment proved that when food does not enter the stomach, the stomach will still secrete gastric juice due to the control of the vagus nerve.

The classic conditioned reflex was discovered by accident when he was in the salivary glands.

Uncle Ba's research method is still quite ingenious and at the same time, full of simple and crude style, which includes but not only involves moving a knife to the gill gang of the experimental dog, and then connecting a tube......

Don't think that this "intubation and knife" is a non-technical thing. According to the grapevine, it is also very groundbreaking. This method of performing chronic experiments on healthy live animals allows for long-term observation of animal physiological processes. Compared with the vivisection of animals after anesthesia, which was popular at the time, it was significantly improved.

As a result, Uncle Ba made a special discovery in the research of species, sometimes if he is not fed, the dog will still salivate.

If it were an ordinary person, it was estimated that he would get by, but Uncle Ba was a scientist and immediately paid attention to this accident. Then, the study of classical conditioning began.

Before each feeding, he gives the experimental dogs some signals (there are many versions of this, some say it's a light, some say it's a rattle, but it doesn't matter). Then, when the dog gets used to the phenomenon. He doesn't feed, just gives signals to see how the dog reacts.

As a result, seeing this signal, the dog will also automatically secrete saliva.

As the experiment continues, the amount of saliva secreted will increase, and the dog's reaction time to the signal will be shortened.

After repeated research, the classical conditioning theory was born.

Classical conditioning involves two concepts. One is an unconditioned stimulus (US) and the other is a conditioned stimulus (CS).

In the case of the dog's saliva experiment, the unconditioned stimulus (US) here is naturally food. Dogs are eating and secreting saliva, which is a natural physiological phenomenon that is imprinted in their genes. The stimulation of food is naturally unconditional for dogs to secrete saliva. That's why it's called unconditioned stimulation.

The second type of conditioned stimulus (CS) is the signals of lights and bells. Normally, dogs don't secrete saliva from these inedible things. In order for these vain things to be effective, some means must be used. Therefore, it is called conditioned stimulus.

These two stimuli, in order to make a connection, to have a classical conditioning, there must be some requirements.

That is the conditional stimulus (lights, bells), which must be given to the dog first, and then the unconditioned stimulus (food) must be used to make some connection between them. If the order is reversed, it is pointless. There is also an optimal reaction time, which experiments have shown to be around 0.5 seconds.

There is a process of extinction of classical conditioning, and if you only need signals (lights, bells) for a long time, but do not give food, the dog will gradually lose its ability to reflex.

Generalization and differentiation also occur later.

Generalization of conditioned reflexes refers to the reaction to related stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli.

For example, when training a dog, a bell is used. However, when a dog has established a classical conditioning, it may not only respond to this ringtone, but also to sounds and sounds similar to bells.

There is an old saying that has a visual explanation for this.

"Once bitten by a snake, ten years afraid of the well rope", here is the generalization of conditioned reflexes.

After the reflex of the snake and the pain was established, not only was the person afraid of the snake, but he also trembled at the rope of the well, which was similar to the snake.

As for the differentiation of conditioned reflexes, it is the opposite of generalization.

Taking the above example, when a person is afraid of a snake because of the pain he has suffered, he suddenly becomes very careful about the well rope, which is generalization. But when he suddenly came to his senses and realized that he was afraid of a rope or something, it was too stupid. After all, the rope and the snake are completely incompatible, and it is impossible to jump up and bite yourself. Gradually, the fear of the rope disappeared, but he was still afraid of snakes, which is the differentiation of conditioned reflexes.

The value of Uncle Ba's theory is immeasurable.

In addition to the contribution of biology, it is almost groundbreaking for psychology. In this discipline, an extremely important school, the behaviorist school, took him as its ancestor.

It can even be said that Uncle Ba relied on this set of theories to NTR Comrade Freud's position in psychology.

If you have some understanding of psychology today, you will know that Freud, the most famous psychologist, has changed from a pioneer to a martyr.

Why?

Because of his large set of theories, basically all of them have been denied, leaving only one or two who are still exerting their residual heat. Even the psychoanalytic school he created on his own was far from his framework. And even the psychoanalytic school is now dying.

Psychologists nowadays talk about Freud, and some even scoff at it. In their eyes, this man is a god at all, because his set is not science, because it is completely unfalsifiable. (The definition of science, including falsifiability, is covered in more detail in the following chapters.) ）

Even if Freud's historical status is particularly prominent, when it comes to the question of the grandfather of psychology, Uncle Ba also presses him.

The weirdest thing is that Uncle Ba himself doesn't think he is a psychologist, and he even hates being called a psychologist.

Even though he himself is one of the few people who have contributed the most to psychology.

Because, as a scientist, Uncle Ba looked down on the psychology of the time at all.