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Zhang Jiashi himself knows very well that even if a country's central finances are really bad, it is possible to solve the urgent need for a while, but on the whole, selling officials and lords represents the political corruption of a country, and it is more likely to lead to the impotence of the authority of the law. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 info copy URL access %77%77%77%2e%76%6f%64%74%77%2e%63%6f%6d

This is especially evident from the late Han Dynasty's selling of official mantles and the "money into the private treasury" of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty.

The Yellow Turban Rebellion was certainly a natural disaster, but if it were not for the loss of the bureaucracy's bottom line and the collapse of the state's authority and enforcement of the corresponding laws, the scale of the Yellow Turban Rebellion would definitely not be as large as in history.

Therefore, Zhang Jiashi himself can also understand some of the inducements of the troubled times at the end of Qin, not the so-called tyranny of Qin law, but the legal authority of the Great Qin Empire has been completely lost, which eventually led to the ineffectiveness of formal legal documents, and after the uprising of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, the rule of the Great Qin Empire was greatly weakened, and finally caused a series of chain reactions.

And this can also be seen from the fact that the Great Qin Empire did not seem to have large-scale rebellions in the chaotic times at the end of the Qin Dynasty, as long as it ruled for more than 40 years.

In addition to selling official positions, in fact, there is also an additional way to make up for the state finances rather than wasting people's resources.

That is, in terms of selling official beards, a more extensive donation system.

......

Donation, also known as election, open admission, sometimes also called donation, donation, it is usually set by the government, set the price, sell it publicly, and become a system, this is the donation system.

The donation system is not exactly the same as selling official positions, but a way for the government to collect private funds in a broad sense without spending people who have little money. (Of course, this is actually hard to do...... ）

The government system such as selling officials and opening the middle system may be an act, even if it is a category of the donation system.

Historically, the scope of the donation system was very extensive, but the prevalence of the donation system in the pure sense was mainly implemented during the Qing Dynasty.

The donation system was a very important system in the Qing Dynasty, and it complemented the imperial examination system, some people became officials through the imperial examination, some people became officials through the donation system, and there were some other ways. It began in the Shunzhi Dynasty, completed in the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong dynasties, and was redundant in the Xianfeng and Tongzhi dynasties, and finally announced the unification dynasty. It existed for more than 200 years, and had a very extensive and profound impact on the social politics of the Qing Dynasty, especially the social, political, economic, and cultural aspects of the late Qing Dynasty.

The donation system during the Qing Dynasty can be said to be a summary of the donation system of the Chinese dynasty......

Because the donation system during the Qing Dynasty already had a more formal set of rules.

1. Unified management:

It includes unified donations, five items that can be donated, military quarters, and war needs; river work, river breach, river control; disaster relief, big famine; camp land reclamation, and coastal defense. These five items can be donated, but not all of them can be donated.

Unified supervisor, head of the Household Donation Bureau.

The money donated was uniformly handed over to the treasury of the Ministry of Households, and later part of it was also distributed to the province for use, mainly to the treasury of the Ministry of Households.

Under the unified policy, officials and officials are not allowed to donate, and officials are in charge of cadres, and officials are not allowed to donate. The officials of the Ministry of Rites cannot donate, and the Ministry of Rites is in charge of education and imperial examinations, so they cannot donate. As far as the Beijing officials are concerned, the level of Shangshu and Shilang cannot be donated, the Langzhong and below can donate, the local officials, governors, and political envoys cannot donate, and the Taoists, prefects, and counties can donate.

Unified qualifications, donations must also be qualified, neighbors must make a guarantee, and the local government must open a register of his nationality and innocence. is a student of Guozijian, and Guozijian must issue a certificate of seal, that is, the examination of qualifications must be unified.

2. Clearly mark the price. What is the official and how much is there, there are regulations.

3. There are many officials and few children. There are a lot of officials who donate, and the lack of children, positions, and the real implementation of the inauguration is less.

4. Excessive donations. In the beginning, there were regular donations, and there were regular donations. Later, many regular donations became regular donations, and the more they were donated, the more they became more and more excessive.

From these aspects, the donation system of the Qing Dynasty can be said to be relatively peaceful, but one thing is unavoidable, that is, the donation system will give rise to many privileged classes who have no ability to be officials, which is undoubtedly more harmful than beneficial for a country.

Later generations have summed up four harms of the donation system:

1. Financially, drink to quench your thirst. The original meaning of donation is to solve the financial shortage, and the result of donation is slightly better for a while, but it is to drink to quench thirst, and the future will be endless

2. Culturally, Sven sweeps the floor.

3. In the rule of officials, corruption and corruption.

4. Politically, lose the support of the people.

Obviously, if Zhang Jiashi would support the donation system on the premise of knowing these four conclusions, his brain would undoubtedly be caught in the door.

There is no doubt that there is a very apt mockery of the ancient system of donation.

Three years of Qing Governor's Mansion, 100,000 snowflakes of silver.

Although this sentence did not refer to the harm of the donation system at first, after the prevalence of the donation system in the Qing Dynasty, this sentence became more and more important.

And this sentence itself refers to the fact that in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, because of the three redundancies, the people's tax burden was very heavy.

......

In fact, for Zhang Jiashi, he believes that as a Ming monarch, Zhao Kuangyin's biggest failure is to establish a four-class military system of forbidden army, box army, township soldiers and fan soldiers.

Its original intention is good, but there is no doubt that the most serious of the three redundancies in the Northern Song Dynasty is the problem of redundant soldiers.

The army of the Song Dynasty can be divided into the forbidden army, the box army, the village soldiers and the Southern Song Dynasty "big army" (regular army), the forbidden army is the regular army of the Northern Song Dynasty, known as the "Son of Heaven's guards, to guard the Beijing division, prepare for the conquest". At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, there were fewer forbidden troops, and Song Taizu incorporated the elite of local soldiers into the forbidden army, and there were more than 800,000 in Renzong, most of which were divided into the north, and only a small part were stationed in the south.

The Northern Song Dynasty implemented a conscription system, and family members lived in the barracks. Song Taizu created a forbidden army to change the law, take turns to change the army, and change the command as a unit, usually for a period of three years at a time, family members are not allowed to accompany them, and return to the original station when due, select strong soldiers to supplement the upper level of the forbidden army, eliminate the old and weak soldiers and reduce the next level of the forbidden army or the box army or retire. The forbidden army is divided into cantonment forbidden army, garrison forbidden army and food forbidden army.

The forbidden army is divided into upper, middle and lower three, the front of the palace division of the sun (horse army), Tianwu (infantry army), the dragon guard of the guard horse army division, the god guard of the guard infantry division, called the upper four armies, the front of the palace division of the class, directly from the upper four armies.

Cantonment Forbidden Army: Cantonment garrisons are normal and are mostly sent to inland prefectures and prefectures, and are under the jurisdiction of local governors and prefects. Local prefectures and governments have set up military and horse prisons or prisons, which are specifically responsible for the management, training, and dispatch of the garrison forbidden army and the box army, as well as local public security and the handling of military-civilian disputes. Later, the forbidden army increased greatly, and a large number of forbidden troops were stationed in a certain place in other places, and they were also sent to other places in accordance with the law of changing military forces, and returned to their original places for three years, two years, or one year.

Garrison forbidden army: Where it is changed to the border areas such as Hebei, Shaanxi and other places, there is a local garrison to deploy (metropolitan governor) or deployment (general manager), jurisdiction over the garrison of the forbidden army, with the nature of the border guards sent by the imperial court to the border area, all the full-time garrison of military ministers are deployed or deployed, and the border affairs can be handled by themselves without consulting with local governors such as Zhizhou.

Forbidden army on grain: There are three situations for the forbidden army on grain: First, the strong soldiers in the local army are selected as the forbidden army, such as the "Baojie" forbidden army in Shaanxi, that is, "the soldiers of the three sides, and those who are promoted to the forbidden army due to matters are for the purpose of serving grain (forbidden army)", and they are the forbidden army stationed in the local area for a long time. 2. For example, "those who take food are from their own Beijing division and soldiers, so they listen to their families", they are stationed in other places for a long time in the name of the army that forbids the grain bar. Third, it is to temporarily move the forbidden army from the grain-scarce area to the grain harvest area, and return to the original garrison after the situation changes. For example, "in the future, the year will be abundant, and the order will be returned to Beijing".

Xiang Jun:

At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the elite people in the army around the country were transferred to the imperial court to become the forbidden army, and those who did not wait were left in the local area as a local army, although they occasionally went out to other places, but rarely carried out military training, mainly engaged in engineering service or miscellaneous service, and the Xiang army was also called "conscription", and the local Xiang army was under the jurisdiction of various states and governments, and the Xiang army was subordinate to the Xuanhui Yuan. The military registration of the Xiang Army was returned to the Privy Council, and after the restructuring of Yuanfeng, it was returned to the Ministry of War. As a local army, the Xiang Army is nominally under the jurisdiction of the Guards Horse Army Division and the Infantry Army Division.

After the restructuring of Yuanfeng, they were subordinate to the Taichang, Taifu, Taifu, Guanglu, Sinong Temples, Military Weapons, Shaofu and other superintendents, as well as the Guards and Military Divisions, the Privy Council, and the Military Department, and undertook all kinds of work and miscellaneous work, from wine-making to city repair.

Most of the local chamber armies are based on the work service they are engaged in, such as bridges, rivers, roads, mining, loading and unloading, pastors, yards, water mills, wine affairs, strong cities, prison cities, etc., all of which are specialized service troops. There are also van armies named after many military titles such as Zhuangwu and Wujie, which are mainly used as local armies, and are also engaged in miscellaneous and industrial service when needed.

The Xiang army was mainly used as a conscript, and little military training was conducted. In the second year of the Ming Dynasty (1033), "the privy envoy Wang Shu said: The army of the world has stopped all the battles, and has not tried to teach martial arts, among which there are quite talented and brave people, it is advisable to gradually increase training in order to be promoted to the forbidden army." It was the beginning of the teaching and reading of the Xiang Army, and the Xiang Army that had been taught and read in the future continued to rise to the forbidden army. Before the second year of Qingli (1042), all the Xiang troops who had been taught and read were promoted to the forbidden army, such as "the soldiers of Hedong Bencheng were taught and read and promoted to the forbidden army". At about the same time, they began to set up a special "Teaching and Reading Xiang Army" and "placing two commanders each in Fujian, Guangnan, and the East and West Road Prefectures to teach the Yue Cheng Navy (Xiang Army)." "Although it is said that the Xiang Army, they are all given to train and defend the battle." Later, it was set up in various localities one after another, crowned with military titles such as mighty and strong, and trained according to the regulations of the forbidden army and exempted from labor and miscellaneous service, becoming a local regular army, and still rising to the forbidden army in the future.

Township Soldiers (Militia):

In the early days of the Northern Song Dynasty, township soldiers were set up in various places, Hebei and Hedong had Shenrui, loyal and brave, and strong, Hebei had Zhongshun and strongmen, Shaanxi had Baoyi, Zhaihu, strongmen, and strongman archers, Hedong and Shaanxi had archers, Hebei, Hedong, and Shaanxi had volunteers, Linzhou (now Shenmubei, Shaanxi) had volunteers, Chuanxia had Tuding, Zhuangding, Jinghu had crossbowmen, Tuding, and Guangnan had gunmen, Tuding, Zhuangding and other township soldiers.

Township soldiers usually implement a conscription system, such as "Xianping three years (1000), Zhaohebei family two ding, three ding, four ding, five ding, six, seven three, eight or more four, for the strong." 500 people are the commanders, and the commanders are the envoys; 100 people are the capital, the chief and deputy leaders are two people, and the section level is four people.

In the third year of Xining (1070), the law of protecting the armor was implemented, and ten were one guarantee and a chief was established, fifty were one big guarantee and a large chief was set up, and ten major guarantees were set up as a capital and deputy baozheng. Lord, customers more than two ding, choose one person for the Baoding, you can buy your own bow and arrow and other general weapons and learn martial arts, each big Bao every night to send five Bao Ding patrol, to maintain local law and order, this system gradually implemented to the whole country, the security affairs by the Si Nong Temple in charge. According to the statistics of the ninth year of Xining (1076), there were more than 6.93 million armed guards in the country.

In the following year, more than 560,000 people were trained in Kaifeng, Hebei, Hedong and Zhulu in Shaanxi. In addition, there are more than 240,000 volunteers in Hebei, Hedong and Shaanxi Zhulu, who have not been included in Baojia. The militia and volunteers who have been trained in education and reading are subordinate to the Ministry of War, and the decrees are subordinate to the Privy Council.

Fan Bing, Strongman:

In the western part of Shaanxi Fourth Road and Hedong Road, which bordered Western Xia, the tribal soldiers of ethnic minorities were called "Fan soldiers". In the early days of the Northern Song Dynasty, in fact, only some of them maintained a close relationship with the local government of the Northern Song Dynasty, such as "the leaders of more than 1,470 accounts of familiar households on Jingyuan Road, each with a job name." Cao Wei is handsome on this road, and he is very powerful, and he uses it to level Xiqiang". Li Shibin, Jinming County, Yanyan Road (now Ansaibei, Shaanxi), served as the leader of the Northern Song Dynasty for generations, resisted the Western Xia, and was attacked and killed by the Western Xia in the first year of Kangding (1040). The following year, after Wang Yaochen proposed to reorganize the Fan Army, the Fan Army became one of the main arms of the Song Army. The soldiers of the four roads in Shaanxi are divided into soldiers and strongmen, the soldiers use official horses, and the strongmen use their own horses, which are called strong horses. In the second year of Zhiping (1065), the Tibetan soldiers were concentrated in the Yanyan Road, totaling more than 14,000 people, and the four roads were more than 91,000 strongmen, totaling more than 100,000 people.

Under them: Qinfeng Road has gates, large tribes, small clans, and surnames, and Yanyan Road is divided into clans, Jingyuan Road is divided into clans, and Huanqing Road is divided into several teams, all of which are arranged on the basis of tribes. According to the size of the clan, the big leader is the capital army master, followed by the army master, the deputy army master, the capital Yu Hou, the commander envoy, the deputy commander envoy, the military envoy, and the deputy soldier and horse envoy, as the commander of the army at all levels.

......

Judging from the situation of the forbidden army, the Xiang army, the township soldiers and the Fan soldiers in the Northern Song Dynasty, there is actually a relationship between the forbidden army, the Xiang army and the township soldiers.

It's just that the point is not this, but the point is that whether it is the forbidden army, the box army, the township soldiers, or even the Tibetan soldiers, as long as there are officers and soldiers in the body, they all have to pay salaries.

This can also be understood to mean that even if the salary standard of the township soldiers is the lowest salary in the Northern Song Dynasty, how should this salary be calculated based on the number of Wanbao soldiers (township soldiers) in the Common Era.

Zhang Jiashi said that the emperors of the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty were forced out of this mess, and the reforms that failed many times were forced out...... (To be continued.) )

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