Chapter 59

In the diplomatic system of later generations, due to the corresponding technological development, under normal circumstances, even members of embassies or consulates stationed abroad want to receive orders from home, more often than a telegram, a telephone call or a direct use of the Internet. book network . v o d t . c o m

But in ancient times, in the absence of telegraphs, telephones or even the Internet, it was impossible to have a permanent group of diplomatic envoys stationed abroad for a long time to carry out diplomatic activities.

In terms of the corresponding diplomatic description of "Warring States Policy", for example, "Su Qin said Qin with Lianheng", we can see this:

Su Qin's first general Lian Heng said that King Qin Hui said: "The country of the great king, there are Ba, Shu, and Hanzhong in the west, Hu Raccoon dog and Dai Ma in the north, Wushan and Qianzhong in the south, and food and letter in the east." The fields are fertile, the people are rich, the chariot is ten thousand, the fight is million, the fertile field is thousands of miles, the accumulation is abundant, the terrain is convenient, this so-called Tianfu, the heroic country of the world. With the sage of the king, the people of the people, the use of chariots and horses, and the teaching of the art of war, you can merge the princes, swallow the world, and rule as the emperor. May the king pay less attention, and please do it. ”

King Qin said: "Few people have heard of it: those who are not plump cannot fly high, those who fail to write articles cannot be punished, those who are not morally good cannot make the people, and those who are not politically and religious should not annoy the ministers." Mr. Jin is like a thousand miles away to teach him, and he is willing to take a different day. ”

Su Qin said: "The minister is suspicious that the king can't be used. In the past, Shennong felled and made up for it, the Yellow Emperor cut down Zhuolu and the birds were you, Yao felled the donkey, Shun cut the three seedlings, Yu felled the Gonggong, Tang felled Youxia, King Wen felled Chong, King Wu fell, and Qi Huan fought and won the world. From this point of view, the ancients made the hub of the car gallop, and the words were knotted, the world was one, and the covenant was from the horizontal, and the military revolution was not hidden. The scribes are juxtaposed, the princes are confused, and everything rises up, and it is unreasonable. The rules are prepared, the people are more pseudo-stated, the books are thick and turbid, and the people are insufficient. The top and bottom are worried, the people have nothing to talk about, they are clear, and the armor is getting stronger. The argument is great, the war is endless, the rhetoric is complicated, and the world is not governed. The tongue is deaf, and there is no success, and the world is not close to the faith. Therefore, it is to abolish the civil and military forces, raise the dead soldiers, and embellish the armor and soldiers, and win on the battlefield. Although the ancient five emperors, three kings and five uncles, the Ming lord and the virtuous monarch, often want to sit and cause it, its potential cannot. Therefore, if the war continues, the two armies will attack each other, and the staff and halberd will be forced to fight each other, and then great achievements can be made. It is the old soldiers who are better than the outside, the righteousness is stronger than the inside, the authority is superior, and the people are subordinate to the bottom. Now I want to merge the world, Ling Wancheng, the enemy country, the control of the sea, the son of Yuanyuan, the princes, must be soldiers. Now there is no heir, ignoring the way, all of them are obsessed with teaching, chaotic governance, confused by words, confused by words, immersed in arguments, and drowning in words. From this point of view, Wang Gu can't do it. ”

Said that the book of the king of Qin was ten on the top and said no, the disadvantages of the sable, the gold was exhausted, the resources were exhausted, and he went to Qin and returned, and he walked on the ropes, carried the book, described the withered, the face was black, and the appearance was ashamed. When he returned home, his wife did not get married, and his sister-in-law did not cook. Parents don't talk to each other. Su Qin sighed and said: "My wife doesn't regard me as her husband, my sister-in-law doesn't regard me as my uncle, and my parents don't regard me as my son, which is the sin of all Qin." "It is a night to send a book, Chen Zheng dozens, to get the plan of the Taigong Yin Fu, to recite it, concisely to figure it out. Reading and sleeping, the cone stabbed its strands, and the blood flowed to the feet, saying: "An You said that the lord of the people, can not produce its gold and jade splendor, take the Venerable of the Prime Minister?" ”

So Nai Mo Yan Wu Jique, seeing that the king of Zhao was under the Huawu, he talked with his palm, and the king of Zhao was happy and was named Wu Anjun. Affected by the phase seal, leather car hundred times, splendid thousand pure, white bi hundred pairs, gold overflowing, to follow, about from the scattered horizontal to suppress the strong Qin, so Su Qin phase in Zhao and not pass.

At this time, the world is big, the people of all the people, the power of the princes, and the power of the ministers all want to decide Su Qin's policy. Don't fight for food, don't bother a soldier, don't fight a soldier, don't break a string, don't break a arrow, the princes go on a blind date, and are good at brothers. The husband and sage are in the world and the world, one person uses and the world follows, so it is said: the style is in the government is not in the brave, the style is in the corridor temple, not in the four realms. When Qin Zhilong, the gold is overflowing, turning the hub and riding, showing off in the road, the country of Shandong obeys the wind, so that Zhao Dazhong. And the husband Su Qin, the special poor lane digging the door of the Sanghu Shu of the ear, Fu Shi is the title, across the world, the court said that the king of the princes, the mouth of Du left and right, the world Mo Zhi.

It will be said that the king of Chu, passing by Luoyang, his parents heard it, the Qing palace was removed, Zhang Le set up a drink, and the suburbs welcomed thirty miles. The wife looked sideways and listened. The sister-in-law crouched down, kneeling and thanking herself. Su Qin said: "Sister-in-law, why is she humble in front of her?" and sister-in-law said: "With the position of Jizi, there is more gold." Su Qin said: "Huh! If you are poor, your parents will not have children, and if you are rich, your relatives will be afraid." In the world, the power is rich, but the cover is sudden?"

What can be seen in this chapter of the Warring States Policy is that the existence of diplomats or lobbyists at that time was more purposeful and would make a special trip before dealing with related tasks.

In this way, not to mention the relative inefficiency of such a diplomatic approach, and if there is a major matter between the two countries that wants to be resolved quickly, the relevant personnel have to travel to other countries for several days or even longer before someone can negotiate on the matter.

But even so, this kind of errand with broken legs has actually become a kind of "fragrant" work during the Warring States period.

This is closely related to the diplomatic system of the time:

There is a viewpoint that during the Warring States Period, the Zhou royal family existed in name only, the princes rose up together, replaced and hegemonized, and wars continued, which became the political environment for the birth and development of China's ancient diplomatic thought; economically, the economic foundation of slavery began to disintegrate, and the feudal land ownership system was gradually established, forming the economic foundation for the birth and development of China's ancient diplomatic thought; culturally, a hundred schools of thought contended and the ideological field was unprecedentedly active, and a large number of outstanding thinkers were born. Politicians and military strategists provided intellectual support for the birth and development of China's ancient diplomatic thought.

It was from this period that the concept of "state" was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and received unprecedented attention as the princes divided their respective territories and the original economic foundation collapsed, and the territorial rule and the survival of the political power were closely combined. As a result, the early international relations on the land of China were formed, and the idea of diplomacy came into being, and it contained many characteristics.

First of all, the germination of this kind of diplomatic thinking is the result of the combined effect of the realities of international relations and domestic politics.

From the perspective of the establishment of the foreign policy of the vassal states, the domestic political environment and their own strength determine the perspective of analyzing the international situation, thus influencing the foreign policy, and from the perspective of the strategists' own development, their basic analysis of international relations determines their different influences on the domestic politics of a country, thus affecting the foreign policy of a country.

In addition, the reality of international relations and domestic politics are also reflected in the word "situation", including "current situation" and "situation".

"The current situation" refers to the impact of the historical period of special significance on the survival and development of the country, when the Warring States Cheng lives and dies, how to seek a place in the coercion of the strong and self-improvement to become the cause of the king, is the most concerned issue of the princes, who can do things without confusion, and look at the long-term, who has a greater chance of winning, so the analysis of the current situation, the grasp of the actual situation, is quite important, so the Zonghengjia attaches great importance to the "current situation".

The "situation" is the overall situation of the strength of each country and its relationship with each other during the Warring States period, which is constantly changing, and it is also something that strategists need to constantly perceive and try their best to maintain or change according to their own needs.

Second, the formation of this kind of diplomatic thinking is inseparable from the cultural background of a hundred schools of thought at that time. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were not only a period of major changes in China's history and drastic social changes, but also a period of extremely active thinking and a high degree of cultural prosperity in China's history.

During this period, a large number of thinkers appeared, who became the ancestors of the various schools of thought that followed. Confucianism, Taoism, inaction, legalism, and Mohism, all of which have had a profound impact. There are even vertical and horizontal people who specialize in lobbying in all directions. The essence of these ideas was accepted and absorbed by the Warring States strategists to varying degrees, and became their theoretical basis and emotional tone.

It can be said that the contention of a hundred schools of thought is a cultural contention, and the vertical and horizontal contending is a political contention of a hundred schools.

Thirdly, in the process of developing this kind of diplomatic thinking, the unity of the historical situation and personal strategy has been achieved.

During the Warring States period, society was turbulent and wars were frequent, and the vast number of people longed for stability and peace. The ranks of the new landlord class continued to grow, and they also hoped to gain opportunities for continued development through reunification.

This creates a natural soil for the birth of the majority of tourists.

As a member of the emerging class, the fate of the wanderers and strategists was naturally closely linked to the historical situation of the great unification.

In order to realize their dream of hegemony, the princes and kings of the vassal states constantly recruited talents, gathered capable people from all over the world, carried out reforms at home, and expanded their influence with the outside world; on the one hand, in order to realize their own fame, wealth and political future, the strategists constantly analyzed the situation, made suggestions, and lobbied everywhere for the princes and monarchs, and contributed their wisdom.

Therefore, it has objectively promoted the development of history.

It can be said that the diplomatic thinking of all the strategists has integrated the two factors of personal wisdom and the development of the times, and has achieved the unity of the historical situation and personal strategy.

In the "Warring States Policy", the strategists are influenced by the ideas of various schools and the internal affairs of the countries they serve, coupled with their own life backgrounds and political experiences, their diplomatic ideas have very rich content.

In particular, the narrative characteristics of the country-specific style of the "Warring States Policy", and the diplomatic thoughts and personal wisdom of the strategists have been passed down through historical stories one by one, which makes their thoughts more vividly expressed.

The connotation of diplomatic thought in the "Warring States Policy" mainly includes: the spirit of self-improvement of diligent cultivation of internal affairs and enriching the country and strengthening the army. Developing oneself, enhancing one's strength, and expanding one's influence are the eternal laws of international relations, which were evident in the Warring States period.

"Qin Ce: Wei Ying's Death and Wei Entering Qin" describes Qin Xiaogong's appointment of Shang Ying as his prime minister, which made Qin's strength rise rapidly in a short period of time and became the most powerful state among the princes; "Zhao Ce: King Wuling's Idle Residence in Peacetime" tells the story of King Zhao Wuling's elevation of reform to a strategic level, "observing the time and making the law, and making rituals according to events", so as to achieve the effect of "establishing success in things, and then seeing virtue and seeing it"; "Yan Ce: King Yan Zhao took the throne after breaking through Yan" through "the emperor and the teacher, the king and his friends, the overlord and the minister, and the dead and the servant" The truth tells the importance of talent strategy in national development.

It can be seen from this that the strategists of the Warring States period were very aware of the basic position of national power in foreign relations, and their ideas were all based on the development of strength, and by strengthening themselves to "Bude" and expand their influence, with a distinct realist color.

It should be pointed out that their diplomatic thinking did not exclude idealism, which was inseparable from the mainstream social culture and Confucianism and Taoism at that time. However, this does not show their utopian tendency to talk about morality in isolation from reality, but on the contrary, it expresses their spirit of self-improvement in diligent internal affairs and enriching the country and strengthening the army from another aspect.

Strategy has always been one of the core elements in the political, military, and diplomatic fields of ancient China, and it embodies the wisdom of ancient statesmen and thinkers, especially during the Warring States Period, when social turmoil and wars were raging.

"Western Zhou Strategy: Qin's Defeat of Wei's Commander Xi Wu in Yique" describes Zhao's preservation of the Zhou dynasty at the moment when Qin was about to attack the Western Zhou Dynasty, so that Zhao was valued between Qin and Wei, and reflected its survival method of weighing the pros and cons and seeking development in the cracks;

Warring States strategists were often able to allude to international relations through real-life examples to improve the persuasiveness of their own ideas, and some well-known idioms also came from this. Skilled in strategy, the game thinking of vertical and horizontal has been widely used, and this way of thinking has also provided valuable reference for future generations.

"Zhao Ce?Su Qin Congyan's Zhao Shicong" passed "The foundation of peace and security lies in choosing friends." "Chu Ce, Zhang Yi for Qin Po and Lianheng", "Zhao Ce, Su Qin Congyan's Zhao Shihe", "Zhao Ce, Zhang Yi for Qin Lianheng", and so on, through the account of the strategists represented by Su Qin and Zhang Yi lobbied among various countries, propagated their respective propositions of combining vertical and horizontal affairs, fully expressed the inferences made by the strategists on the basis of their own standpoints, and put forward their own diplomatic propositions on this basis.

"If there is a way in the world, then the conquest of ritual music comes from the Son of Heaven; if there is no way in the world, then the conquest of ritual music comes from the princes" is an idealistic yearning for "there is a way", and it is also the basic perspective of looking at the international situation at that time.

In-depth insight into the trend of the times is the premise of ensuring the correctness of policies, and the grasp of "time" itself is a manifestation of wisdom, the embodiment of human power, and the essence of "policy" is in the same vein.

Outstanding thinkers in ancient China believed that "harmony" is not an unprincipled agreement, but a matter of learning from each other's strengths and complementing each other's weaknesses to make them play a better role.

Due to the influence of Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism and other doctrines, since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has given birth to the prototype of "people-oriented" thinking, that is, the early "people-oriented" thought. Many thinkers during the Warring States period also put the interests and safety of the people in a very important position, which invisibly created the possibility for the spread and deepening of the "harmony" culture.

The strategists of the Warring States period were deeply influenced by various theories, accepted the idea of "great harmony" and applied it extensively in their own practice, and subjectively created the soil for the growth of the culture of "harmony"; in order to pursue their own fame, the strategists often served different monarchs at different times, and when they served a certain vassal state, they would also wander between countries, thus objectively promoting the communication and exchange of cultures of various countries; during the Warring States period, the value orientation of the diplomacy of various countries was different, and the vertical and horizontal cooperation continued until the unification of the six countries by Qin.

With the continuous expansion of economic exchanges between various countries and the deepening of personnel and cultural exchanges, the political situation of fragmentation is bound to hinder economic development and social progress, and the call for peace, stability and reunification is growing day by day, thus building a solid foundation for harmonious culture in essence.

In diplomacy, the culture of harmony invisibly integrates the intricate political, economic and military relations between the Zhou Dynasty and various vassal states, between the vassal states and even between various nationalities during the Warring States Period, and is also a pearl in the treasure house of China's ancient diplomatic thought, which still has a wide and profound influence today.