Due to the particularity of the diplomatic system created by the environment of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, many times, even in Chinese history, things that were combined and horizontal were not common in troubled times.

In many cases, the alliance between the two countries is a simplified version of the alliance.

As the saying goes, if you are not afraid of a god-like enemy, you are afraid of a pig-like teammate, and the choice of a country's allies is a very crucial national policy orientation in times of war or even peace.

In this case, long-distance and close attack is a more common form of alliance or the main form of friendship with other countries.

But long-range inbred and close attacks don't necessarily lead to good results.

This often depends on the average level of national power between the two sides.

Of course, in war, the combat effectiveness of the army is undoubtedly a key trade-off.

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In Chinese history, long-distance and close attacks have contributed to the glorious development of the Qin state, and it has also created examples of rapid defeat by allies.

Among them, in the form of diplomacy in the form of long-distance diplomacy and close attack, the destruction of Liao by Lianjin and the destruction of Jin by Lianmeng are famous examples of the latter.

Lianjin to destroy Liao was the national policy of the Northern Song Dynasty during the reign of Huizong of the Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty court was obsessed with recovering the sixteen states of Yanyun, so it took advantage of the decline of the Liao State to form an alliance with the emerging Jin State and jointly destroy the Liao.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Liao State was a strong enemy in the north. Song Taizu devoted himself to internal affairs and took a defensive position against Liao. Taizong attacked Liao several times, but Liao was defeated. Zhenzong and Liao made the "Yuanyuan Alliance", which was the beginning of Song's humiliation with the outside world. Even Huizong, the corruption is even worse, and the credit minister Cai Jing and the eunuch Tong Guan.

At this time, the Jurchen tribe in the northeast rose up, established the Dajin state, and threatened the Liao state. The Jin army successively captured Liaoyang Mansion in Tokyo (now Liaoyang, Liaoning) and Linhuang Mansion in Shangjing, and the prestige was greatly shaken. The monarchs and ministers of the Northern Song Dynasty believed that Liao would surely perish, and wanted to take the opportunity to restore the Yanyun Prefectures seized by Liao, so Huizong sent an envoy to Jin to form an alliance with him and make an appointment to attack Liao.

In the first year of Chonghe, Huizong sent the martial arts doctor Ma Zheng to lead the military ship with Gao Yaoshi and others to take Pinghai to command the military ship, cross the sea from Dengzhou, and go to the Jin country to get along in the name of buying horses, and the Jin country responded, so the two sides launched a secret diplomacy between the Song and Jin, and then the two sides sent envoys to each other and negotiated repeatedly.

In the second year of Xuanhe, the Song envoy Zhao Liangsi and others reached an agreement with Aguta, and decided to join forces to attack Liao, and agreed: Jurchen soldiers from Pingzhou pine forest to Gubeikou, Southern Dynasty soldiers from Xiongzhou to Baigou attack; The south of Yuguan in the ancient north; the Song Dynasty took the Nanjing of Liao, and the Jin took the Zhongjing of Liao, and Youyan was originally the land of the Han Dynasty in China, which should be returned to the Southern Dynasties; the Marquis of Xijing took Ah Shi and stayed with the Southern Dynasties; the Jin people helped the Song Dynasty to recover the lost land, and the Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty were in Jin; Pingying Luan was all the way; its land boundary was bounded by the Songting in the ancient north and the East Yuguan of Pingzhou; after the offer, it was not allowed to make peace with the Khitan; under the management of Xijing, it was the road to prevent the capture of Ashi, and all the three prefectures of Wei, Ying, and Shuo, near the southern boundary, would raise troops in the future and wanted to take these three states first; the rest of Xijing was naturalized, After the matter is decided, it should be set up in the east of Yuguan; and it is particularly emphasized: "If the agreement is not met, it is difficult to follow the promised contract." ”

The two sides exchanged national credentials and made an alliance for the "maritime alliance".

And the Northern Song Dynasty court was not without opposition to the choice of this national policy, but this opposition also did not realize that the Jin State was undoubtedly more than the former compared to the decaying Liao State:

From the very beginning, this negotiation action was fiercely opposed by people of insight in the DPRK and the central government.

Dazai Zheng Juzhong's attitude is particularly firm, he said: "The alliance of the Yuan Yuan has been more than 100 years old, the soldiers do not know the blade, and the farmers do not increase the service, although the Han and Tang dynasties are not as good as the Anbian policy of our dynasty. Now that the Quartet is safe, they want to break the contract rashly, for fear of incurring the wrath of the heavens and the resentment of the people. And the way of using soldiers, the outcome is unpredictable. If there is victory, the treasury will be in vain, and the people will be poor; With the courage of Taizong, he recovered Yanyun and lost both battles, so how can he start the battle lightly today!"

Deng Xunwu, the ruling member of the Privy Council, thought this was simply nonsense, and Shang Juan retorted: "What is 'attacking the weak and attacking the weak', I think it should be to help the weak and suppress the strong." Nowadays, the country's military strength is weak, financial resources are scarce, and the people's strength is withering, this situation is known to everyone, but no one dares to speak. I don't understand: Is it better to be neighbors with strong gold than to be neighbors with weak Liao?"

An Yaochen thinks that the war of Liao is a vain provocation, using the story of the Han and Tang dynasties, thinking that it is not advisable for people to rejuvenate in Yuanyi, Qin Shi Huang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and Taizong of the Tang Dynasty are all wasted people's power, not to mention the weakness of this dynasty, and think that the so-called war of Liao is Tong Guan, the power of the eunuch colluded with the party, formed a group, and moved with noise, with his merits, and the emperor could not be deceived by traitors and villains.

Looking at the words of the Song people, they all thought that this would be a violation of the oath and start a provocation, which would lead to military affairs for many years, and the people would be trapped here, and the war would bring a huge burden to the Song Dynasty society that had been peaceful for a long time, and make the people's livelihood wither. And think that Liao is a weak country, and it is not possible to attack the weak at the same time, and it is an alliance with strong gold, which is no different from feeding a tiger with his body. However, these people's writings and deeds are nothing more than creating public opinion, and putting the country's social priorities first is just their flaunt.

Looking at the Song Dynasty as a whole, the scholar doctor's words about military affairs are not nonsense, and the theory of recovering Yan is a temporary trend, and the people who are in harmony may not want to regain Yan, and the people who are fighting in the main battle may not have the discussion of the lord and peace. The strategic opportunity at this time is not just a fantasy, and in the general environment, these people's opposition to the use of force is not entirely based on national strategic considerations.

Although they advertised themselves as thinking about the country, their words were obviously aimed at Cai Jing and Tong Guan, and they were attacking Tong Guan at large length, claiming that he was raising private soldiers for his own respect, which was completely alarmist and exaggerated, and the group's tilt can be seen. In order to suppress his arrogant achievements, he could not directly offend the face of the emperor, so he had to attack him for his vain attempt to make great achievements, and his intention to suppress the warriors was obvious.

But even if no one saw that the strength of the Jin State would be a major threat to the Northern Song Dynasty, this does not mean that there were no examples for the Northern Song court to recognize the facts at that time.

The king of Goryeo also saw it clearly, and specially said: "Liao is a country of brothers, and it can be safed if it exists, and Jin is a country of tigers and wolves, and it cannot be handed over!" This was the first year of Xuanhe.

However, the Goryeo Kingdom said one thing and did another, and in December of the first year of the Jin Harvest Kingdom, the Jin Kingdom broke the Liao State and drove the army in the Huanglong Mansion. In the leap month of the second year of Jin Shouguo, that is, in the sixth year of Song Zhenghe, Goryeo sent an envoy to Jin Hejie and asked for Baozhou. A Guda edict allowed to take it for himself. Baoju is today's Uiju City, North Pyongan Province, North Korea.

Its place is close to Changbai Mountain, and the Liao Kingdom of Goryeo has a long-term historical legacy of problems on this border, and there are many contradictions with Goryeo after the rise of the Jin people. Its status is similar to that of the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun, and the Goryeo State is so good, offering it better than Jin, and it is easy to take it, and there is no risk of Jin people entering the Kou, while the Song Dynasty has frequent contradictions with the Jin State.

But even so, the Maritime Alliance was eventually signed.

There is a view that, from a geopolitical point of view, although the Song and Liao each regarded each other as enemy states, the Liao State was, after all, a "peace state" that had lived peacefully with the Song for a hundred years, while the emerging Jurchens were more expansive, and the Liao State had actually become a barrier to defend the Song realm.

At that time, the monarchs and ministers of the Liao State also felt the seriousness of the Song and Jin clamps' attack on Liao, "Send Xiao Ke and Han Fang as envoys, and call Song Feng a minister, and beg for the future." The Liao State sent envoys to the Song State, expressing their willingness to pay tribute to the Song State, hoping not to attack Liao with the Jin Alliance. Han Fang and others saw Tong Guan and Cai You in the army, and bluntly said that women would encroach on all countries, and if Da Liao did not exist, they would be worried about the Southern Dynasty, and their lips and teeth would be cold, so they must not worry. "Through, rebuke. ”

And this also made Jin have an important premise to see clearly that the weakness of the Northern Song Dynasty was even greater than that of the Liao State.

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Tong Guan sent Liu Yanqing and Guo Yaoshi to lead an army of 100,000 to cross Baigou to cut down Yan, and went to Liangxiang, where they were invited by the Liao general Xiao Wei to attack, so they stationed troops south of Lugou and closed the base. Guo Yaoshi volunteered to lead 6,000 strange soldiers, taking advantage of the emptiness behind the enemy, to attack Yanjing at night, but asked Yanqing to send his son Liu Guangshi to lead the army to respond.

Guo Yaoshi invaded Yanjing, after entering the city, the soldiers burned and looted, did not take precautions, and did not expect that the Liao army that confronted Liu Yanqing quickly returned to help, coupled with the Liao army's bloody battle, Liu Guangshi breached the contract, Guo Yaoshi's army was killed and wounded more than half, and had to abandon the city and flee.

Guo Yaoshi only fled back with only a few hundred horses. Liu Yanqing missed this great opportunity, and the Liao general Xiao cut off the grain route of the Song army, threatening that the Liao army was three times larger than the enemy, and would raise fire as a trumpet to gather and annihilate the Song army. Liu Yanqing was frightened, and as soon as he saw the fire of the enemy, he set himself on fire to the camp, abandoned his baggage, and fled south in a panic. He also said that after the camp, Liu Yanqing appeased the soldiers below, and the soldiers were greatly frightened by the defeat of the previous army. The next day, the Song army was defeated again by the pursuing troops at Baigou and retired to Xiongzhou.

This battle depleted the military reserves accumulated since the Xifeng Reform, and this defeat made the Song Dynasty completely turn into a strategic disadvantage, and all the accumulated materials were exhausted, and they were completely unable to fight again, and even the Yan had to rely on the ability of the Jin people.

If it had not been for this defeat, the Song Dynasty would never have lost so quickly in the subsequent Song-Jin War, at least it had the power to protect itself, so this battle was a major turning point in the war. At this point, the two expeditions presided over by Tong Guan failed to defeat Yan, and the Liao Dynasty, which was about to fall, actually won a complete victory, and the Jin Dynasty also saw coldly on the side that the Song Dynasty was just a silver vinegar spear in military affairs.

At the same time, Jin Taizu had captured Liaozhongjing and Xijing, and at the end of the year, he personally led a large army to conquer Yanjing.

Seeing that the Song army had repeatedly lost, he was very arrogant and tough towards Zhao Liangsi. Zhao Liangsi was ordered to negotiate with the Jin Dynasty on matters related to the performance and delivery of the contract, and he knew that the Jin people were intent on breaking the contract, but the Song Dynasty could not be tough militarily, and he had no confidence at the negotiation table. Wanyan Aguda said arrogantly to Zhao Liangsi: "I heard that the Chinese general fought alone against Liu Yanqing's 100,000 people, once there is no fight, the army is scattered and defeated, China has no foot, I have entered Yanshan, now I have it, and China will have it." "The good heir can't be right, so he can only go back to China with the envoys of the Jin people to discuss.

After several exchanges of envoys and bargaining, the Jin people issued an ultimatum: The Jin Dynasty would only hand over the 24 counties of the six prefectures of Yanjing to the Song Dynasty; the Song Dynasty would have to hand over to the Jin Dynasty every year the 500,000-year-old coins that had been originally given to the Liao Dynasty, and also pay 1 million guan as the tax money in charge of Yanjing; if no reply was made within half a month, the Jin Dynasty would take tough action.

The excuse of the Jin people is that the Jin people have laid down Yanjing, and they can naturally have the tax money of Yandi, and the Song people think it is very ridiculous, Zhao Liangsi and others said that the separation of land taxes is unheard of since ancient times, how can it be implemented. The Jin people said that they had made a contribution to the Yan, which meant that it was a deterrent by force. It can be seen that the victory and the reparation of the land to another victorious country, and the return of the land money, are existing in ancient China, and they are not a new invention. The Jin people only want one million guan money, and they say that they don't want three or five million guan is good, and when Zhenzong in the Liao people have a million yuan of coins, why can't they get the money at this time, and they have to rely on silk utensils and other miscellaneous coins to waste the benefits of the field for a long time, which was criticized by people of insight at that time. It can be seen that at this time, the Song Dynasty had gradually declined its national strength and could not afford it.

In the first month of the fifth year of Xuanhe, Zhao Liangsi returned to the dynasty to restore his life, and Huizong agreed to all of them, only to let him make Jin again and ask for the return of Xijing. The Jin Dynasty took the opportunity to extort 200,000 taels of military expenses from the Song Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty also agreed, but the Jin people finally accepted the silver taels according to the order and still refused to hand over Xijing. Wang Hao also played a greater role in promoting the delivery, probably at this time the Song people were no longer able to fight, Wang Hao hoped to quickly take Yanjing into his hands to boast of his achievements.

In April, the two sides handed over Yanjing. The Jin army entered the city for nearly half a year, knowing that the city would belong to the Song Dynasty, so they plundered and looted, the residents fled, ten rooms and nine empty, and the whole city was almost like ruins. When the Jin army was leaving, he took the rich people, the golden silks, and their children away.

Tong Guan and Cai You only received a dilapidated Yanjing empty city and the six states of Ji, Jing, Tan, Shun, Zhuo, and Yi, among which the two states of Zhuoyi still took the initiative to descend to the Song Dynasty. It can be seen that the Jin people's strategy is wonderful, the Song Dynasty obtained the hometown of Yanjing, not only could not transform it into a strategic advantage and use it to obtain financial endowments, but was seriously dragged down by it and became a heavy strategic burden. Then, in a very short period of time, the Jin people went south again, the Song people were powerless at all, and the country was destroyed immediately, and the attack on Liao greatly consumed the national strength of the Song Dynasty.

The delivery of Yanjing was completed, and the Song court did not have the financial resources to reward the soldiers of the victorious army, allowing them to occupy the uninhabited land of Yanjing, thinking that it was self-interested. Later, the Yan people fled from the south of the Jin Kingdom, and all kinds of incidents arose because of this incident.

The country was unable to reward the soldiers who used their lives, and even allowed to occupy the fields with the army, and the omen of the defeat of the Song Dynasty was so obvious!

After the fall of the Liao State, the Song Dynasty lost the Liao State as its barrier in disguise to block the Jin soldiers from moving south. After that, the Jin and Song borders were officially bordered, and the Jin soldiers really invaded the Song soil south after the death of Liao. In 1126, when the Northern Song Dynasty was corrupted and its national strength and military strength were weakened, the powerful Jin soldiers conquered its capital Bianjing and the territory around the Central Plains, resulting in the Jingkang Rebellion and the Northern Song Dynasty perished.

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