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And at the time of the appearance of primitive muskets, in fact, the combat efficiency of cold weapons was already quite high. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

For example, in the military systems of the East, such as the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, the long-range strike technology of the bow and crossbow was not comparable to the musket guns of the time.

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It's just that there are two factors that really make the musket the main weapon of war.

The first is rifling, and the second is a fixed load.

The rifling is the spiral-shaped concave and convex line in the barrel and the barrel, the hollow place is called the yin line or the yin chamber, the convex one is called the yang line or the yang chamber, and the caliber of the gun is the distance between a yang line and the opposite yang line.

The rifling can be said to be the soul of the metal tube, and the role of rifling is to give the warhead the ability to rotate, so that the warhead can still maintain the established direction after being discharged, and shoot more accurately at the target.

Generally speaking, the caliber of a firearm should be the distance from the yang line to the yang line of the compound line, but there are too many exceptions to become a principle. For example, .38 and .357 are the same caliber, but only the amount is the distance from the yang line to the yang line, and the distance from the yin line to the yin line is the quantity of the yang line. Of course, the length of the warhead differed in both, but the number of rifling alone was the same.

The depth of the Yin line is mostly between 0.004 and 0.006 inches in modern gun barrels.

The history of rifling is quite long, it appeared in the XV century, but it was not until the XIX century that the armies of various countries were equipped on a large scale. The decisive reason for this was that the front-loading rifled gun was too slow to reload. Since the projectile must be embedded in the rifling in order to rotate with the rifling, the diameter of the projectile must be larger than the diameter of the male wire of the rifling, which makes the loading of the front-loading rifled gun very laborious, and the soldier often needs to hit the feeding stick with a hammer to load the projectile into the chamber. As a result, the rate of fire was reduced to a third or even slower than that of a smoothbore gun. Such a low rate of fire is intolerable for the army.

So for two hundred years after the rifling was invented, rifled guns were only a supporting role in the army, until Claude Edirne Migne, captain of the Orleans Chasseurs of the French army, invented the Migne bullet in the middle of the 19th century.

The caliber of the Minne bullet is one circle smaller than the diameter of the male wire of the front-loading rifled gun, which solves the problem of difficult reloading. The Minne projectile has a small conical hole in the bottom of the projectile. When fired, the gunpowder gas expands the tail of the projectile, embeds it in the rifling, and rotates at high speed with the rifling to unchamber. Since the diameter of the Mineer bullet was smaller than the caliber of the barrel, it was easier to reload, and the rate of fire of the front-loading rifled gun was greatly increased. After solving the problem of loading, front-loading rifled guns quickly became massively popularized around the world.

Danish and British), this round Yin line is said to reduce the residue of the barrel, and the Japanese Type 99 rifle uses this Yin line. It is an Austrian arsenal, and this kind of yin line is wide and narrow at the bottom, and it is said that the warhead is relatively easy to rotate, so the muzzle velocity of the muzzle will be relatively high and can be far. Another commonly heard is rifling, which is a famous long-range rifle of the Black Powder period, which uses a wide and shallow Yin line, similar to modern times.

The degree of rotation of the compound line is called the winding distance. If it takes a longer distance to complete the 360-degree rotation, it is called slow. The shorter one is called fast. For example, the one who completes a circle within 12 inches is slower than the one who completes a circle within 9 inches.

The length of the barrel has a great influence on the muzzle velocity of the shot. In a certain length, the longer the better, which is a fact discovered by mankind very early. This is why in the First World War, the rifle barrel used by various countries was more than 30 inches, because the tactical idea at that time was to want the riflemen to be able to reach far. However, after a certain length, the benefits it can achieve are limited, only to increase the weight in vain, and it is inconvenient to use. Therefore, the barrel length of standard infantry weapons is mostly reduced to between 20 inches and 24 inches.

On the other hand, the appearance of fixed ammunition is likely to be a kind of technical supplement to rifling.

Some people began to use synthetic materials such as carbon fiber, etc., wrapping steel pipes, firstly, because the warhead still needs to pass through the barrel at high speed and high pressure, so the internal is still ideal with a variety of steel, but the external use of synthetic materials can increase heat dissipation, reduce the weight of the barrel, such a barrel is still very rare and expensive, and the diameter is much larger than the ordinary barrel.

The requirements of the barrel are not only hard, compressive and high-temperature. Another essential characteristic is toughness, that is to say, the barrel must also have a certain elasticity, otherwise too hard will cause the metal to be too brittle.

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The main ways to make rifling are as follows:

Scraper method:

A steel rod slightly larger than the inner diameter of the pistol, a groove is carved in a specific part of the pistol, and a piece of carbide steel is installed, and one or two convex bands with a certain angle of inclination are mounted, and the front end has a sharp part, and the height of the protrusion can be adjusted.

Pull back and forth on a rifling position dozens of times, cut a secondary rifling line, and then adjust the position and cut and scrape the next one. In this method, a single scraper is generally used to cut odd or even rifling, and a two-way scraper can be used to cut even rifling. It is also possible to install single, double or triple blades in opposite positions to cut out 2 to 6 rifling lines at a time.

Hook knife broaching method:

The hook cutter is placed on a steel tie rod that is slightly thinner than the diameter of the breech, and the height of the hook scraper blade can be adjusted by adjusting the screws on the tie rod layer. Each time the pull passes through the barrel, the lever moves a few microns, and with the uniform rotation of the barrel, a certain winding rifling is pulled, and after reaching a predetermined width, the second rifling is pulled in a different position. Early rifled guns only needed to pull a rifling wire about 20 times, while a better gun had to pull the same rifling wire about 100 times. The more times you pull, the finer and more precise the groove formed.

The early American colonists used the hook knife broaching method to make rifling, and the tools used were very simple manual wooden machinery, which the colonists themselves could make.

Combined ring knife broaching method:

25 to 30 cemented carbide steel rings are fixed on a tie rod, the distance between each steel ring is equal, each steel ring is machined with an equidistant scraper with the same number of rifling wires, each cutter can be connected with the cutter on the next ring according to its entanglement, and can be regarded as a spiral line from the beginning to the tail.

The protrusion of the blade on each ring is slightly greater than that of the previous ring, forming a group of series of cutters, and the grooves opened have a stable width, depth and spacing, and this combination of annular broaching cutters can cut out all the rifling lines through the chamber, shorten the working time, and improve the output and quality.

Top cone extrusion method:

With a cemented carbide pointless bullet-shaped top cone with the same shape of the inner section of the rifle, when passing through the barrel smooth chamber with an inner diameter slightly smaller than the top cone, the barrel metal passes through the chamber under the strong pressure of the top cone, so that the inner diameter of the chamber increases slightly, and the protruding part of the top cone surface squeezes through the inner wall of the chamber to form a deformation, that is, the female rifling, and the concave part squeezes along the chamber and closely follows the inner shadow to form a deformation, and the rifling is formed. And due to the high pressure, the metal density on the surface of the inner wall of the chamber increases, and the hardness increases. The inner wall of the chamber is smoothed by the stiffness of the top cone and the smooth surface squeezing through. Makes the life of the barrel multiplied. This method was first invented by the Germans, and since the 70s, it has been widely used in the production of gun barrels.

Cold Precision Forging Method:

The barrel radial cold precision forging technology essentially belongs to the precision rotary forging shaft process type, which is a chipless precision forming method. The cold precision forging process is on a professional precision forging machine, the barrel blank is forged out of the rifle and the chamber at one time, and the accuracy of the inner chamber is guaranteed by the mandrel. Because the precision forging process can improve the strength and shooting accuracy of the barrel, thereby improving the life of the barrel and reducing the muzzle velocity drop, it plays a key role in improving the performance of the firearm. Precision forging technology is widely used in western developed countries, and China has also introduced this technology after the 80s.

Whichever method is used to make rifling, when viewed under a microscope of sufficiently large magnifications, there are many cracks left in the grooves of the groove, like zigzags pointing in the direction in which the scraper is heading. Even after being polished to chrome plating, it can still be observed. The translation of the cutting process will produce random changes in the groove distance, forming a stable feature. The material of the barrel steel is not absolutely homogeneous, and there must be some places on the inner wall of the barrel that are harder, and the scraper processing will have different effects at this time. Fragments of metal will have a microscopic change in diameter, which will be detected at the time of launch: repeated marks on the soft metal of the warhead. Even if the top cone is processed and then polished to Mohs 8 to achieve a mirror effect, it will also have its family characteristics, because there are small differences between the top cone due to processing. And with an increase in the number of shots. Random abrasion, rust spots and chemical gas corrosion marks will occur, forming individual differences. In the production of the factory, more than two top cones will be prepared on an extruder, usually randomly alternated, and there is no specific top cone to extrude the rifling of several barrels at a time. There will be multiple extruders operating at the same time in one process workshop. Although a top cone can theoretically extrude the rifling of thousands of barrels, there will be slight rifling differences in the barrels of each batch number, which can be distinguished from its family characteristics as long as it is magnified enough to multiple.

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And the rise of rifled rifles is with the advent of fixed ammunition:

No matter what style and shape of bullet it is, it is composed of four parts: a projectile, a cartridge, a ****** and a fire cap. For bullets, no matter what they are used for, most of the internationally used ****** are smokeless gunpowder: smokeless gunpowder can be divided into, and firearms mostly use single-base drugs. There are different requirements for different firearms and ammunition. For example, pistols mostly use porous and fast-burning single-base drugs. The rifle uses a lightened and passivated single-hole granular single-base agent for the surface.

The primer is composed of: a fire hole, a fire anvil and a firing agent. Its function is to produce a flame when fired, which ignites the ****** quickly and surely. When fired, the firing agent is ignited by the impact of the firing needle and the fire anvil, and the flame ignites the ****** through the fire hole.

When fired, the firing pin excites the fire cap. The primer ignites the ****** in the cartridge ****** rapidly burns, and at the same time produces high temperature and high pressure, extruding the projectile from the cartridge, and the projectile moves forward under the impetus of the high pressure generated by the ******, and is squeezed by the rifling, producing rotation, and finally being pushed out of the chamber.

The warhead is the lethal part of the bullet, in addition to the size and accuracy have high requirements, it must also have a perfect structure and shape to ensure that the target has a good penetration and damage effect. There are many types of warheads, and the processing process of different types of warheads is also different.

The Type 56 ordinary warhead is composed of three parts: a quilt armor, a lead sleeve and a steel core, each part is manufactured separately, and is assembled into a warhead after passing the inspection. The main parts of the bullet shell, such as the bullet shell, the cartridge shell, the primer shell and the tracer tube shell, etc., are all shaped in the shape of a cup with a bottom, and its processing needs to use one of the most widely used processes in the production of gun bullets - "extension processing", to produce parts of different shapes and wall thicknesses, as long as the shape and size of the mold can be changed. Due to the characteristics of extremely high requirements for precision and consistency in the production of guns and bullets, the size of the parts is basically guaranteed by the mold, and the batch is very large, once the deviation will cause a large number of waste products, so there are high requirements for the manufacture and installation of the mold, and each link must be strictly controlled, and the unqualified products are eliminated in time and the machine tool is adjusted.

Domestic guns and bullets generally use copper-clad steel strip as the blank material for the warhead shell, and there are also brass or round steel used as blanks abroad. The production process of the warhead shell with copper-clad steel strip as the blank is as follows: blanking, punching, appearance inspection, annealing, pickling, extension, punching, extrusion and flaring. The annealing process is to eliminate the cold work hardening caused by the violent deformation of the blank during processing, and the pickling process is to remove the oxide scale on the surface of the blank during annealing. Drawing processing makes the diameter of the steel bowl made from the copper clad steel strip or round steel loading and unloading smaller, the wall thickness is reduced, and the single-mode drawing process is small in a processing deformation, and the multi-mode extension is widely used, and a relatively large deformation can be obtained in a stroke. Punching is another special stamping process in the production of warhead shells, in order to punch out the arc size of the tip of the projectile. Because there is a certain margin left at the tail of the warhead shell after processing, it needs to be cut off with a cutter, or the excess part is removed with an extrusion die, and the latter can also use the bevel on the punch to flare the tail of the warhead shell at the same time, so that the bullet core can be assembled conveniently later, and the consistency of production efficiency and product size has been improved. The process of this part of the former Soviet Union needs to be punched 4 times, and the extrusion and flaring are two processes, and the previous extrusion adopts the cutting process, which is more cumbersome. In the process of producing Type 56 rifle cartridges in China, a set of processing methods suitable for China's national conditions has been gradually accumulated, and the number of punches of the bullet shell has been changed to the current two, and the previous single-mode extension has been changed to multi-mode extension. After the above process and the inspection of the warhead shell, it can be used to assemble the warhead.

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