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In the late Ming Dynasty, the three-eyed gun gradually became one of the mainstream equipment of the Ming army's firearms troops, and the main reason was probably because of the change in the combat formation of the Ming army. Pen fun and pavilion www.biquge.info

Among the nine sides of the Ming army, the highest proportion of three-eyed guns is undoubtedly Liaodong Town, and after the artillery tactical system of Liaodong Town gradually took shape, many of the firearms units of the Liaodong Army became one of the main escort forces of these artillery units.

Because the artillery tactical system in Liaodong Town also relies heavily on vehicle formations in field operations.

In a certain sense, the vehicle formation often became the main combat bunker of the Ming army's artillery units in field operations. And long-range troops also need to rely on vehicle formations to conduct operations, shooting outwards inside the vehicle formation.

Compared with firearms such as bird guns, the range of the Three-Eyed Gun is indeed at a disadvantage, and in terms of reload speed, it is even more slow. However, in the event of an emergency, the Three-Eyed Gun, which can fire three shots in tandem or in a direct salvo, undoubtedly forms a stronger density in terms of firepower.

At the same time, the Three-Eyed Gun has an advantage that the Bird's Gun cannot match, that is, if the Bird's Gun is nothing more than a burning stick in melee combat, then the Three-Eyed Gun can be used as a blunt weapon to smash the enemy......

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At the end of the Ming Dynasty, almost all towns in eastern Liaodong used three-eyed guns as standard equipment, and both cavalry and infantry were generally equipped with three-eyed guns. According to the establishment of Liaodong Town in 1630, the basic tactical unit of the regular firearms battalion, the "team", is a fully equipped three-eyed guncorps unit.

The "Diagram of the Beginning" lists the combat methods of the Three-Eyed Gun troops:

The four hundred gunners were divided into four sides, one hundred on each side, and one hundred presidents, a total of four people. Each team is divided into four teams, with 25 team members and the captain as the leader, with a total of 16 team leaders. There are 10 cannons on each side, 40 on the four sides, and two people on one cannon, for a total of 80 gunners. There were 80 three-eyed guns on each side and 320 three-eyed guns on each side, making a total of 320 gunners. There is one cannon between ten cannons for each gun, a total of eight cannons, and the remaining two are located at the camp gate. The chariot battalion has no army, and if there is no obstacle in front of the refusal and no firearms are allowed, each side shall refuse eighty horse guns, a total of three hundred and twenty in all directions, and the line shall be brought to the gunner, and the immediate station shall be surrounded by iron locks, and this battalion shall also.

Among them, the sub-battalion is based on the co-camp gate, with 200 men, 100 insiders, and 50 insiders in the Chinese army, a total of 350 people, divided into 14 teams, and the winged commander is the so-called grip in the art of war.

It shoots the trumpet palm, the first trumpet each gun gets on the horse, the second trumpet stands next to the team, and the third trumpet each moves forward according to the team. When encountering the enemy's trumpet, the drum is lit and the camp is arranged, and the gunners are arranged according to the team, the first column is the horse pistol, the second cannon and the three-eyed gun, and the column is complete. If a thief rushes, the gunner will put a hole in the three-eyed gun, the second hole will be put in the second hole, and the third hole will be placed in the third hole. If the thief does not stop three times in a row, he will hit the golden gun and cannon even more, and he will not stop fighting. Then he retreated to the battalion, and the first trumpet rejected the horse pistols and guns into the team, the second trumpet mounted the horse, and the third trumpet line forward. If the soldiers meet the thieves and do not have time to go down the camp, the guns and cannons will be fought and fought in turn according to the team for the long camp, and there is no retreat. ('逹' is a false word for "reach.") If the thief lasts for a long time and wants to make the cannon sound endless, then take four cannons as friends, two friends on each side, and eight friends on all sides, a total of thirty-two cannons. There were sixteen horsemen and four mules for each peng, and one hundred and twenty-eight horsemen and thirty-two mules for each peng.

Among the sixteen people of a friend, one person who is able to see the signs is selected, one person who has courage is selected to put it, one person who is sick is in the line of fire, one person who is convenient is one person to load gunpowder, one person is loaded with large and small lead, and then the powerful person is selected to be in charge of two cannons, a total of eight people, and the remaining three people catch horses and mules to see the signs and point to release, two people do not move in front of the camp, after loading the cannon, the left line of fire after seeing the cannon is loaded with gunpowder lead, three people after loading the cannon, let go of the cannon, after the three people are loaded, they are not allowed to be confused, each is not allowed to move according to the direction, and the cycle of taking turns to replace the replacement is endless。 Each cloth medicine bag is a tube, Trojan horse 20 tubes, the person who holds the gunpowder with the leather strip is in charge, the size of the lead bag is a tube, the wooden hand hammers a handle, the iron cane is a cane, the person with the lead in the leather strip is in charge, the fire line bag is a tube, the iron cone is two, a knife, the leather string is in the fire line, the person who puts the arquebus, the thickness of the gun and the Trojan horse is thirty or forty cylinders, the leather strip is in charge of the person who sees the signs, and the person who lives in the 'audit' is correct.

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There are a lot of troops equipped with three-eyed guns, but the more famous and formed is the Guanning Iron Cavalry.

Guanning Iron Cavalry, as a legendary cavalry unit in the history of the late Ming Dynasty, its controversy is considered an interesting place for later generations.

Later generations believe that the "Suikou Chronicles" written in the ninth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty used the words "Guanning Iron Cavalry" for the first time.

However, according to the trend of public opinion at that time, the "Guanning Iron Cavalry" is unlikely to refer to the cavalry trained by Yuan Chonghuan, but may be a branch of Qi Jiguang's anti-Japanese army.

Yuan Chonghuan was suspected of "defecting to the enemy and treason" until the 49th year of Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1784), when the Qing people compiled the "History of the Ming Dynasty" according to the "Records of Taizong of the Qing Dynasty", Qianlong issued an edict to overturn the case for Yuan Chonghuan, and it was already 150 years later. In addition, Wu Weiye himself did not participate in the compilation of "Taizong Records", and it was impossible to have the opportunity to know the inside story in advance, so he himself would not risk the world's disapproval and sing praises for Yuan Jiajun.

According to the "Suikou Chronicle", it is clearly pointed out that the so-called "Guanning Iron Cavalry" refers to the army brought by Zu Dashou's family general into the customs. Zu Kuan (Hu Ren, see Ming History) is Zu Dashou's domestic servant, and Zu Dale is Zu Dashou's cousin. The two men and their families brought their troops into the customs and cleared the peasant army.

According to the "Ming Ji Beiluo", it is clearly recorded that Zu Dashou organized his family and formed a good fighting army. "Ming Ji Beiluo" clearly gives the definition of Guanning Iron Cavalry: "Iron Riders, people from Shanbei near Hebei, Shanxi, and Liaoyang, are all people who control the strings and practice war." It can be seen that the way of origin in the family is more complicated, and most of them are warriors with archers.

At the same time, it is said in "Ming Ji Beiluo" that Wu Sangui also has a "Guanning Iron Cavalry". Considering the relationship between Zu Dashou and Wu Sangui (Zu Dashou is Wu Sangui's uncle, and Wu Sangui's father Wu Xiang is Zu Dashou's subordinate), this is the same army. Tan Qian's "Guoqi" refers to books such as "Suikou Jiluo", where Tan Qian calls it "Guanliao Iron Cavalry", and also points out that it is composed of Han Chinese.

In the "History of the Ming Dynasty", there is also such a paragraph in the introduction of You Shiwei, the general of Liaodong: "In the seventh year, Wu Xiangchi, the chief military officer of Ningyuan, was ordered to aid Xuanfu. Sitting on the army does not advance, and the dereliction of duty is discussed. If it didn't work, it would be a thief in Henan, and Zhao Shiwei served as an official, and he and the deputy general Zhang Waijiatong closed the door and rode 5,000 to suppress it. "With "Suikou Chronicle" and "Ming Ji Beiluo", it was determined by checking historical materials that this was the Guanmen Iron Cavalry Camp compiled and trained by Yang Sichang Chongzhen when he was the governor of Shanyong for four years. It has nothing to do with the rumored Guanning Iron Horse.

The so-called iron cavalry is nothing more than two explanations: 1. The cavalry wearing iron armor on the war horse, 2. It refers to the elite cavalry. Because Zu Dashou and Wu Sangui's soldiers belonged to the Guanning Army, they were called "Guanning Iron Cavalry". This has nothing to do with the rumored Predators, but it can be proved that the rumors are false.

According to the records of Xizong, in the sixth year of the Apocalypse, Yuan Chonghuan wrote to the Liaozhen Army in the sixth year of the Apocalypse, and still used the establishment rated by Sun Chengzong, and there was no Guanning Iron Cavalry.

In the seventh year of the Apocalypse, Guo Yunhou, the secretary of the household department, said: "The soldiers and horses inside and outside the gate were ruled by the Shufu, and then there were 107,003 horses, 552 horses, including 11,381 craftsmen and miscellaneous soldiers. "Once again, it proves that the Guan Ning Army is still the establishment set by Sun Chengzong.

According to the records of the "Ming File", around March of the first year of Chongzhen, there were about 100,000 Mongolian tribes who returned to the Ming court, and were placed near Jinzhou by the then Liaofu, and the generals of Liaozhen recruited a large number of strong and warlike Yi people as family members, when the Jinzhou general Zu Dashou directly reorganized some of the Mongols into the left and right battalions, with the Mongolian tribal leader as the general, and became the elite army under the direct command of Zu Dashou, with about 3,000 people.

Guanning Iron Cavalry is not Yuan Chonghuan's training, Yuan Chonghuan was appointed as the Jiliao Governor in April of the first year of Chongzhen, and entered the capital to see the emperor in July. In just over a year, there is no time to make changes to the Guan Ning Army. Liang Qichao's "Biography of Yuan Chonghuan" and Jin Yong's "Commentary on Yuan Chonghuan" also have nothing to do with Ning Tieqi's records.

After Yuan Chonghuan was imprisoned, Zu Dashou became the military head of the Liao army and served as the chief military officer of Liao Town. Since then, the ancestral army led by Zu Dashou has stepped onto the historical stage of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty for more than ten years. With the eight years of Chongzhen, the generals of the ancestral army, Zu Kuan, Zu Dale led the troops to descend to the Yi family Ding into the customs to suppress bandits, the name of the ancestral army's good war spread in the pass, to Chongzhen nine years, some people began to "Guanning Iron Cavalry" to call the ancestral army led by Zu Dashou with the family Ding as the main force.

Wu Sangui's father is Wu Xiang, who is related to Zu Dashou by marriage, and also belongs to a member of Zu Dashou's military family. When Zu Dashou surrendered to Huang Taiji in the Battle of Songjin, Wu Sangui became the representative of the ancestral army in the Ming Dynasty Liao army. The 3,000 families under his command have also become an important combat force on which he depends.

To sum up, the real Guanning Iron Cavalry in history is really a family-oriented army headed by Zu Dashou and with Jia Ding as the main combat effectiveness. Due to the Battle of Daling River and the Battle of Songjin, most of the Zu family surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and this army was also used by the Qing court and became an important part of the Eight Banners of the Han Dynasty.

After that, Wu Sangui's Guanning Iron Cavalry was actually the Wu family's family, and on the basis of the personnel trained before Zu Dashou, a Guanning Iron Cavalry with the "surname Wu" was re-formed.

As for the two Guanning iron cavalry, or the battle between the Guanning iron cavalry and the cavalry of the Han army Zhenghuang Banner at that time, there is no detailed record in history.

Because there are not too many records about Zu Dashou after the Qing Dynasty:

In 1642 (the fifteenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty and the seventh year of Chongde of the Qing Dynasty), at the beginning of the third lunar month, Jinzhou, which had been besieged for a whole year, ran out of food, and the tragic situation of killing people and cannibalism in the city was repeated again. So Zu Dashou led his troops to open the city and surrender in the first month of March.

When the good news reached Shengjing, Huang Taiji was overjoyed and ordered someone to send Zu Dashou to Shengjing immediately. When Zu Dashou knelt down in the Chongzheng Palace, Huang Taiji stepped down from the throne, personally helped him up, and comforted him with kind words: "The last time you betrayed me, it was for your master, for your wife, children and clan. I once told the ministers that Zu Dashou must not die, and if he surrenders again in the future, I will never kill him. The past is over, as long as you can serve me wholeheartedly in the future. ”

Zu Dashou was awarded the position of the chief soldier of the Yellow Banner of the Han Army. Tashan and Xingshan also fell into the hands of the Qing army one after another. Outside Shanhaiguan, there is only a lonely city in Ningyuan. Zu Dashou's nephew Wu Sangui was not only the general soldier of Ningyuan, an important military town of the Ming Dynasty, but also the governor of Liaodong, commanding the Ming army outside the Guanwai. Huang Taiji asked Zu Dashou to write a letter to recruit Wu Sangui, but Wu Sangui replied and refused.

In 1644 (the first year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty), in the ninth lunar month, Aixin Jueluo Fulin, escorted by the auxiliary minister Jierharang, arrived in Beijing from Shengjing (now Shenyang, Liaoning), and Zu Dashou followed him into the customs.

In 1656 (the thirteenth year of Shunzhi), Zu Dashou died of illness in the mansion of Zujia Street in Beijing.

......

In fact, there are not many records of the Guanning Iron Cavalry's conquest in the era of Wu Sangui, and its most famous is not the battle against the Manchus in Liaodong, but the rebellion of the three feudatories:

Under the reactionary rule of Wu Sangui, the Guanning Iron Cavalry helped the Qing army occupy Beijing. Later, under the leadership of Wu Sangui, he completely defeated the peasant army, and then assisted Wu Sangui in opposing the Qing Dynasty, which almost overthrew the Qing Dynasty for a time, and Kangxi lost 500,000 troops.

With the "Rebellion of the Three Feudatories" in the 20th year of Kangxi being quelled, the once famous Guanning Iron Cavalry finally fell silent in the smoke of artillery fire.

Since the Guanning Iron Cavalry was under the command of Yuan Chonghuan, the Ming Dynasty's record of this army was only an understatement. After the founding of the Qing Dynasty, because Guanning Tieqi was the sworn enemy of the Eight Banners Army, and finally aided in the abuse and participated in Wu Sangui's rebellion, the records of the Qing Dynasty can also be depreciated. This kind of situation of "grandma doesn't hurt, uncle doesn't love" makes Guan Ningtie's impression blurry in the eyes of future generations.

There is an opinion that the Guanning cavalry was an attempt by the rulers of the Ming Dynasty to learn advanced military industries. It is said that during the Apocalypse, the military department Shangshu Wang presided over the Liaodong war in Jin, which was at the time of the defeat of Guangning, and the official army of Liaodong had collapsed on the whole line, and everyone was afraid. After surveying the front line in Jin, Wang believed that the imperial border army could no longer fight, and even if he was lucky enough to recover Guangning, he was unable to hold on. Moreover, the country's financial resources were exhausted, and it was impossible to confront Jiannu for a long time, so it advocated abandoning Liaodong and Liaoxi as much as possible, using the Great Wall as the border, rebuilding Shanhaiguan as the last line of defense, and only harassing the Jiannu hinterland with sailors, so as to greatly reduce military expenditures, and the total cost of the project was only one million taels of silver.

However, all the princes of the dynasty thought that Wang Zaijin did not plan to restore the lost territory of Liaodong, but wanted to abandon Liaoxi again, which was really cowardly and useless, so he was deposed and replaced by the emperor Sun Chengzong to supervise Liaodong. Sun Chengzong was bent on fighting back to Liaoyang and Shenyang and recovering Liaodong, but the imperial court officials and troops couldn't defeat Houjin in the field battle, so he came up with a fortress plan, built a large number of buildings outside Shanhaiguan, and continued to build fortresses to the east. When Jiannu came, the soldiers and civilians retreated into the fortress to hold on, and when Jiannu retreated, they continued to build a new fortress, building while advancing, and finally repaired the fortress to Shenyang.

If this policy is used in the Yongle and Jiajing periods, when the country's finances are abundant, it may also be feasible. However, since the Apocalypse, there have been frequent disasters and famines in the world, and it is difficult to collect taxes, and the household treasury has long been unable to make ends meet. In order to implement fortress tactics, Sun Chengzong gathered more than 100,000 troops in western Liaoning, and also built fortresses, cast artillery, and hoarded grain, but he was still unable to take the initiative to attack, but he was defeated every time he fought in the field, failed to recover an inch of lost land, could not dismiss the army to recuperate, and naturally could not reduce military expenditures. Moreover, every time the Jurchen soldiers attacked, after destroying the fortresses along the way, the official army had to rebuild it again, so the imperial court had to spend a lot of money on the project.

As a result, the annual military salary spent by the imperial court on the Guanning army in western Liaoning was as high as five or six million taels of silver, and the previous income of the household department of the imperial court was only about four million taels per year, and the household department soon began to cry for his father and mother. Sun Ge Lao looked at it and didn't seem to be good, so he wanted to be self-reliant and work in Tuntian, Liaoxi, but the grain and straw that could be harvested in Liaoxi were taxed, which was equivalent to only 150,000 taels of silver. Moreover, if the Guanning army can't defeat Jiannu in the field battle and can't stop the enemy from looting, then the crops in your tuntian are equivalent to being planted for the Jurchens.

Under such a situation of making ends meet, the imperial court had to repeatedly levy Liao salaries, which made the people of the world panic, but it still could not make up for this bottomless pit. Due to the construction of so many fortresses in Liaodong, the project was too large, and the imperial court had to tear down the east wall to make up the west wall, so the food and salary of the towns in the northwest were not paid for a long time, which led to the mutiny of the Shanxi border army, and the trend of rampant bandits in the northwest was unstoppable. The Central Plains and Shandong are also overwhelmed, and the people are swarming. No matter what the victory or defeat of the Great Ling River is, as long as Sun Chengzong's fortress plan of spending a huge amount of money is not changed, with the embarrassment of the imperial court's financial resources, sooner or later he will be dragged down alive.

And the Guanning Iron Cavalry also received such an impact, which eventually led to its size always being only about 5,000 people. (To be continued.) )

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