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Zhang Jiashi did not think about making the three-eyed gun, which is relatively easy to make. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info

This is because the three-eyed gun can be said to be a shoddy firearm compared to a firearm such as a bird gun with a long barrel.

However, in terms of the current use of cold weapons in the Qin Empire, the large number of crossbows made it unnecessary for the three-eyed guns to be installed in the Qin army, and in some respects, Zhang Jiashi did not think that the army that lacked effective training could ensure that it would pay attention to safety in the use of such relatively ancient firearms.

That is to say, it is very difficult to train a certain percentage of firearms troops within a certain period of time.

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In a sense, as a weapon that improves the self-fire, Zhang Jiashi has to admit that before the mature production of the firearm and the use of the firearm is formed, more advanced firearms may lead to more problems.

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The musket can be said to be a very important development history as a musket type weapon.

In other words, the musket is the most important type of musket in history.

A musket gun has a cast copper or wrought iron firing tube (i.e., a barrel) with a firing gate at the lower end of the firing tube to ignite the gunpowder, and the end of the firing tube is connected to a wooden stick or spear called a "rudder rod", which is easy for the shooter to hold, aim and control. Two people are generally required to fire a musket. When fired, black powder is loaded through the muzzle of the gun, and then a projectile such as a stone, iron, copper, or lead bullet is inserted, and the gunpowder in the fire door is ignited with red-hot wire or charcoal. When firing, two launchers are responsible for aiming and ignition, respectively. However, it is very inconvenient for two people to use a musket, especially the cavalry, which cannot be operated by two people at all.

The German black knights were the first armies to be armed with small muskets, and each knight carried a musket.

Despite the fact that this gun seems backward today, at that time it produced an unbelievable power. Once, when the black knight was engaged with the French army, the black knight hung the gun around his neck with a rope, held the gun in his left hand, lit it with his right hand, and reloaded the gunpowder and projectiles from the muzzle after a fight. Despite the low hit rate, troublesome operation, and low firing efficiency of the German musket, the French soldiers armed with spears and swords had never seen this new weapon capable of breathing fireballs, and they were so frightened that they scrambled to escape.

However, the musket was so inconvenient that at the time, the shooters commented on the musket: "To operate a musket alone, you need to have two pairs of eyes and three hands!"

In China, the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty were the general name for metal tubular shooting firearms. It is sometimes referred to as a "torch". In other words, the early Ming Dynasty was still the time when the number of fire gate guns was the largest.

The musket fired stone bullets, lead bullets and iron bullets with gunpowder, which was gradually developed on the basis of various muskets used for a long time in the Southern Song Dynasty and with the improvement of gunpowder performance, and was an important equipment of the army in the Yuan and Ming dynasties. During the Yuan Dynasty, tubular firearms were developed. The bamboo pipes of muskets and artillery were made of metal, and at first they were cast in copper, called "copper fire guns", and later they were cast in pig iron, called "iron fire guns". At this time, metal tubular firearms were loaded not only with gunpowder, but also with spherical iron or stone balls, thus setting a precedent for loading projectiles in metal tubular firearms. It is an important contribution of the Chinese working people to the development of weapons. The development of firearms during this period, the mass production and equipment of armies, especially the formation of specialized firearms armies, made changes begin to take place on the warring sides. The tremendous role of firearms has made it one of the important factors that determine victory or defeat on the battlefield.

The earliest year in which the Yuan Dynasty made firecrackers began, and there is still a lack of documentation. The earliest surviving Yuan Dynasty fire gun with inscription is a product displayed in the third year of Zhishun (1332 AD) in the Chinese History Museum. The bronze cast body of the firearm can withstand large chamber pressure, and can be filled with more gunpowder and heavier projectiles, thus greatly increasing the power of firearms. The firearm has a long service life and can be reloaded and fired repeatedly. Therefore, it became an important piece of equipment for the army soon after its invention.

After the advent of the Yuan Dynasty, it developed rapidly, and played an important role in the war of Zhu Yuanzhang to establish the Ming Dynasty at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of guns were manufactured, border defense, coastal defense and city defense facilities were strengthened, and a special firearms battalion was formed in the Yongle period, which promoted the change of the training and combat methods of the Ming army, and created and developed the tactics of combining firearms with cold weapons. After Jiajing, the light handguns and heavy firearms equipped by the Ming army were gradually replaced by bird guns and artillery.

The predecessor of the fire gun is the assault gun, which appeared in the first year of the Kaiqing of Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty (1259 AD), with a thick bamboo barrel as the gun body, and the inside is filled with gunpowder and Zi Yi (a mixture of iron sand, broken porcelain, stones, gunpowder, etc., in fact, it is a reflective ammunition, and the assault gun can be understood as a shotgun in a sense). The front part of the assault gun is a thick bamboo tube, the middle part of the expansion part is the powder chamber with a small fire hole in the outer wall, and the back part is a hand-held wooden stick. When firing, he uses a wooden stick on the ground, holds the pipe body with one hand, and ignites the fire with the other, making a loud noise, shooting out gravel or projectiles, and the unburned gunpowder gas spews out of the muzzle of the gun up to two or three meters.

Due to the limitations of production technology at that time, the thrust of the gunpowder used was quite limited, and the firing range was about 100 meters, and its shooting accuracy and range were difficult to control, and because the barrel was a natural bamboo tube, after firing a few times, the bamboo at the end of the barrel would become very fragile because of the burning of gunpowder, and even directly lead to the explosion, so the real combat effect of the assault rifle was not very ideal.

Originally created in the Yuan Dynasty of China, the firearm was based on the firing principle of the Southern Song Dynasty musket, especially the assault rifle. Although there is no basis for the date of the creation of the firebolt for a long time, in later generations, due to the increasing number of unearthed and handed down Yuan Dynasty firebolts, it provides valuable material for the analysis of the period of its creation and related issues. The analysis of the data shows that the firearm should be the earliest metal tubular shooting firearm in China.

Compared with the assault rifle created in the Southern Song Dynasty, they have many similarities in structure, reflecting the inheritance of the assault rifle to the assault rifle, and it can also be considered that the Yuan fire gun is the product of the development of the assault rifle. Compared with the Song Dynasty's assault gun, the advantages of the fire gun are undoubtedly obvious, the fire gun is a natural bamboo tube, the fire gun is metal casting, in the service life, use safety and range of the fire gun is incomparable. The assault gun is the earliest tubular shooting firearm that spontaneously uses the firing principle, and the Yuan Huogun is also a relatively advanced metal tubular firing firearm that spontaneously uses the firing principle.

Later generations believed that compared with the assault gun, there were many improvements. First of all, the service life of the Yuan Huo Gong is longer. The melting point of the wall of the metal element fire gun is high, the ablation resistance is good, the pressure resistance is strong, it is not easy to burst, and it can adapt to the increase in chamber pressure due to the improvement of gunpowder performance and the increase of charge, so a yuan fire gun can be used many times without replacement, and the service life is greatly extended.

Secondly, the manufacturing specifications of the Yuan Huo Gong are easy to unify.

Yuan firecracker is according to a certain specification for batch casting, the same batch of firecrackers of each part of the size have been designed in advance, in addition to the error caused by the uneven limitation of the manufacturing process, other errors are very small, so that the size of the firecracker chamber can be strictly controlled, to ensure that the charge reaches the standard, can not only ensure the launch power, but also improve the safety performance and control range and design accuracy when launching.

Thirdly, the structure of the Yuan Huo Gong is more reasonable. In terms of appearance, it has been clearly distinguished from the three parts of the chamber, the chamber and the tail, the cross-section of each part is circular, and the caliber, the length of the chamber, the length of the chamber and the length of the chamber are not accurate, but the shape and structure have reflected the rough quantitative relationship suitable for the needs of the launch.

If the medicine chamber is a lantern bulge, the inner and outer diameters are greater than the inner and outer diameters of the chamber, so that the chamber has a larger volume and cross-section, the characteristics of this structure, can make the gunpowder burn rapidly in the chamber of the larger cross-section, increase the transverse combustion surface, improve the instantaneity of combustion, instantly generate a large amount of high-temperature gas with greater pressure, and be squeezed (compressed) into the chamber with a smaller cross-section, so that the pressure increases again, thereby improving the launch force and the projectile flight speed and lethality, and the last point, the rate of fire of the Yuan Huogun is faster. The inner wall of the Yuan Huo Gong is smoother, and the residue remaining in the gun chamber after firing is easier to remove and less time-consuming, thus increasing the rate of fire. Because of the superiority of the firecracker, so after the creation of the success, it was equipped with the army for combat, not only the Yuan army, but also the peasant rebel army at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, especially the rebel army led by Zhu Yuanzhang used the most, and made great contributions to its seizure of power. After the creation of the Yuan Dynasty, it was used in warfare, and by the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it was gradually used frequently.

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During the same period, it is possible that due to trade as a premise, the Yuan Dynasty firecrackers spread to the West.

Because of this, the following records appear in Western literature:

In 1364, the list of the armory of the city of Perugia, Italy: "500 cannons, about 8 inches long, can be held in the hand, very beautiful, capable of shooting through any armor".

That is to say, some time before this, the West has mastered the production process of muskets, and even has its own way of development, forming another musket development system.

In China, for a long time, the more primitive firearms such as firearms continued to be used as military equipment:

Because the fire gun showed great superiority in the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it was greatly developed in the early Ming Dynasty, and it can be divided into two stages of development.

The first stage began with Zhu Yuanzhang's establishment of the Ming Dynasty and ended with the loss of Emperor Jianwen. At the beginning of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang continued to take various effective measures to develop the manufacture of weapons, standardize and unify the primary firearms created in the Yuan Dynasty, and develop them into a series of Hongwu firearms including large, medium and small according to the needs of actual combat. According to the size, structural characteristics and combat use of the Hongwu series of firearms, they can be divided into three categories: one is equipped with handguns for individual use, the second is the medium-sized bowl-mouth guns equipped for warships and pass guards, and the third is the large guns specially used for city defense fortresses.

The second stage lasted from Zhu Di's proclamation of the emperor to the introduction of the Fran machine in the last years of Zhengde. After Zhu Di became emperor, he attached great importance to the development of firearms. He took advantage of the favorable conditions provided by the developed handicraft industry, mining and metallurgical industry and other favorable conditions to vigorously promote the development of the firearm manufacturing industry. According to the needs and possibilities of the time, the developers of firearms also focused their research on the improvement of the structure of the firearms, the improvement of their quality, the increase of their varieties, the improvement of their performance, and the enhancement of their power, so that the firearms could develop by leaps and bounds and become the standard equipment of the Ming army. The successors of Zhu Di after all generations also used its achievements and continued to develop them until they were made into large guns weighing thousands of catties, thus forming a combination of large, medium and small Yongle series of standard firearms, which developed the firecrackers of the Hongwu period to its heyday.

Its improvements are: the improvement of the shape, the shape of the breech is changed from the straight cylinder to the shape of the gradually increasing from the barrel mouth to the medicine room, that is, the wall of the medicine room is thickened, so that the design is more reasonable and more scientific, reflecting the scientific and technological level at that time. The second is to add a fire door cover to make it safer, more reliable, and more conducive to combat. The third is to add a charge spoon, so that the dosage has a unified standard, to avoid the danger of more or less medicine. Fourth, the "Trojan Horse" was added to compact gunpowder, increase explosive power, and increase the firing range. In short, the manufacture and use of firecrackers are more standardized, reasonable and scientific.

In this period, the fire guns were cast with copper or iron, and copper was more common. It consists of a breech, chamber and tail. It is usually divided into: handguns for individual soldiers, large bowls for city defense and water warfare, guns and multi-barreled guns. The handcuff is light and dexterous, the body is slender, the breech is cylindrical, and the projectile is placed inside. The medicine room is spherical and bulging, and there is a fire door on the wall of the chamber for placing the lead for ignition. The tail chisel is hollow and can be equipped with a wooden handle, which is easy for the launcher to handle. Some handcuffs have several reinforcing hoops from the mouth to the tail of the gun (see photo).

Both the large bowl mouth and the bowl mouth are named because of the shape of the gun, and the basic structure is similar to that of the handtool, but the shape is short and thick, and the mouth is in the shape of a bowl (cup), which can hold more projectiles. Some bowls (bowls) have wider mouths and tails, and there are holes on both sides of the walls of the hammers, which can cross the wooden sticks and place the barrels on the wooden frame. When firing, the pitch angle can be adjusted by the skids under the gun. The bowl mouth gun, which was used in water warfare, was mostly attached to the fixed wooden frame of the warship and fired at the enemy ship from the broadside.

Since the introduction of the Franc cannon and arquebus in the Jiajing period (A.D.), the Chinese gun, which had flourished for more than 200 years, was relegated to a secondary position in the Ming army.

Judging from the records of this aspect, although the musket is said to have improved, it is still in the category of the musket, and the development of the arquebus seems to have been neglected or never appeared at all. (To be continued.) )

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