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Chapter 107

The period when Taoism played an important role in the court was mainly the Tang Dynasty. Please search (product & book ¥ net) to see the most complete! update the fastest

After all, Fangshi and Taoism are not strictly speaking the same system.

Zhang Jiashi is half a Taoist, but he knows one thing very well, it is something that a real Taoist priest understands, and a priest may not necessarily understand, and what a monk understands, Taoist priests often involve it.

This is the difference between specialization and miscellaneous but not refined.

And Fang Shi was the first to come out of the title of the official position: "Zhou Li, Qiu Guan, Preface Official": "Fang Shi, there are six out of ten scholars." ”

Zheng Xuan's note: "Fang Shi, the prisoner of the main Quartet. ”

Jia Gongyan Shu: "In charge of the capital, Zheng Bi Zhuyun: the capital, the prince's brother and the minister's land; The Lord is a prison of the third class. The land is quarried in the four directions of the royal city, so the cloud is also a scholar. ”

During the Zhou Dynasty, he believed in the doctrine of Fang Shi Wei, and was good at worshipping ghosts and gods for Zhou Tianzi, alchemy and immortality, and was also known as a magician.

However, after the gradual decline of the Zhou Dynasty, Fang Shi became a name for people who claimed to be able to visit immortals and refine pills in order to achieve immortality.

"Historical Records: Qin Shi Huang Benji": "Fang Shi wants to refine in order to seek medicine. It appeared no later than Zhou, to the Qin and Han dynasties, and gradually formed a special Fangshi group, the so-called Fang Xian Dao or Shen Xian Jia. There are also different factions such as exhaling qi, taking immortal medicine, alchemy in the ancestral stove, and summoning gods and impeaching ghosts. The idea of immortals and their magic became the core content and spiritual pillar of Taoism in later generations.

Fangshi is considered to be a branch of Taoism, and it is likely that it comes from a term described in the historical record of "Fang Xian Dao".

......

Fang Xiandao is still a religious myth, not an independent religion. The emergence of Fang Xian Dao is a symptom of the evolution of Huang Lao's Taoism into a religion.

One was first seen in the "Historical Records of Feng Zen Book": Song Wuji, Zheng Boqiao, Chongshang, and Xianmen Gao are all Yan people, who are Fang Xiandao, and the form is dissolved, depending on the ghosts and gods.

During the Warring States Period, the monks in the Yanqi area combined their immortal doctrine and magic with Taoism and Zou Yan's Yin and Yang Five Elements Theory to form the Fang Xian Dao, which was mainly popular in the layer society of Yan Qi. The so-called "Fang" refers to the prescription for curing the Dao, and the so-called "Immortal" refers to the immortal immortals who attain the Dao.

Huang Laoxue spoke of Taoism under the Qi Kingdom, and they revered the legendary Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzu as the founders of Taoism. Qi Tian advocates Huang Lao, and scholars who govern Huang Lao have swarmed. Huang Lao's thought contains many elements of mysticism, and the scholars who treated Huang Lao's study originally had many monks, who used the idea of immortal immortality and the theory of yin and yang and the five elements to make religious explanations of these factors, so that Huang Lao's study developed in the direction of immortal magic.

To the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzu were further mystified, and from the emphasis on respecting the Yellow Emperor, to the deification of Lao Tzu, and gradually formed the Huang Lao Tao that regarded Lao Tzu as a god, and became the predecessor of Taoism.

One view is that Fang Xian Tao is the origin of Taoism's belief that the Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzu are the same patriarch is also propagated from the chapter of Zhuangzi.

In "Zhuangzi: The Great Master", it is said that the Yellow Emperor attained the Tao and ascended to heaven and became an immortal; in the chapter "Zaiyou", Guangchengzi taught the Yellow Emperor the "Supreme Dao". The Yellow Emperor is revered as the ancestor of the other school of Taoism, the immortal alchemist, the Huang Lao warlock, and the immortal alchemist.

In this way, the original Laozhuang School's doctrine with the ultimate goal of restoring the natural nature of things was transformed into the Huang Lao Doctrine to use the natural nature of things for our own use.

This laid the groundwork for the belief in immortals and the emergence of the theory of Neidanshu after Taoism. In the Taoist system, Lao Tzu's thought developed into the Warring States Period, forming two main schools, namely Huang Laozhi and Zhuang. Both inherited Lao Tzu's Taoism, but developed differently. Huang Laozhi's teachings made Laozi's Taoism develop in a more positive direction and led to a series of social and political norms, while Zhuangxue evolved Taoism into a state of life.

From the late Warring States period to the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the immortal family and the emperor agitated with each other, setting off the famous incident of entering the sea to seek immortal medicine in national history. Qi Wei, King Xuan and King Yan Zhao, Qin Shi Huang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, etc., all sent Fang Shi to Haisan Divine Mountain to seek the medicine of immortals and immortals, and the scale of this became larger and larger, but to no avail.

Therefore, the prosperity period of Fang Xiandao was from the late Warring States period to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and its representative figures included Song Wuji, Zheng Boqiao, Xu Fu, Lu Sheng, Li Shaojun, Li Shaoweng, Luan Da, Gongsun Qing, etc.

In ancient times, "Fangshu" referred to the method of governing the Tao. "Zhuangzi": "There are many practitioners in the world. Cheng Xuanyingshu: "Fang, Dao also." Since Xuan Xuan has been down, up to Yao Shun, there are many ways to govern the art of Taoism. In ancient times, the people who ruled the magic were called "alchemists", and they were the embodiment of "gods and men".

The biggest characteristics of immortals are: first, they can live forever like ordinary people, and second, they are free and free, and their magical powers are vast. "Fangshi" later developed into "Taoist", that is, Taoist people, who were characterized by the worship of immortals. The legend of the gods can be traced back to the Warring States Period, one from Jing Chuhua and the other from Yan Qihua. The words of the Zhuangzi book about the gods, the supreme people, the real people, and the saints are the first vivid descriptions of the images of the gods. For example: "The mountain of contempt and shooting, there are gods and men who live there, and the skin is like ice and snow, and the covenant is like a virgin." Do not eat grains, suck wind and drink dew, ride the clouds, fly the dragon, and swim beyond the four seas. “

"To the gods, Daze can't be hot, and Hehan can't be cold. "This kind of god and saint does not eat the fireworks of the world, is not afraid of water and fire, soars through the clouds and fog, and comes and goes freely. "Chu Ci" also has a vivid and romantic fugue story.

"Lisao" imagines his ascension to heaven, "The former Wangshu makes the pioneer Xi, the latter Feilian makes the Ben subordinate, the Luan Emperor is the first to quit Xi, the Lei master tells the Yu to not have, I make the phoenix soar, and then day and night." “

"Nine Chapters" chanted: "Driving the green and white mantle, I and Chonghua travel to the garden of Yao." Deng Kunlun eats jade, lives with heaven and earth, and shines with the sun and the moon. Since there is this kind of immortal fantasy, there must be serious seekers, and the key is how to break through the limit of life and death and achieve individual immortality, so there is a "immortal" prescription.

There are many records of magic in ancient times. "Warring States Policy" records that someone offered the medicine of immortality to King Jing.

"Han Feizi" also mentions that "the guest has taught King Yan to be the one who is immortal". The legend of the gods is more popular, and the enthusiasts of the fairy magic are mainly the princes and kings, and the place where both are popular at the same time is the Yanqi area in the north. Yanqi is facing the sea, the sea and the sky are changing, the island is vaguely confused, and the difficult and dangerous gods of navigation all arouse people's rich associations and reverie.

The Jixia School Palace in Linzi, the capital of Qi State, was full of talents in the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and Huang Lao's thought was very active, "Huang Lao's learning had a significant impact in history, and gradually evolved into a belief, and also developed from the early Taoism of one of the Taiping Dao, although it was suppressed, but the wind of Qi Dong's faith has not faded for a long time."

Secondly, the Jiaodong Peninsula is surrounded by the sea on three sides, surrounded by mountains, "the sea and the sky are bright and extinguished, and the changes are endless", the island is confused and vague, fascinating, the navigation is difficult and dangerous, the gods are full of excitement, and the seafood is rich and colorful, attracting people's love, "especially the sea market of the gods!

According to the "Historical Records", the development of immortal magic has been more intense since the Qin and Han dynasties. After Qin Shi Huang had the world, he toured the coast many times, hoping to gain something, and sent thousands of Xu Fufa boys and girls into the sea to seek immortal medicine. Xu Fu is also known as Xu Shi, Qin Shi Fangshi, in order to cater to the superstitious immortality of the first emperor, the book says that there are three sacred mountains in the sea, and thousands of boys and girls are invited to enter the sea by boat, and the result is never returned.

Qin Shi Huang also sent Han Zhong, Hou Gong, Shi Sheng and others to ask for immortal medicine, but they spent a lot of money and got nothing. Although "Yan Qihai's monks can't pass on their skills, it is strange that the sycophants have risen since then, and there are countless of them." "Historical Records" also said that this kind of magic "ancestral stove is to cause things, to cause things and dansha can be turned into gold, gold into a diet vessel is longevity, longevity and Hai Penglai immortal is visible, see it to seal Zen is immortal, the Yellow Emperor is also."

Some people also say that "gold can be made, and the river can be stopped, the medicine of immortality can be obtained, and the immortals can be made." The monks fabricated the myth of the Yellow Emperor casting the tripod and riding the dragon to ascend to heaven, which caused the emperor to sigh and say: "I am as sincere as the Yellow Emperor, and I regard my wife as if I have lost my ears."

The emperor is good alone, and tens of thousands of people flock to it, "the people of Qi are tens of thousands of people who are strange and strange", "Since then, the people of Fang Shiyan Shrine are numerous".

"Historical Records" said that at the same time as Zou Yan, "Song Wuji, Zheng Boqiao, Chongshang, Xianmen Gao, and finally Yan people, are Fang Xiandao, all forms are eliminated, and they depend on the things of ghosts and gods." The fairy magic coincides with the extravagant hope of the nobles to enjoy eternal glory, so it is mostly popular among the powerful. The legend of immortals in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was still a religious myth, not an independent religion.

The emergence of Fang Xian Dao is a symptom of the evolution of Huang Lao's Taoism into a religion.

But in one case, the evidence that Fang Xian Dao was not an orthodox Taoist sect lies in the most famous Fang Shi Luan Da during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Luan Da was the Shang Fang of Liu Jigong, the king of Jiaodong during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, tall and handsome, and learned magic from the same teacher as General Cheng Shaoweng.

After being recommended by Lecheng Marquis Ding Yi to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu thought that Luan Da could pass the immortals, entrusted him with a heavy responsibility, named him the general of Wuli, and worshiped as the general of Tianshi, the general of the earth, the general of Datong, the general of Tiandao, and later named the Marquis of Letong, when Luan Dapei six seals, Gui Zhen the world.

Because Luan Da was trusted by Emperor Wu, he became famous as an official and marquis, so he was able to marry the widowed Princess Weichang. Emperor Wu gave his daughter gold (100,000) jin as a dowry, changed his name to Tang Muyi, and held a grand wedding to marry his daughter Yu Luanda.

Later, Emperor Wu found that most of Luan Da's magic was not tested, Luan Da could not be channeled, and the emperor's trust was exchanged for deception and missteps, and thus delayed the eldest princess, and the angry Emperor Wu beheaded Luan Da in half. Luan Da's recommender, Le Cheng Hou Dingyi, was also convicted of "untruthfulness", abandoned the city, and Hou Guo was expelled.

There are not a few records of this monk in the historical records, and it can even be said that the relevant content is even more than the records of some famous ministers (but the "Historical Records" and the "Historical Records of Xiaowu Benji" are mostly the same in this record, and only the content of the "Historical Records of Xiaowu Benji" is listed. ）：

"Historical Records: Filial Piety and Martial Piety":

In the spring, Le Cheng Hou Shuyan Luan Da. Luan Da, a native of Jiaodong Palace, tasted the same division as General Cheng, and was already the king of Jiaodong. And Sister Le Cheng is Queen Kang, no son. King Kang died, and his concubine became king. And after Kang, there was adultery, and he did not get along with the king, and he was in danger of the law. Kanghou heard that Cheng was dead, and wanted to flatter himself, so he sent Luan Da Yin Le Cheng Hou to ask to see Yan Fang. After the Son of Heaven was condemned, he regretted his early death, regretted his inexhaustible prescriptions, and saw Luan Da and was happy. He is a beautiful person, and he is strategic, and he dares to speak out and deal with it without doubt. He said: "The ministers taste the sea, and see the Anqi and the envy of the family." Gu thinks that the minister is cheap, and does not believe in the minister. I also thought that the ears of the princes of King Kang were not enough to give the party. The ministers said that King Kang did not need ministers. The master of the ministers said: 'Gold can be made, and rivers can be stopped, the medicine of immortality can be obtained, and immortals can be made.' "If the ministers are afraid of success, then the monks will cover their mouths, and dare to speak out!" said: "It will become a dead ear for eating horse liver." Zicheng can do it, how can I love it!" Da said: "The minister does not ask for people, but people ask for it." If your majesty desires to do so, then you will be your messenger, and let your relatives treat them with courtesy, and do not humble them, so that each one may wear his seal, so that he may speak to the man of God. The man of God is still willing to be evil. Respect its envoys, and then you can also do it. So a priori the small square, the flag, the flag touches each other.

It is the time to worry about the river, and the gold is not, but to worship the general of Wuli. Ju Yue Yu, get four gold seals, General Pei Tianshi, General Dishi, General Datong, and General Tiandao. Imperial History: "Xi Yu sparse Jiujiang, and decide the four blasphemy." The river overflows the land, and the embankment is endless. I have been in the world for twenty and eight years, and the sky is like a widow. It is called 'Dragon', 'Hong gradually in general', and it means a few things. With 2,000 fiefdoms, the general is the Marquis of Letong. "Give the marquis Jiadi, a thousand servants. Ride the public to rebuke the chariots, horses, tents, and utensils to fill their homes. and the wife of Princess Wei Chang, with 10,000 catties of gold, was renamed Princess Dangli. The Son of Heaven is as close as the first of the five benefits. The messenger asks what he gives, and he belongs to the Tao. Since the great lord and the general are below, they all put wine in their homes and dedicate their legacy. So the Son of Heaven carved a jade seal and said "General Tiandao", so that the envoy was clothed in feathers, and the white grass was erected at night, and the general Wuli was also clothed in a feather coat, and the white grass was sealed, so as to show that the ministers were also. And those who wear the "way of heaven" are also the gods of the Son of Heaven. So Wuli often worships his family at night, and wants to be a god. Before God arrived, a hundred ghosts gathered, but it was quite able to make it. After that, he ruled and pretended, and went east into the sea, seeking his teacher. Seeing for a few months, wearing six seals, Gui Zhen the world, and between Haiyan Qi, he said that there was a forbidden prescription, and he could be immortal.

In its autumn, in order to cut down South Vietnam, pray to Taiyi, draw the sun and moon with vitex and climb the dragon with the Beidou, and take the sky as a three-star for Tai, and the name is "Spirit Flag". Pray for the soldiers, then Taishi will refer to the country that has been conquered. And General Wuli did not dare to enter the sea, the Taishan Temple. So that people can follow the test, but there is nothing to see. Wuli vainly said that he saw his teacher, and his side was exhausted, and there were many things. It is a punishment of five benefits.

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