Chapter 105

To establish a system of ideological inheritance, it takes time and considerable publicity.

Zhang Jiashi is very clear about this. Because from the perspective of the development of Confucianism, Confucianism has become the most far-reaching school of doctrine in the history of the country, and the time has passed is quite long, and the various supports of Confucianism by successive rulers are also inseparable.

It can be said that if the attitude of the Qin Empire towards Confucianism is concerned, the time required for Confucianism to develop adequately can be said to be unusually long.

At the very least, Zhang Jiashi did not think that if it were not for the fact that Dong Zhongshu had not begun to receive the attention of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and made a big leap forward in the development of Confucianism, then it would undoubtedly be very difficult for Confucianism to become a mainstream thought that dominated later dynasties.

But has there been a relatively short period of time for Confucianism, but even the emergence of schools of thought that have experienced great ups and downs in a short period of time?

Yes The ups and downs of Taoism and Buddhism are a microcosm of this.

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Taoism once elected ten emperors who advocated Taoism in later generations.

The first emperor was the first ......

However, the First Emperor was only pursuing immortality, and Xu Fu, Lu Sheng and others had no corresponding relationship with Taoism.

The good thing is that the person who does alchemy is not necessarily a Taoist priest, and the Taoist priest does not necessarily know alchemy.

The history of Taoism's development has not been smooth sailing.

However, strictly speaking, there has never been a campaign to exterminate Taoism specifically against Taoism. And Emperor Wu of Zhou's extermination of Taoism and Buddhism can be said to be an implicated event.

Buddhism, on the other hand, is much more miserable.

Because compared to Taoism, Buddhism has experienced "three martial arts and one sect to destroy the Buddha".

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"Three martial arts to destroy the Buddha" refers to the combined name of the three events of Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty. The names or temple numbers of these incumbents all have a martial character. If the destruction of the Buddha during the reign of Zhou Shizong is added, it is collectively called "the destruction of the Buddha by the three martial arts and one sect".

In order to unify the north and consolidate its position in the original, the Northern Wei Dynasty used the whole people as soldiers. At that time, because Shamen had always been exempt from taxes and forced labor, Emperor Taiwu of Wei, who was determined to be martial arts, issued an edict in the fourth year of Taiyan, and all Shamen under the age of 50 would still serve in the military. Under the persuasion of Prime Minister Cui Hao, he converted to Kou Qianzhi's Heavenly Master Dao, rejected Buddhism, and gradually developed into an action to destroy Buddhism.

Cui Hao was born in a famous family, read the scriptures and history, is good at the five elements of yin and yang and the study of mathematics, the three emperors of Wei Daowu, Wei Mingyuan, Wei Taiwu, officials to Situ, often participated in military and political secrets, deeply trusted by Taiwu Emperor; after getting acquainted with Kou Qianzhi, he believed in Taoism and received his spells.

In his early years, Kou Qianzhi was keen on the way of immortals, practiced the five buckets of rice that Zhang Ling, Zhang Heng and Zhang Lu founded and inherited in the late Han Dynasty, and followed the monks into Huashan and Songshan to learn and practice. In the last years of Emperor Ming and Yuan, Kou Qianzhi entered Pingcheng from Songshan, befriended Cui Hao, and often stayed up all night to listen to Cui Hao talk about the history of ancient chaos, and sighed for it. Later, Kou Qianzhi absorbed Confucianism, Buddhist scriptures and fasting rituals into Taoism, and reinvented the Five Buckets of Rice Dao in order to make it easy for the Later Wei Emperor to accept.

In the early years of Emperor Taiwu of Wei, Kou Qianzhi offered a book of Taoism, but there were few believers in the government and the opposition at that time, so Cui Hao wrote a book to persuade Emperor Taiwu, so that Emperor Taiwu believed in Taoism, and sent people to worship Songshan with jade silk livestock. Emperor Taiwu established the Heavenly Master Dojo in the southeast of Pingcheng, proclaimed himself Taiping Zhenjun, and personally received the talisman, built the Jinglun Heavenly Palace, enshrined Taiping Zhenjun, changed the year name to Taiping Zhenjun, and believed in Taoism from then on.

Emperor Taiwu of Wei's action to abolish the Buddha began with the five years of Taiping Zhenjun's impeachment of Shamen, he ordered from the princes to the Shuren, all prohibiting private Shamen, and handed over the private Shamen within a time limit, if there is any concealment, the whole door will be destroyed. The following year, Lu Shui's Hu people Gai Wu rebelled in Xingcheng, with more than 100,000 people.

In the seventh year, Emperor Taiwu personally led his troops to suppress it, and when he arrived in Chang'an, he found weapons in a monastery, suspected that Shamen and Gai Wu were colluding, and he was furious and ordered the monks of the whole temple to be killed. Cui Hao took the opportunity to persuade Emperor Taiwu of Wei to destroy the Buddha, so Emperor Taiwu further implemented the cruel policy of abolishing the Buddha: killing the Shamen of Chang'an and burning all the scriptures in the world. All of a sudden, the whole country was in the air.

At that time, the crown prince Tuoba Huang supervised the state and held the government, always believed in Buddhism, repeatedly expressed his expression, and dissuaded Emperor Taiwu, although it was not adopted, but because of this, the edict of the abolition of the Buddha was delayed, and the Shamen near and far heard the news and escaped and were exempted, and the Buddha statues and scriptures were also hidden;

Soon after the abolition of the Buddha, Kou Qianzhi died of illness, and Cui Hao was later beheaded for writing the "History of Wei", which despised the Hu people, and more than 100 people of his clan were executed.

Six years after the abolition of Buddhism, Emperor Taiwu of Wei died, Emperor Wei Cheng ascended the throne, issued an edict to revive Buddhism, and Buddhism gradually resumed its development.

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Yu Yong, whose name is You Luotu, is the fourth son of Yu Tai. He was the emperor for 18 years, only 35 years old when he died, known as Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and was a famous politician and military strategist during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Why did such an outstanding politician and military strategist destroy the Buddha?

The reasons for this are complex. First of all, we have to review the origin of Emperor Wu of Zhou. Ugo, also known as Saho, is Utai's nephew. During the Western Wei Dynasty, he served as a general and a general. In 556, when Utai was seriously ill and dying, he asked Ugo to assist the young master, and Ugo made a promise on the surface. In the second year, he established Yujue as the emperor and built the Northern Zhou. Yujue "Sexual Congo, the dictatorship of the evil Jin public protector". Seeing that he was not convinced, Yuhu soon poisoned him to death, and set up Yuyu as the emperor and the Ming Emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. After the reign of Emperor Ming of the Northern Zhou Dynasty for four years, Yu Hu poisoned him to death and renamed Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty - Yu Yong.

Before Emperor Wu came to power, the power was in the hands of Ugo. Ugo vigorously promoted Buddhism, so Emperor Wu at that time also strongly admired Buddhism, which may also be a last resort for Mingzhe to protect himself.

In the second year of Tianhe, a man named Wei Yuansong wrote to Emperor Wu of Zhou, saying, "Tang and Yu have no Buddha to seek national security; But benefiting the people and the country will be Buddha's heart. Those who have the heart of the Buddha are based on great kindness, live in peace and happiness, and never work hard for the people. Therefore, he suggested that Emperor Wu of Zhou destroy the Buddha.

In 572 AD, after Emperor Wu of Zhou killed Yuhu and took the power into his own possession, in December of the following year, he convened Taoist priests, monks, and officials to discuss the three religions of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism again.

This time, "the emperor sat down and explained the three religions in order, with Confucianism first, Taoism secondary, and Buddhism second."

To suppress Buddhism to the end is a prelude to the destruction of Buddhism. At that time, some Buddhists did not know the intention of Emperor Wu of Zhou, and they still argued endlessly, explaining that Buddhism should be in Taoism, and they were very unconvinced. However, some discerning people saw through Emperor Wu of Zhou's mind and pointed out: "If he is in a foreign country and knows about it from far and near, it is suspected that he is seeking troops among the monks and taking the land under the tower temple, which is deeply strange." They believed that Emperor Wu of Zhou could not achieve the desired goal by doing so, because "but the stubborn monks did not serve enough troops, and the temple land was given to the people, how could the country be rich."

On May 15 of the third year of Jiande, Emperor Wu of Zhou issued an edict to "cut off the two religions of Buddha and Taoism, destroy the statues, strike Shamen and Taoist priests, and order the return of the people." and forbid all obscenities, and remove those that are not contained in the rituals. For a time, in the territory of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, "the Buddha burned the scriptures, and drove the monks to break the tower...... Baosha Garan is a secular house, and Shamen is all white."

In the sixth year of Jiande, after the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Buddhist entity that continued to develop immediately implemented the policy of exterminating Buddhism, destroying 40,000 temples and forcing 3 million monks and nuns to return to the laity, which was equivalent to one-tenth of the total population at that time and became a national household again, which was in urgent need of military resources and financial resources for the feudal court, its significance is self-evident.

Emperor Wu of Zhou destroyed the Buddha for a long time, involving a wide range of people, touching deeply, and achieving considerable results, which is worthy of full affirmation. Therefore, some people praised at that time: "The emperor's fortune is far away, and the policy of strengthening the country and enriching the people is a strategy." The fact of destroying the Buddha also played a role in "the civil service is a little Xi, the rent is increasing every year, and the soldiers are flourishing." The role of the East Ping Qi Country, the West Ding Demon Rong, and the National Security and Folk Music". It was precisely because of the successful extermination campaign of the Northern Zhou Dynasty that its national strength was greatly enhanced, laying a solid foundation for the Northern Zhou Dynasty's extermination of Qi and even the unification of the North by the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when Buddhism and Taoism were extremely prosperous, Emperor Wu of Zhou was unique, destroying Buddhism and breaking the Tao, but did not slaughter monks, showing a high degree of flexibility in his rule.

Although Emperor Wu of Zhou personally recognized and even admired religious thought, when the development of religion conflicted with the operation of the state apparatus, it was commendable that he was able to clearly understand that he was lightweight, and made decisive decisions without sticking to tradition.

During the same period, that is, the feudal monarchs of the Northern Qi and Jiangzuo regimes, most of them could not face up to the disadvantages brought by the excessive development of religion, especially Buddhism, to the country and blindly promoted them, which can set off the flexibility of Emperor Wu of Zhou's ruling policy.

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Tang Wuzong's extermination of Buddha can be said to be the largest extermination of Buddha in the history of the country.

On October 9, the second year of Huichang, Wuzong issued an edict, requiring monks and nuns who have different practices and do not keep the precepts to return to the laity, "All monks and nuns in the world should be relieved of smelting, spells, forbidden qi, carrying the army, scars and birds, miscellaneous skills, those who have committed adultery and raising wives, and those who do not practice the precepts, and extort the vulgar." If the monks and nuns have money and goods, grain, fields, and manors, they will be the collectors. If you cherish money, you will petition to return to the vulgar, and you will also be allowed to return the vulgar and be charged with two taxes and forced labor. ”

Later, an edict was issued to limit the number of slaves and maids owned by monks and nuns, and to emphasize that slaves and maids were not allowed to cut their hair and shave their heads, in order to avoid the loss of the pariah.

To the eighteenth day of the first month of the third year of Huichang, the capital "a total of 1,232 lay monks and nuns on the left street, and a total of 2,259 lay monks and nuns on the right street," on June 11 of the third year of Huichang, Wuzong's birthday, according to the usual practice to summon Buddhism into the palace to discuss, but only give the Taoist purple clothes, not allow the monks to wear purple, when the prince Zhan Shi Wei Zongqing into the "Nirvana Sutra" 20 volumes, "Da Yuan Yi Zi Jinglu" 20 volumes, was ordered by Wuzong to burn, under the edict door, burned the herbs in his house, not allowed to be transmitted. The edict said, "(Wei Zongqing) is a fan of demons by worshipping the class, obeying Confucianism, and drowning in heresy??????." If it is not a holy word, it is still advisable to prohibit it, and the foreign religion can be spread. ”

In September of the third year of Huichang, Zhaoyi Town will rebel, the imperial court sent troops to attack, and at the same time arrested Zhaoyi in the backyard of Beijing to detain the stiff grandson, his people escaped, and it was rumored that his head had been shaved. The merit envoys of the two streets then searched the monks of the city, and it evolved into a purge of the unknown monks of the public case, the monks of the nearby temple, and the new monks with their heads.

In March of the fourth year of Huichang, His Majesty was not allowed to worship the Buddha's tooth, and the temples of Wutai Mountain, Sizhou Puguangwang Temple, Zhongnan Mountain Wutai, and Fengxiang Mansion Famen Temple had Buddha finger festivals, and it was forbidden to place offerings. In turn, they attacked the religious holy places of Buddhism, resulting in a situation in which people in the spiritual realms were cut off from coming and going, and no one was sending offerings.

On the birthday of Wuzong in the fourth year of Huichang, monks were no longer invited to enter the palace.

Yuanren recorded, "Merit is made to the temples, and those who are allowed to violate the bells in the streets of monks and nuns, and those who stay overnight in other temples are guilty of violating the edict." In the past, it was forbidden to leave the temple in the afternoon, but now it is not allowed to ring bells. “

The government not only interfered with the daily activities of the temple, but also intended to block the flow of people and communication between the temples.

In July of the fourth year of Huichang or in the seventh month of the leap year, the imperial decree demolished the Tianxia Mountain House Lanruo, the ordinary Buddhist hall, the Yijing Village and other less than 200 rooms, and did not enter the temple, and the monks and nuns were all extorted and returned to the world. There are more than 300 Buddhist halls in the capital square, as well as Buddha statues, scripture buildings, etc., and they are all gone. All the world's Buddhist halls, temples, etc., the stone buildings, monk tomb towers, etc., were all demolished.

In October of the fourth year of Huichang, the imperial decree demolished the small temple in the world, moved into the big temple through the Buddha, and sent the Taoist temple to the temple. The monks and nuns who were demolished and did not follow the precepts, and the monks and nuns who had precepts at a young age, returned to the vulgar and returned to their original roots.

There are still old monks and nuns who have precepts, and they are promised to be matched with large temples, and 33 small temples have been demolished in the capital. The purpose of this edict is particularly obvious, the young and the vulgar are to compete with the temple for labor, and as for the old Xu to marry the big temple, it is to avoid increasing the pressure of the local area after the repatriation of the old monks, and transfer the pressure of the old monks' offerings to the big temple body.

In March of the fifth year of Huichang, the imperial decree forbade the world's monasteries to build manors, and ordered all monasteries and their monks, nuns, slaves and maids, and property to be inspected.

In April of the fifth year of Huichang, the Buddha was exterminated, and it was stipulated that Xijing Chang'an could only keep 4 temples, 10 monks in each temple, 2 temples in Luoyang, Tokyo, and 1 temple in 34 states for the rest of the Jiedu envoys, and no temple should be left in the state where the other thorns were located. All other temples were destroyed, monks and nuns were ordered to return to the laity, all the bronze Buddha statues and bell chimes of abandoned temples were all sold and cast money, and the iron casts were handed over to Honshu for agricultural tools.

In addition, it was also decreed that "if there is no foreign country, etc., if there is no servant of the subordinates, it shall also be ordered to return to the vulgar and recursive to the country." ”

On May 14, the fifth year of Huichang, the Japanese monk Yuanren pretended to return to the world, left Chang'an, and left detailed notes on the destruction of Buddha in various places on the way to the coast.

In August of the fifth year of Huichang, statistics were made on the scale of the destruction of Buddhas: "More than 4,600 temples were demolished in the world, 260,500 lay monks and nuns were returned, and more than 40,000 households were collected for two taxes; more than 40,000 houses were demolished for Zhaoti and Lanruo, tens of millions of hectares of anointed fields were collected, and 150,000 slaves and maids were collected for two tax households." ”。

In the sixth year of Huichang, Wuzong died, the destruction of Buddhism stopped, and Xuanzong re-encouraged the development of Buddhism after succeeding to the throne.

According to the "Old Tang Dynasty Book, Wu Zongji" contains: in the summer and April of the fifth year of Huichang, "the number of monks and nuns in the temple and the temple in the world was 4,600 in Dafan Temple, 40,000 in Lanruo, and 26,500 monks and nuns." On the afternoon of August of the same year, the edict was issued to the world, "Demolish more than 4,600 temples, return 260,500 lay monks and nuns, collect two tax households, demolish more than 40,000 Zhaoti and Lanruo, collect tens of millions of hectares of anointed fields, and collect 150,000 slaves and maids for two tax households." ”

These two data are considered to be reliable statistics on the scale of Buddha destruction, which is consistent with Li Deyu and Du Mu's description of the scale of Buddha destruction.

The reason why the destruction of the Buddha in Huichang is called the destruction of the Buddha rather than the destruction of the Buddha is because in the process of destroying the Buddha from the second year of Huichang to the fifth year of Huichang, Buddhism was not completely extinct, but a small part of Buddhism was consciously preserved in the policy. From the process of destroying the Buddha, we can see that the destruction of the Buddha in Huichang was carried out gradually, in a planned and gradual manner

"Autumn and July Gengzi, and the province of the world Buddhist temple. The next article under the door of the book is sparsely heard: "According to the order, the officials of the state and the state of the day of the incense in the temple, and the state of the state to stay in the temple. Its Xiazhou Temple was abolished. The two streets of the capital and the east capital please stay in ten temples and ten monks. "Edict Day:" Zhou Heliu Temple, those who work exquisitely stay; If it is broken, it should also be destroyed. On the day of its incense, officials are suitable for Taoist temples. There are two temples in each street of the capital and the lower capital, and there are 30 people in the temple. The left street is left to be kind and blessed, and the right street is left to be bright and solemn. ”

In addition, because the three towns of Heshuo were under the control of the Jiedu envoy at that time, it was difficult for the central government order to reach.

"Pilgrimage to the Tang Dynasty" mentions that "only the Yellow River has been north, Zhen, You, Wei, Lu and other four sections, Yuan to respect Buddhism, do not destroy Buddhist temples, do not flow monks and nuns, Buddhism, everything is not moved, there are frequent envoys to investigate and punish, cloud: 'The Son of Heaven comes to destroy, demolish and burn, it is enough, and the ministers cannot do this.'" '“

There are also records of Tanzhou monks going to the Taiyuan area to search for scriptures, which proves that the movement to destroy Buddhism in the area north of the Yellow River was not carried out effectively, and Buddhism stored strength in this area and prepared for the revival of the Xuanzong era.

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