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In the history of the East, there are two countries that are more adept at using firearms to fight, one is China, and the other is Japan. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info

In Japan, firearms gradually became the mainstream, and it is believed that in the middle and early stages of the Azuchi-Momoyama period.

In the Battle of Nagashino, the Oda Tokugawa coalition army used a large number of iron cannons (relatively early arquebuses) to successfully defeat the Takeda Akabi, a fairly famous cavalry unit in Japan's Warring States at that time, and successfully caused the strength of the Takeda family to plummet, laying the groundwork for the Takeda family's eventual demise after the Battle of Takato Castle.

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In May 1575, Takeda Katsuyori besieged Nagashino Castle, the castle of Tokugawa Ieyasu's son-in-law, Okuhira Nobuyashi, Masai Castle. Nagashino Castle had only 500 garrisons at the time. Tokugawa Ieyasu appealed to his ally Oda Nobunaga for help. On May 18, 1575, Oda Nobunaga's rescue arrived and joined Tokugawa Ieyasu.

When Takeda Katsuyori learned of the arrival of reinforcements from Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga, he abandoned the siege of Nagashino Castle and continued on his march towards Kiyoidawara, his intention was to make the enemy move with him so that he could play to the strengths of his cavalry. But he neglected his rear. Oda Nobunaga learned that Takeda Katsuyori was continuing his advance, and ordered his generals to capture the Irisuyama Mountains. In this way, Takeda Katsuyori's back road was cut off, and in order to protect his retreat, he had to turn around and fight Oda Nobunaga in front of Oda Nobunaga's camp. When he discovered that Oda Nobunaga's camp was set up in a depression, he decided to charge down from a high place with his cavalry, trying to break through Oda Nobunaga's position in one fell swoop.

On the morning of May 21, 1575, when Takeda Katsuyori's cavalry rushed to Oda Nobunaga's camp and were blocked by a horse barrier, Oda Nobunaga's musketeers began to fire their guns, which frightened the horses in addition to being longer than the bow and arrow. After the three rows of guns were released, Takeda Katsuyori's cavalry was either killed by guns, trampled to death by horses, or lost control of the horses, and there was a great chaos. The elite cavalry that the Takeda family has been running for generations - the elite of the red reserve is lost, and the four ministers of Takeda are gone!

The above is the version of the general public's perception, that is, the fallacy that "the Takeda family is all cavalry".

On May 21, 1575, the Takeda army fought from 6 o'clock to 2 o'clock in the afternoon, and according to the records of the Nobunaga Koki and the Nagashino Diary, there were five waves of offensives, the first wave was Yamaguchi Masakai, the second wave was Takeda Nobuyo, the third wave was Kohata Nobuta, the fourth wave was Takeda Nobutoyo, and the fifth wave was Baba Nobubo.

Not all units of the Takeda Army were cavalry, and the tactical application was to advance first with infantry and then use cavalry to assault when there was a gap in the enemy line.

After the first wave of the Takeda Army's offensive was blocked by the horse bar, it suffered a lot of damage from the iron artillery, but as time passed, the iron artillery attack fire was no longer available, so the horse barn became a white soldier battle.

The second wave of the Takeda Army's offensive was not as active as the first wave, and the allied forces took the initiative to jump out of the horse fence several times to fight the Takeda Army, but they were all repulsed, and Nobuyoshi pursued to the second horse barrier and was repulsed.

According to the "Nobunaga Koki" and "Nagashino Diary", the third wave of attacks broke through the third barrier and approached Nobunaga's main camp, but the commander of the third wave, Nobusada Kohata, was killed in battle (this is a mistake, in fact, Nobutada lived until 1592), and the "Nobunaga Koki" writes that he was killed by the iron artillery team. The Takeda Army then sent a 4th wave of assault to break through the gap in the 3rd wave, and the "Nobunaga Koki" mentions the mobilization of Nobunaga's infantry to defend the army, and the 4th wave was finally repelled after a hard and fierce battle.

The 5th Wave of the Baba Nobubo Team made a detour to the left flank of the coalition forces as early as the third wave of attacks, and then entered the column to assault the Sakuma team, and the Hashiba team and the Takikawa team immediately moved to attack the Baba Nobubo team. The Takeda army finally showed a disadvantage and retreated, and the Oda Tokugawa coalition began to pursue.

In this battle, the coalition forces captured the first level of the Takeda army as high as 0, and the coalition casualties were as high as 6,000 people, of which the 3rd and 4th waves of offensive Kai samurai almost broke through the main formation and beheaded Tokugawa Ieyasu, the coalition forces actually worked hard to win this war, if the 5th wave of the Baba team still rushed to the impact point of the 4th wave of Kai samurai, the coalition army was defeated in this battle.

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And in this war, even in later Japan, there were many controversies:

The Battle of Nagashino was the first time in Japanese history that muskets played a decisive role in a single battle, and it was also the first time in world history that firearms were used on a large scale. After this battle, Oda Nobunaga's popularity rose greatly.

Takeda Shingen was proud of his tenacious and warlike retainers all his life, and he once said that the fortified city should not be feared, and talent is the most important thing - "人は城人は石垣人は堀" (人是城人,人是垣。

Man is the moat). After the Battle of Nagashino, countless famous generals of the Takeda clan died on the battlefield, and the retainers formed by Shingen himself were on the verge of collapse.

One, three stage shooting said:

In the Battle of Nagashino, the Oda Army's 3,000-man iron artillery team used a tactic called three-stage strike, dividing the 3,000 men into three groups of 1,000 men each, firing with the first team at the beginning of the battle, returning to the rear when the replacement bullets were inserted, and the second group attacking, and so on. This tactic is also similar to the Western Black Knight's semi-maneuver tactics.

The three-stage shooting theory was proposed by scholars of the Edo period. However, there is a loophole: why did the Takeda army rush forward to send him to his death, knowing that it was in front of him under a rain of bullets and bullets?

There is another way of shooting in three sections, which is to work in groups of three. One person is a specialized shooter, and the other two are responsible for loading ammunition. The source of this statement is Nobunaga's Ambition 12.

But regardless of the controversy, the use of a large number of iron artillery units by the Oda army was a key factor in determining the course of this war.

Second, the number of Takeda cavalry:

Later generations did not show many Takeda cavalry, with a maximum estimate of 3,000, because some studies pointed out that Japanese horses were not suitable for combat. And according to the records of the Takeda Army, the cavalry made up only a small part of the corps at that time. It has also been pointed out that the concept of "more Takeda cavalry and more Hojo infantry" was wrong when comparing the Takeda family with the Hojo family during the Warring States period, and in fact, the proportion of Hojo cavalry was higher than that of Takeda cavalry. To put it simply, the "Takeda Cavalry Regiment" that later generations thought of did not exist.

In this regard, the cavalry of the Takeda Army was small, but the name of Akabi was prestigious.

Chibei literally means red armor. During the Warring States period of Japan, the Takeda family of Kai Kingdom adopted a red uniform, unified fiery red armor, a unique training mechanism, outstanding combat ability, and top leading generals, which undoubtedly made it a special scenery of the entire Warring States, in addition, it is a very colorful term.

Takeda Akabi does not refer to an all-cavalry unit, but there is no doubt that the core of Takeda Akabei is a cavalry unit:

Since Takeda Shingen took over as Takeda Governor, he has embarked on a series of reforms, and the issue of armaments has always been one of the primary issues.

In fact, the Kai Takeda Army in the Xinhu era had considerable combat power, but it was not mature enough, although it pacified the Hao clan forces around Kai himself, but if he wanted to expand beyond the territory, he must form a well-trained army, and Takeda Shingen handed over this task to his important minister, Iitomi Huchang. Speaking of the people of Rice Fu Hu Changqi, it can be said that at that time, Xinxuan's subordinates except for Takeda Xinshi, the most comprehensive ability of the cadre, not only has a wealth of theoretical experience in combat and military, but also has a set of very good skills in governing the territory. So from his own point of view, it is also his responsibility.

In this way, under the advocacy of Iitomi Huchang, a special unit trained by him began to emerge, which is known to future generations as Chibei, but from that time it could not be called an ace force, after all, this was just the beginning, and another thing to clarify is that the Takeda family also has other military forces, and Chibei is not the only troop branch, such as the special siege force of Oyamada Shinyu, which is the result of Shingen's military reform.

There is a point of view that is not too wrong: Chibei is a red-armored cavalry, in fact, this understanding is not particularly one-sided, after all, it is still a cavalry-based army.

Some sources reflect the battle of Chibei: at the forefront of the troops were the infantry, also in red armor, followed by elite cavalry. It can be seen that there are about two types of troops in Chibei, which are infantry and cavalry. It may be possible to divide it into a little more detail, and there may also be pikemen, shortsword soldiers, and even archers in the infantry. There is also the possibility that some of the soldiers may have been 'combined' infantry with bows and arrows and blades in their hands. Talking about cavalry again, in fact, the real core combat effectiveness of Chibei should be cavalry, as for the way of fighting, there are actually doubts, for example, some people think that it is similar to the cavalry assault in the European Middle Ages, fighting directly on horses, and some people think that it is cavalry maneuvering, and when it is close to the enemy, it dismounts and fights hand-to-hand.

But even so, the power of the akabi is still amazing. It is not known what kind of training and combat methods were used to train and combat the Akabi created by Iitomi Torama, but one thing is certain, that is, Takeda's Akabi has one of the biggest differences from other troops: the allocation of personnel. The infantry under the daimyo of the Sengoku period, commonly known as ashigaru, included many people from many other professions, such as farmers, merchants, and wealthy clans, and these were not samurai from samurai families. For example, during the busy farming period, those farmers are distracted by the fear of their farmland. Unlike Akabei, the structure is composed of samurai from real samurai families, including some ninjas with a strong sense of organization, and it can be said that they were born to serve in combat. In combat, Chibei pays attention to the team's division of labor and cooperation, so he can often use one enemy to two, and sometimes even one to block three, so it is not as simple as it seems on the surface to say that Chibei's combat power is strong, and there are still some of them.

Three, the city said:

Civil engineering and wetlands were the keys to the victory of the war, especially the construction of horse fences and the construction of trenches and earth walls hindered the Takeda army's major offensive. The construction work after the Allied forces were stationed at the position on May 18, 1575, due to the heavy rain for several days, made the Takeda Army think that it was just a horse fence, but the Allied Army was actually building a walled city, and perhaps the Oda Army wanted to use this trick against the Takeda Army because they had suffered from the iron cannon against the Saga family.

The "Nobunaga Koki" records that after the barrier was breached, it was repelled with iron cannons, but it was impossible to organize an attack by iron artillery based on the terrain and civil engineering work. Takeda Katsuyori's command looks like a fool calling the army to death from "Nobunaga Koki", but from "Nagashino's Diary" it seems that he almost won. The record of the Nobunaga Koki is an overwhelming victory, so the question of where the 6,000 casualties came from is more plausible in the context of the interpretation of the Nagashino Diary.

In terms of the overall record of this battle, the record of "Nobunaga Gongji" has once again been problematic, and although "Nagashino Diary" is classified as a wild history, the record of this battle is more authentic than "Nobunaga Gongji".

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As a kind of arquebus, the iron cannon has a great advantage over the firearms that still occupy a certain number of firearms in the Ming army:

The iron cannon is a Japanese arquebus. In 1543 of the Gregorian calendar, the Portuguese drifted to Tanegashima and introduced arquebuses to Japan. The Japanese Yaban Kinbei imitated its structure to make the first Japanese-made arquebus, and named it Tanegashima Gun, which quickly spread throughout Japan.

The Daimyo Oda Nobunaga Army was very skilled in the use of iron cannons, and in the Battle of Nagashinosa, they used iron cannons to defeat Takeda Katsuyori's cavalry. Toyotomi Hideyoshi also used iron cannons on a large scale during the invasion of Korea, and the firepower was very powerful, causing great casualties to the Ming army aiding Korea.

The Japanese made arquebuses went through three stages: the eleventh year of the Yuan to the Yuan (the eleventh year of the Japanese bunei, A.D. 1274) to the 17th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1281) Mongolian War, the Japanese army saw the artillery used by the Mongol army from the battle, and then learned that the world has gunpowder weapons, which is the stage when Japan first knew firearms; then in the second year of Ming Chenghua (1466), the Ryukyuan people introduced the Ming copper firearm (original handcuff) when they arrived in Japan; in the 22nd year of Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty (1543), the Nanyi (Portugal) merchant ship was brought to Tanegashima south of Satsuma by a typhoon, and the Portuguese merchants carried European-style arquebuses, and in the twenty-third year of Jiajing (1544), the craftsman Yaitan Qingding imitated the earliest musket in Japan: Tanegashima gunThis is the "Iron Cannon Transmission" that brought great changes to Japanese history - the musket is written in Japanese for "iron cannon".

The Japanese iron artillery combat method is mainly based on maintaining the battle line and multi-stage shooting:

The "three dans" used by Oda Nobunaga in the Battle of Nagashino are the most famous of the iron artillery tactics, but the group attack of Shigehide Suzuki, the leader of the "Saga Party" of the iron artillery group, is also very powerful.

Shigehide is the legendary "Saga Sunichi", and some people believe that he is a fictional character, and the original form is Suzuki Shigeto.

The method of iron artillery attack is that four people use an iron cannon, one of whom is responsible for raising the gun to shoot, and the other three are standing on the left, right, and rear to be responsible for different division of labor. For example, the one on the left is loaded, the one on the right is loaded with gunpowder, and the one behind is responsible for placing and lighting the arquebus. After training, a group of people can perform bursts within 4~5 seconds.

Generally speaking, one iron cannon is used by one person, and the interval between shots is more than 20 seconds, and the interval between Nobunaga's three shots is more than 7 seconds. Shigehide, on the other hand, uses two sets to take turns to make group shots, with an interval of only 2~3 seconds! (To be continued.) )

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