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In Chinese history, because there was a period of matriarchal society, women at that time can be said to have become the backbone of social productivity at that time. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 ｉｎｆｏ（）

It is said that the woman at that time was also the core existence of the tribal system at that time.

Matrilineal society is a clan system that calculates lineage and inherited property according to the matrilineal line, and is the first stage of clan society. In the later period of the matrilineal clan system, that is, in the early Neolithic period, the tools of beating in this stage were greatly improved, and the bow and arrow were invented. Its production sector is mainly gathering and hunting. People learned to sew animal skin clothes, giving rise to primitive aesthetic ideas and religions. At the same time, exogamy emerged, forming a clan system with an old grandmother as the core. Because of the important position of women in gathering and production, a matrilineal clan system centered on women was determined.

In China, the cultural relics of the prosperous period of the matriarchal society are all over the north and south, mainly representing Peiligang culture, Cishan culture, Yangshao culture, Hemudu culture, Majiayao culture, Qujialing culture and fine stone tool culture. The matrilineal clan society entered a period of development. The Mesolithic was a transitional stage from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic. To date, archaeological data on the Mesolithic period are still lacking. In the Neolithic Age, human beings explored new technologies for polishing stone tools on the basis of stone tools, and invented primitive agriculture, animal husbandry, pottery and textiles, leather processing and sewing technology also progressed, and primitive handicrafts and sideline industries appeared.

At the time of the formation of the matrilineal clan system, internal marriage was prohibited, and members of the clan engaged in group marriages outside the clan. Because of exogamy, children follow their mothers, so it is a fatherless and husbandless country. In a primitive society with a limited number of living eras, clans were the basis for people's survival, and blood ties were the bonds that held clan members together, protected each other, and divided labor according to gender and age. Young men perform tasks such as hunting, fishing, and defending against wild animals, women do heavy tasks such as gathering food, barbecuing food, sewing clothes, and raising the old and young, and the elderly and children perform auxiliary work.

From the simple division of labour, it is not difficult to see that the duties performed by women are of a more stable nature than those of hunting engaged in by men, and they are a reliable source of livelihood, which is of great significance. They are important members of the clan organization, their activities are for the benefit of the clan collective, have important social significance, and play an extremely important role in maintaining the survival and reproduction of the clan, therefore, women occupy an important position in the clan commune and are generally valued.

However, when the social system gradually evolved into a patriarchal society, men replaced women as the main basis of social productivity.

From this time onwards, women's occupations became more based on side hustles.

And actions such as war, women are gradually withdrawing from their stage.

Under such a premise, women will become quite scarce.

......

In Chinese history, the first female general to be recommended as the first was a good woman in the Shang Dynasty.

She was one of the more than 60 wives of Shang King Wuding, the mother of Zu Jiyin. After his death, the temple name "Xin", who lived in the first half of the 12th century BC during the period of Wuding's reorganization of the Shang Dynasty, was the earliest female politician and military strategist in China's historical records, and the first well-documented heroine in Chinese history. From the excavation of her tomb, it is inferred that her name should be "Hao", "woman" is a kind of kinship, and in the bronze inscription, she is also called "stepmother Xin".

The word "good" of the woman, the writing of the divination or the left son and the right woman, the utensils unearthed from the tomb of the woman (such as the goose numbered 827) There is a very complicated way to write a "son" in the middle, and there is a "each (mother)" on the left and right, which should be a complex construction of "good".

She is a famous military strategist in Chinese history, a female general who is good at fighting, and the oracle bone inscriptions of Yinxu record that she conquered many surrounding countries, which is rare in history. However, the Yue unearthed from the tomb of the woman should belong to the guard of honor, which is held by a special person and stands on the chariot.

It is worth mentioning that the role of this ceremonial guard is found in the early tombs of our country.

"Xin Sibu, there are 3,000 women, 10,000 Denglu, and Hu Faqiang. "This is the largest number of troops recorded in the oracle bone inscription, and the supreme commander of this war is the woman. At that time, the warriors and generals who had been on the battlefield for a long time and had made great achievements in the war were all led by the woman. After that battle, the power of the Qiang people was greatly weakened, and the western border of Shang was stabilized.

At that time, more than 1,000 miles north of the capital city of Anyang (now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan), there was also a strong nomadic tribe Tufang.

They often intruded on the borders of the Shang and plundered people and property, which was a major problem for the dynasty for many years. Therefore, Wu Ding ordered Nu Hao to lead his troops into battle, and in just one battle, he repelled the invading enemy. The woman took advantage of the victory to pursue and completely defeated the earth. From then on, the earth never dared to invade again, and was finally included in the territory of Shang.

It is also recorded in the divination that the woman is involved in a lot of government affairs, and Wu Ding often sends the woman to go out to run errands, so in the divination, Zhen asks the woman if she wants to come to the big business? Wu Ding ordered the woman to go somewhere, is it smooth?

A good woman should send men to do things. The woman also cooperated with the minister to do things for the king. Women will also see many women, "many women" is the common name of the concubines of Wu Ding, and there are more than 60 concubines of Wu Ding who are seen in the divination, from different countries and tribes, all of whom are noble. The good woman summons many women from the ground, which shows that the status of the good woman is higher than that of many women.

The woman will also meet the elderly. The ruler met with the elders (the middle-aged old man of the princes and nobles at that time) to show that he respected the elders and cared for his subordinates. Wu Ding also sent women to do this, which shows the trust in women, and at the same time, it also shows the nobility and extraordinaryness of women's status.

The woman also has to pay tribute to the big merchants, and the divination says, "The woman is good to show Shitun." Guest. ("Collection") "show" is the meaning of dedication, "tun" is "pure", is the unit of measurement of the oracle bone used for divination, two pieces of cow shoulder blades (that is, the left and right shoulder blades) for one pure, "ten tun (pure)" is twenty pieces of cow shoulder blades. The last "Bin" was the divination official of the Wuding period, and it was he who received the divination bone offered by the woman, so he engraved his name on the divination bone to indicate that he signed it. It is also recorded that she paid tribute to the big merchant Bu Turtle, the divination said that "it is good to enter fifty", where the divination is said how many Tun (pure) is the divination bone, only the number does not say the measure word is the divination of the tortoise shell, which is a very rare and precious thing in ancient times, called "treasure turtle", the woman is good at a tribute of 50 pieces, indicating that the woman is very rich.

The prisoner or slave escaped, and let the woman go to arrest, the divination said: "Zhen: call the woman to be persistent" ("Collection"), the writing of the oracle bone inscription is like holding the shape of "luck" in both hands, "luck" is the torture instrument that shackles the prisoner, and the "execution" in the divination is the meaning of arresting the prisoner.

From these records, the woman is a woman who is both civil and military, which is quite rare in Chinese history.

......

The title of Princess Pingyang in history seems to have a special meaning in many cases.

For example, Princess Pingyang during the Han Dynasty can be said to have made corresponding contributions to the development and rise of the Han Empire.

In a sense, if there was no Princess Pingyang of the Han Dynasty, then during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there would probably be no Xianhou Wei Zifu, the great general Wei Qing, the hussar general Huo Quai, the Han Dynasty virtuous minister Huo Guang and so on.

But as far as the ability of Princess Pingyang of the Han Dynasty is concerned, there seems to be little place to ink.

And Princess Pingyang during the Tang Dynasty was also known as the third daughter of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, who was known as Princess Pingyang Zhao.

This princess did not record her name in the history books, and Li Xiuning, who was handed down in later generations, was mainly a name fabricated by later generations.

When Li Yuan was about to raise troops, Princess Pingyang Zhao returned to Huxian, sold the local industry, and gave relief to the victims, and soon recruited a team of several hundred people. Soon the news of Li Yuan's army came. When Princess Pingyang heard the news, she was determined to recruit more troops for her father.

Princess Pingyang, with her superhuman courage and intelligence, recruited four or five rebel armies with considerable scale on the rivers and lakes in more than three months. The largest of them was Hu Shang He Panren, who had tens of thousands of men under him at that time. Princess Pingyang sent her servant Ma Sanbao to persuade He Panren to surrender. I don't know what means Ma Sanbao used, He Panren, whose power far exceeds that of Princess Pingyang, is actually willing to be Princess Pingyang's subordinate. After Princess Pingyang incorporated He Panren, she successively incorporated Li Zhongwen, Xiang Shanzhi, Qiu Shili and other rebels, and her power increased greatly. During this period, the imperial court continued to send troops to attack Princess Pingyang. The rebel army led by Princess Pingyang not only defeated every attack, but also broke through, successively capturing Huxian, Zhouzhi, Wugong, and Shiping.

This rebel army, which is led by a woman, has very strict military discipline, and Princess Pingyang must do what she orders, and the entire army respects her. In those years of rebellion, this army was widely supported. The common people called Princess Pingyang "Li Niangzi" and her army "Lady Army". The Women's Army is famous, and many people have traveled thousands of miles to come. Soon, Princess Pingyang's women's army exceeded 70,000. Princess Pingyang's military intuition and insight can be called a genius, and the Sui general Qu Tutong once suffered several defeats under her.

(In fact, the person defeated by Princess Pingyang Zhao was not Qu Tutong, but may have been a Sui general in the Guanzhong region of the Sui Dynasty.)

In May of the thirteenth year of the Great Cause (617), Li Yuan announced the start of troops in Taiyuan. In July, with the fourth son Li Yuanji as the general of Zhenbei and Taiyuan Taishou, he stayed in Jinyang Palace, was responsible for Taiyuan affairs, and set off from the 30,000 soldiers in Jinyang, and issued a letter to tell the intention of honoring Yang Yu, the king of the Sui Dynasty. After that, it went south along the Fenshui, passed through the Bird Mouse Valley (now southwest of Jiexiu, Shanxi, north of Huo County, and the Fenhe River Valley), and entered Tunjiahubao (in the southwest of Lingshi, Shanxi).

Acting Wang Yang Yu sent Huyalang to garrison Huoyi (now Huo County, Shanxi) with 20,000 elite soldiers led by Song Laosheng, and sent Qu Tutong to lead tens of thousands of Xiaoguo to garrison Hedong, echoing Song Laosheng from afar to resist Li Yuan. In August, Li Yuan tricked Song Laosheng out of the city, attacked from two sides, defeated the Sui army, occupied Huoyi, and opened the passage to enter Guanzhong.

After Li Yuan's army captured Huoyi, he moved south along the Fenshui River, occupied Linfen, Kejiang County (Zhizhengping, now Xinjiang, Shanxi), and advanced to Longmen (northwest of present-day Hejin, Shanxi) on the 15th. Qu Tutong led tens of thousands of troops to defend Hedong (Junzhi Hedong, now southwest of Yongji, Shanxi), preparing to prevent Li Yuan's army from entering the pass. At that time, Li Yuanjun's Sima Liu Wenjing led the Turkic general Kang Sheli to arrive, which greatly increased Li Yuan's troops. On the 18th, Li Yuanjun went to Fenyin (now southwest of Wanrong, Shanxi) to appease Sun Hua, the leader of the peasant army in Guanzhong. On the 24th, he ordered him to cross the Yellow River first, and sent Wang Changhuan and Liu Hongji, the commanders of the left and right forces, and Shi Yanshou, the commander of the left army, and Shi Daqi, the doctor of Jin Ziguanglu, to lead 6,000 cavalry to cross the river to Liangshan (northwest of present-day Hancheng, Shaanxi) and set up camp to wait for the army.

These sources say one thing, that is, Qu Tutong was not in Guanzhong at that time, but in the east of Tongguan and Hedong, and there was no chance to fight with Princess Pingyang. ）

In September 617, Li Yuan's main force crossed the Yellow River into Guanzhong, and he was pleased to see that his third daughter had already secured a large territory for him. He sent Chai Shao with a few hundred cavalry to meet Princess Pingyang. Next, Princess Pingyang selected more than 10,000 elite soldiers to join Li Shimin on the north bank of the Wei River to attack Chang'an. Chai Shao belongs to Li Shimin's subordinates and is on the same level as Princess Pingyang. The husband and wife each led an army, and each had its own shogunate (headquarters). In November, they fought a single place and soon conquered Chang'an.

After Guanzhong was pacified, Li Yuan named his slightly outstanding beloved daughter as "Princess Pingyang". Because of his unique military exploits, every reward is different from other princesses.

After the Battle of Chang'an, the deeds of Princess Pingyang are no longer seen in historical records. It wasn't until 6 years later, in early February of the sixth year of Tang Gaozu Wude (623), that a sudden record of her death was recorded in the history books. And the reason why this is recorded is mainly because her funeral is different, and it was buried with a military ceremony. “

The front and rear feathers are advocated, the big chariot, the building, the squad sword forty people, and the tiger and the armor". At that time, the ceremonial official raised an opinion that the propaganda used for women's burial was inconsistent with the ancient etiquette system, and Gaozu Li Yuan refuted him: "Propaganda is military music, and in the past, Princess Pingyang always came to the battlefield in person, taking the lead, beating drums and sounding gold, and serving military affairs.

So with the permission of Li Yuan, he made an exception to bury Princess Pingyang with military rites, and according to the so-called "Mingde has merit and is called 'Zhao'", Princess Pingyang is "Zhao". This is the origin of the later generations who called her "Princess Pingyang Zhao".

Princess Pingyang is the only woman in feudal Chinese history who was mourned by the army.

However, Princess Pingyang Zhao can be said to be a well-deserved heroine, but it may be that she is usually busy with military affairs as a counselor, and she does not have a fake life, but her eldest son Chai Lingwu and Chai Shao participated in the rebellion of Princess Gaoyang in the fourth year of Tang Gaozong Yonghui, and ended up with a broken reputation.

And Chai Zhewei, another son of Princess Pingyang Zhao and a famous general, was also implicated in the rebellion case of Princess Gaoyang, and was assigned to Lingnan:

Chai Shao is the son of Princess Pingyang. The general of the right camp, the third Anxi Duhu (Zhenguan 23 to Yonghui 2 years, that is, the first year of the Common Era) attacked the Duke of the Kingdom. Yonghui sat on his younger brother Lingwu (Chai Lingwu) for four years to rebel and migrate to Lingnan. He was appointed as the governor of Jiaozhou and died as an official. (To be continued.) )

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