readx;

For Jing Yu himself, the death of his closest relative also made him no longer have much feeling for his hometown, or for him as a Chu person. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

So even if he has been guarding the border for so many years and has not returned home, he has no idea.

On the contrary, he seemed to find it more interesting that he had become an officer.

For him, whether it is the current position of the five hundred main positions of the Northern Frontier Army of the Great Qin Empire, or the military Sima who becomes a captain if he has the opportunity, he thinks that this is a manifestation of his ability.

In the establishment of the Great Qin Empire, Sima was regarded as a middle and high-ranking civilian in the army.

Generally speaking, the importance of a military commander to a unit is not big or small, for example, after a battle, the corresponding merit evaluation documents must be sorted out to a large extent, and after the sorting is completed, this information must be appraised by the chief officer, and then submitted to the superior.

On some occasions, the military commander also needs to deal with the illegal acts of some officers and soldiers in the army, and he can be regarded as a civilian official with certain legal functions.

......

However, Sima's position can be said to have changed many times in history:

In the beginning, because horses occupied an important position in ancient Chinese warfare, the professional army before the Spring and Autumn Period was mainly composed of children from noble backgrounds, and the way of war was mainly the formation of chariots against the charge, and the ancient chariots were drawn by horses, so the status of horses was extremely important.

When describing which country has a strong military at that time, it is called why it is the country of a thousand times, the country of ten thousand times, and so on, because of this relationship, Sima is actually an official who is specifically responsible for the management of horses, and it is a very important military position. At the beginning of the Yin Shang era, he ranked as the third duke, equivalent to the six kings, and Situ, Sikong, Sishi, and Sikou were called the five officials, and were in charge of military administration and military endowment;

The Qin Dynasty set up Taiwei in the central government, and did not place the Great Sima. After Qin Wangzheng ascended the throne, he changed to three dukes and nine ministers. The three dukes are the prime minister, the imperial historian, and the imperial lieutenant, who are respectively auxiliary ministers, supervising and governing the army and leading the troops. However, the Qin Dynasty did not set up a specific candidate for the Taiwei, that is, it was a virtual one.

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Taiwei was set up in the central government, and Sima was not placed. Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty Liu Che dismissed the Taiwei in the second year of the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, and the fourth year of the Yuan Hunt began to place the Great Sima, with the great general Wei Qing and the hussar general Huo Quai, and the special name of the Great Sima, with the title of the general. "Zai:" In the sixth year of Yuan Hunt, the Taiwei was dismissed, and the Fa Zhou system set up Sima. The people of the time thought that the Han army had officials, thousands of people, and Sima, so they added "big" to the big Sima, so they didn't have the same name as the big and small Sima. It can be seen that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a special Sima to replace the power of the Taiwei, but "there is no seal, and the official is just added", which is to add officials. The level of his status depends on the status of the general.

As a major measure of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to strengthen the centralization of power, in addition to being in charge of military affairs, more importantly, he could enter the Inner Dynasty to participate in political affairs and be in charge of cardinals. Volume 70 Fu Chang Zheng Gan Chen Duan Biography 40: "So the left general of the Central and Korean dynasties, Xin Qingji, the right general Lian Bao, Guanglu Xun Shidan, and the Taizhong doctor Gu Yong Mengkang said:". As the head of China and the DPRK, its main function is only to act as a staff officer and adviser to the Son of Heaven when handling government affairs.

The system of the Western Han Dynasty was to lead the officials of the Inner Dynasty to the Shangshu Affairs, so for the generals, the addition of the official Da Sima actually became an important symbol of leading the central cardinal, directly assisting the emperor, and handling government affairs in the Inner Dynasty. As far as foreign relatives are concerned, whether they can reasonably assist the government depends on whether they can attack Sima. If he is awarded the title of Sima, he can "assume the position of general, the capital of food and cream, serve as the post of Zhou Zhao, and support the center of the world, which can be described as the extreme wealth and nobility, and there are no two people and ministers". The weight of the great Sima's power can be seen from this.

In the Western Han Dynasty, there were four types of generals who were eligible to increase Sima, namely generals, hussar generals, chariot generals, and Wei generals. Che riding, ticket riding, and general Wei may or may not be added. It will be a general without a big Sima." Among them, the general and the hussar general are ranked as prime ministers, and the chariot cavalry and Wei generals are ranked as the secretary. After the crown increases Sima, his rank remains unchanged, the great Sima general is more respected than the prime minister, and the great Sima chariot general is more expensive than Shangqing. The generals, hussars, chariots, and guards were able to manage their daily military and administrative affairs justifiably because of the title of the great Sima.

In the Qin Dynasty and the early Western Han Dynasty, the prime minister was in charge of government affairs, the Taiwei was in charge of the military, and the imperial historian was the deputy of the prime minister, who was in charge of supervision, and the three checked each other, and the power was concentrated in the hands of the emperor himself. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the Great Sima General to lead the troops to fight, and when there was no conquest, he became the de facto ruler, and the prime minister was in name only.

As the leader of the Inner Dynasty, General Sima Da could lead the Inner Dynasty to foresee political affairs and participate in decision-making, and its main task was to "assist the emperor" in exercising the monarchy, and was the highest status of the auxiliary minister. When Emperor Wu died, Huo Guang was awarded the assistant government of the Great Sima General, because Emperor Zhao was young, and all political affairs were decided by Huo Guang: "Political affairs are decided by General Guang". After Emperor Cheng ascended the throne, Wang Feng was the assistant of General Sima, "the size of the political affairs are from the phoenix, and the Son of Heaven has not raised his hand."

During the period of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty, the Great Sima gradually transformed from an additional official to a native official. The prime minister was abolished and changed to Da Situ, but Da Sima still exists, and he is one of the three princes with Da Sikong, and he is in charge of the government.

According to: "At the beginning of the first year of Emperor Cheng Suihe, he gave the great Sima a golden seal and purple ribbon, placed the official subordinates, and Lu Bi was the prime minister, and went to the general." Emperor Mourning Jianping returned to the Great Sima Seal in the second year, the official subordinate, and the crown general remained the same. In the second year of Yuanshou, he was given the seal of the great Sima, placed the official subordinates, went to the general, and was located on Situ. ”

Da Sima changed from the original plus official who had to be attached to the general to a golden seal and purple ribbon, with official subordinates, Lu Bi Prime Minister, and a real independent official in Situ, becoming a legitimate Sangong, and officially incorporated into the normal bureaucratic system of 100 officials and ministers, which means that Da Sima began to change from the old leader of the inner dynasty to the leader of the outer dynasty.

After the reform of Cheng Wai, the big Sima who should have become the leader of the authentic foreign dynasty was still regarded as the "minister of the internal auxiliary" by the people at that time, such as when the emperor mourned, everyone thought that Fu Xi could be the minister of the inner Fu and was recommended as the great Sima, Wang Mang added Jiuxi when the policy said: "Ascend the great Sima, the post is in the internal auxiliary".

And this situation makes the great Sima both nominal and in fact the head of the hundred officials, with the style of the prime minister in the early Han Dynasty, such as Dong Xian as the general of the great Sima Wei, the leader of the Shangshu, the extremely popular minister, and the hundred officials because of the virtuous. In the end, Wang Mang usurped the world of the Han family as the third prince and the great Sima.

......

In the pre-Qin period, the functions of Sima were roughly as follows:

Managing Military Contributions:

The military endowment of the state, in the Zhou Dynasty, included military service and military supplies.

As it is said that the ancients "endowed the army with chariots, horses, armoured soldiers, and soldiers, and enriched the use given by the treasury", the "soldiers" here refer to the soldiers and apprentices who served in the military, and the "chariots, horses, and armoured soldiers" are military supplies. Sima was not only in charge of the use of military endowments, but was responsible for the formulation of military endowment standards, collection and transportation, and deployment and use. The premise for him to be able to effectively manage the military endowment or to ensure the expropriation and rational use of the military endowment is that he must have a clear understanding of the land, the people, and the harvest situation, and use this as the basis to formulate the actual expropriation standards; at the same time, he must have a clear idea of the number and equipment of the army, so as to ensure that the endowment is produced and the full army is endowed.

As said: "The first king made the land, the land was far away with his strength, the endowment was measured by the entry, and the old and young were discussed by the husband." It is also reported: "Chu Xuan is Sima, Zimu is Nifu, and he is a soldier." Jiawu covered the book of the earth, the mountain forest, the dove of the Xuze, the Jingling, the table Chunlu, the regulation of the pig, the town of the original defense, the collection of the Gao, the well Yanwo, the amount of cultivation. The number of chariot horses, armoured soldiers, apprentice soldiers, and armor. Established, in order to give the son of wood, rites also. This is an example of the specific situation of Sima in the Zhou Dynasty, so Sima not only had to carry out a lot of work such as "writing and soil, dulging mountains and forests, and doves and servals", but also "knowing the number of soldiers in the brigade and taking advantage of the white".

In addition, it is reported that the state of Lu asked the state of Jin to take Yan as its vassal state, saying: "Yan is not endowed with Sima, for the deacon's life of the day and night, the Yi is small, and the widow is willing to use Yan", Du pre-noted the cloud: "Jin Sima is also in charge of the princes' endowment", it can be seen that Sima of the Yuanhou country is not only in charge of the first endowment, but also manages the military endowment of the vassal states and even the princes.

Organize military training:

At the end of primitive society, clan armies were temporarily assembled, and the fighters were untrained to fight, and their combat methods were very simple, and the skills of combat came from the accumulation of hunting experience. During this period, the army was mostly temporarily assembled, and there was no training system, but only through field hunting to improve the army's combat skills.

By the Western Zhou Dynasty, due to the establishment of the standing army and the development of warfare, higher requirements were put forward for the quality of the army, and the training of the army became an important part of army building. However, the content and method of military training in the Western Zhou Dynasty were different from those of later generations, and had their own significant characteristics, that is, the military training in the Zhou Dynasty was not carried out by the generals who commanded the army on a regular basis, but by the military administrative department, Sima, who regularly organized temporary training for service personnel during the agricultural slack, which was also determined by the militia system in the slavery era.

Enforcement of military law:

As the highest management officer of the whole team, "Sima" is not only the administrator of the country's military endowment and the organization of military training, but also the executor of military law.

For example: "Sima Jianqi is in the back table, and the officials use flags and drums and bracelets and cymbals, and each is handsome and his people." The quality is clear, the flag is bad, and those who come later will be punished", "The officials listened to the oath in front of Chen, and beheaded the sacrifice to favor Chen left and right: 'Those who don't need to die will be killed.'" "And war, patrol, reward and punishment for deeds", "Great battles and worries, belong to their plants, receive their wants, and wait for the examination and reward". All this shows that in military activities, all military law matters involving rewards and punishments are punished by Sima.

This function of Sima is also described in , such as the Jin general Qing Zheng, because of the violation of military orders, Jin Hui Gong ordered Sima to kill him, Sima said that in front of the whole army soldiers Qing Zheng violated the four major crimes of violating military orders, and then beheaded him to set an example to the whole army.

It is reported that the king of Chu and the monarchs of Song and Zheng hunted in Meng Chu, "the Duke of Song disobeyed the order", and Zuo Sima Tianwei "scolded his servants to take favoritism", which is an example of Sima punishing those who violated the order in the field hunt, even if the king of a country is severely punished.

Another example contains: "Zhao Xuan Wang Yan Han dedicated his son to Linggong, thinking that Sima." In the battle of Hequ, Zhao Meng sent people to ride in a car and sacrifice his son to kill him"; it also contained: "Yang Gan, the younger brother of the Marquis of Jin, walked in Quliang in disorder, and Wei Jiang killed his servants". "Doing things" and "doing things in a disorderly manner" are all acts of sabotaging the marching combat team, and Sima is responsible for dealing with those who violate the normal military ranks. From the above examples, it can be seen that whether it is a military exercise or a real war, anyone who violates orders and military regulations, whether it is a small chariot servant or a nobleman, will be severely punished, and the enforcer is Sima.

Although the materials cited above and other materials reflect the events of the Spring and Autumn Period, they are all described in the Zhou system. This was the case in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Western Zhou Dynasty should also be an exception, which is matched with the record, which is enough to prove that Sima was undoubtedly a military law enforcement officer.

In addition to the above-mentioned main aspects, Sima's responsibilities were due to the characteristics of "serving soldiers in agriculture" and "living in generals" in the military system of slavery, and because Situ, Sima, and Sikong jointly managed state affairs, so the three divisions had both division of labor and interconnection, especially Sima was also responsible for managing military affairs.

In connection with this, he also had to cooperate with Situ, who was in charge of the people, and Sikong, who was in charge of engineering construction, and engaged in a large number of non-military work, such as "Shututian, Dushan Forest, and Gusuzawa", which was also an important part of his functions.

......

However, the position of military commander of the Great Qin Empire, because of the establishment of the system of three princes and nine secretaries, was officially reduced to an adjutant who was only a middle and high-ranking officer. To put it simply, it's the deputy.

Zhang Jiashi has no intention of changing the functions of the military Sima at the moment, and although he still does not set up the Tai Lieutenant, a relatively important candidate for the third duke, he also has no intention of improving Sima's corresponding status.

In this regard, Zhang Jiashi was not without the courage to change the political and military systems of the Great Qin Empire, but was concerned that once drastic reforms were carried out before the Huns were resolved, some of the chaos caused by them might affect the trend of the war.

If the battle situation deteriorates because of this, Zhang Jiashi will have no chance to find a place to cry.

And now that the Huns have officially launched a large-scale military invasion of the Great Qin Empire, Zhang Jiashi may not be able to wait to carry out reforms even after glad that he did not pacify the internal turmoil of the Great Qin Empire. Because he does not believe that his reforms will be able to completely calm the corresponding effects in just over a year.

This book is from Pin&Book#Net///l