The totem from the Qin State to the Qin Empire is a bird, not a dragon, and in this regard, Zhang Jiashi has no intention of making any changes.

Later generations believed that the Qin and Shang were of the same origin, mainly because the totemic culture of the two races was based on the Xuanniao.

And the legendary origin story of Qin Shang is "Heavenly Destiny Xuanniao":

It is said that Jian Di, the second concubine of Emperor Yu, was the daughter of the Rong family, and when she went out to bathe with others, she saw a bird's egg, and after Jian Di swallowed it, she became pregnant and gave birth to Qi, which is the ancestor of the merchant.

"Xuanniao" is the name of the swallow by the ancients, because the swallow is black, so it is called "Xuanniao". Named after appearance, simple and simple. At that time, Xuanniao and phoenix both referred to swallows.

Regarding the "Xuanniao", there is a story of "Xuanniao Shengshang" in ancient legends. Qu Yuan's "Chu Ci Tianwen" has: "Jian Di is in Taiwan, what is the right thing to do? Xuanniao Zhiyi, female He Jia?" Wang Yi noted in "Chu Ci Lisao": "Xuanniao, Yan also." "The ancestor of the merchant was born from his mother's swallowing swallow's eggs.

"The Book of Poetry, Shang Song, Xuanniao" also has the verse "Heavenly Destiny Xuanniao, descending and giving birth to business".

"The spring equinox Xuanniao descended, Jian Di with Gao Xin's, and the emperor prayed for a contract in the suburbs, so it was ordered by heaven to be born with Xuanniao. "At the time of the spring equinox, the swallow nests and gives birth, and the merchant thinks that the swallow is a good day to breed, so in the middle of spring when the swallow comes, the husband and wife both go to the wilderness in the suburbs to hold a child sacrifice activity, and the child conceived during this period is called "born of the bird".

According to the "Book of Rites, the Moon Order": "In the middle of spring in March, the Xuanniao arrives. Zheng Xuan of the Han Dynasty noted: "Xuanniao, Yan also." ”

"The Book of Poetry, Shang Song, Xuanniao" said: "The Xuanniao of Heaven's destiny descends to give birth to Shang, and the house is full of earth." The ancient emperor ordered martial arts soup, and the four sides of the positive domain. ’

And the ancestor of the Shang clan is considered to be the direct descendant of Xuanniao.

The story of "Xuanniao Shengshang" can also be supplemented from Qu Yuan's "Chu Ci Tianwen": "Jian Di is in Taiwan, what is the right place? Xuanniao Zhiyi, female He Jia?"

"The Biography of the Daughters" said: "The mother of Jian Di has the length of the Lou family, and when Yao, he bathes in the water of Xuanqiu with Di. There is a bird egg that falls over, the five colors are very good, Jian Di and his sister Di compete to take it, Jian Di gets it and contains it, swallows it by mistake, and then gives birth to a contract. Jian Di is good at the governance of personnel, knows astronomy, is willing to give, and teaches the principle of the contract, in order. The nature of the contract is smart and benevolent, can educate its teachings, and its name is caused, and Yao makes it Situ and seals it. And Yao Bang, Shun ascended the throne, and it was the edict that said: 'Deed, the people are not close, the five grades are not inferior, you are respectful as a Situ, and the five religions are wide, and the future generations will live in Bo. 'To Tang Xing as the Son of Heaven, the gentleman is called Jian Diren and polite.

In addition to the "Story of the Heavenly Destiny Xuanniao", the first two verses of the "Book of Poetry, Shang Song, and Long Chapter" are the birth and founding of the deed.

"Supplementary Historical Records and Poems" describes: Tang Zhi first for the contract, fatherless and born contract, mother and sister bathed in Yuanqiu water, there are swallow eggs falling, the contract mother has to contain it, swallow it by mistake, that is, the birth contract. Qi was born and virtuous, Yao Li is Situ, and the surname is called Zi's. The son, Zizi Yi Da also, the poet is beautiful and praised, Yin She Mangmang, the Mandate of Heaven Xuanniao, descended and gave birth to business, and the business quality Yin is also.

There is another theory for the birth of Qi: there are two daughters of the Lou family, the eldest daughter Jian Di and the younger daughter Jianfang, both of whom are very beautiful and moving. They live on a nine-tiered yaotai, and when they eat, there are people beating drums and making music next to them. One day, the emperor beat a swallow to see Jian Di and them, and the swallow flew in front of them, and kept whirling and chirping, which made them very happy, and they all fought to catch the flying swallow, and they were finally covered with jade baskets.

After a while, the second daughter opened the jade basket and looked, and the swallow flew out of the jade basket and flew away to the north, never looking back, but two bird eggs were left in the basket. Jian Di and Jian Yan sang disappointedly: "Yan Yan Yu Fei! Yan Yan Yu Fei!"

It is said that this is the original musical song of the North. As for the two eggs left by the swallow, it is said that they were eaten by Jian Di, and soon became pregnant and gave birth to the deed.

And what is a Xuanniao?

Or swallows, there are meteorites, meteors, some people think it is a rooster. Some people even believe that the Qin people took the Xuanniao as a totem in ancient times, and the Xuanniao eggs were meteors and meteorites, and the Xuanniao evolved into a rooster in the historical period.

There are many explanations about Xuanniao in later generations, and it is difficult to reach a consensus. However, one thing is certain: the story of "Xuanniao Shengshang" reflects the oviparous belief in the totemic fertility faith. An important symbol of oviparous belief is the legend that its ancestors were born from oviparous or swallowed eggs. Oviparous myths are also common in ethnic sources.

The ancient song "Where Did the Dong Come From" says that the first grandmother and grandfather of the Dong people were hatched by the turtle woman. The Li people are also born from eggs. Legend of the Hani people living in Honghe Prefecture: After the flood era, thatch grew on the ground, and a large egg appeared in the thatch, which was hatched by quails and became the ancestor of Hanizu.

In the oviparous belief of ancient humans, "the egg and the egg are the highest manifestations of life, and all other manifestations are subordinate to it". Therefore, the custom of dyeing red eggs is still spread in the Central Plains region to this day.

And the swallow said seems to have a closer relationship with the Shang people, the swallow spring equinox comes, the autumn equinox returns, every year, very regular, you can know the agricultural time, farming agriculture, and people's survival is closely related, sealed in Shangqiu Yan Bo is also to manage the "big Mars" meritorious, depending on the stars, teach farming and was named "Huozheng", become the ancestor of the merchant, if this, it is by no means an accidental coincidence. At the time of the spring equinox, the swallow builds a nest and gives birth to a child, and the merchant thinks that the swallow is a good day for breeding, so in the middle of spring when the swallow comes, the husband and wife both go to the wilderness in the suburbs to hold a child sacrifice activity, and the child conceived during this period is called "born of the bird".

The cultural relics unearthed underground also confirm that "the birth from a bird is the characteristic of the legend of the Yi people".

The ancestors of the Shang people are the Dongyi people, and the ancestors of the Dongyi people are the Shaohao clan. The Shaohao tribe uses birds as totems and is a tribe composed of several clans. Among them, the five clans in the first clan are totems of phoenix birds, Xuanniao, Bozhao, blue birds, and Dan birds, among which Xuanniao is the totem of the Shang people. Hu Houxuan, an ancient writer, found the word "Hai" to worship Shang Gaozu Wang Hai from the Yin Ruin divination, and the shape is from Hai from the bird from the bird, and the bird is also in the shape of a bird, which is the conclusive evidence that the Shang people take the bird as a totem.

The inscription of the late Shang bronze "Xuannu Wei" has the three-character combination of "Xuanniao Woman", which is the evidence that the ancestors of the Shang people used birds as totems.

But the totem of the Shaohao clan is not a bird, but a phoenix:

Under the careful cultivation of his father and mother, Shao Hao has magical endowments and mortal skills. Shaohao was sent by the Yellow Emperor to the Fenghong tribe, the largest tribe in the Dongyi Tribal Alliance, for training, and took the daughter of the Fenghong clan as his wife, becoming the leader of the Fenghong tribe, and later becoming the leader of the entire Dongyi tribe.

He first established a state on the coast of the East China Sea, and established a strange system: all kinds of birds were used as civil and military officials. The specific division of labor is carried out according to the characteristics of different birds.

The phoenix is in charge of the birds, and then there are the swallows in charge of spring, the shrike in charge of summer, the parrot in charge of autumn, and the golden pheasant in charge of winter. In addition to this, he sent five more species of birds to manage the day-to-day affairs.

The filial partridge is in charge of education, the fierce bird is in charge of the military, the fair cuckoo is in charge of architecture, the majestic eagle is in charge of the law, and the argumentative turtledove is in charge of speech. In addition, nine species of birds are in charge of agriculture so that the people will not become obscene and debaucherous. The five species of pheasants are in charge of five types of work: carpentry, lacquerwork, potter, dyer, and leather worker.

Shao Hao was very pleased to see that the country of a hundred birds was showing prosperity and upward conditions everywhere. He invited his young nephew, Zhuan, to help with the government. He lived up to expectations, did a good job, and won the appreciation of his uncle. Shao Hao saw that his nephew was working very hard, so he taught him to play the piano.

During the Shaohao period, it was a prosperous period of Chinese phoenix culture, and the surname of the surname Jiang and other ethnic groups with Shaohao blood still had phoenix bird or swallow patterns in the surname totem. From Shaohao to Ying and Jiang De's ancestor Yuan Zhong has always been the leader of the Dongyi tribal alliance, the backbone of the Huaxia clan. The Shaohao clan came from the Dahao Fuxi clan and was the representative of the Dongyi forces. By the time of the Yellow Emperor, the Yandi clan and the Yellow Emperor clan merged, giving rise to the early Huaxia clan.

After Xia Qi destroyed the Chan concession system, it caused a confrontation between the Dongyi tribe and the Xia Dynasty.

In the late Xia, under the leadership of Lingtang, the Shang clan of Dongyi re-entered the Central Plains, and the two major groups of China accelerated the degree of integration, but by the time of the Emperor of Zhou, they wanted to completely annex Dongyi, which caused confrontation, and the Zhou people in the west took the opportunity to occupy the center of the Shang clan and replaced the Shang.

During the Shang Dynasty, although the phoenix was not regarded as a totem of the Xuanniao, the phoenix pattern became more and more common and clearly engraved on the bronzes of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, not only as a practical totemic mark, but also gradually promoted to become a beautiful artistic image.

The second is the colorful bird Xiangrui said. This statement is based on the "Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Three Classics of the South": "The mountain of the cave has many gold and jade on it, and the Danshui flows out of the Yan, and the south flows into the Bohai Sea." There are birds, its shape is like a chicken, colorful and literal, the name is Phoenix. ...... , is a bird, eats naturally, sings and dances, and the world is peaceful. "Foreign Objects" also said: "Its bird is written in five colors, with a red beak and a red head, and a crown on its head. ”

Later generations have always believed that if the colorful bird appears, it is undoubtedly a phoenix, and she symbolizes auspiciousness, such as the "Book of Han", "Book of the Later Han", "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms" and "Book of Jin" have recorded the appearance of colorful birds. Since the Qin and Han dynasties. The image of the phoenix bird is mostly this deified beautiful giant bird. The Han Dynasty's "Shanyang Linfeng Tablet" is engraved with the shape of a phoenix, and the following note says: "There are strange birds in the sky, and the name is Phoenix." ”

The phoenix bird pattern, one of the ancient bronze ornaments. Phoenix, in myths and legends, is the chief of the flock, is the most beautiful among the feather insects, and the birds follow when flying, and is respected as the king of birds. In the hearts of the ancients, the phoenix was an auspicious bird.

During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the phoenix was regarded as a sacred bird. Therefore, on the jade and bronze vessels used by slave owners, the depiction of phoenix patterns prominently expresses the ruler's concept of "Mandate of Heaven". At this time, the phoenix patterns are almost all corolla-shaped, plump wings, long tail feathers, and wide and powerful claws, showing a brave and strong attitude. For example, the jade phoenix unearthed in Yinxu, the phoenix pattern of the abdomen of the bronze father Ding and the abdomen of the father is representative.

At that time, the phoenix character in the oracle bone inscription and the gold inscription also completely showed such a characteristic, and the phoenix pattern at this time was completely mystified and exaggerated by art.

The most mythical image is the "human-phoenix combination" jade ornament unearthed from the tomb of Anyang Nuhao, which is similar to other jade phoenixes, but the crested head is changed to a human head, with a high crown on the head, round eyes, diamond-shaped eye frames, and ears, and a phoenix body with double hook crown feathers and cloud patterns.

There is also a kind of jade ornament of "dragon and phoenix combined" as a mushroom-shaped feather crown, double circle round eyes, long wings raised, full of three claws, and the phoenix body is a double hook yin line wing feather pattern, hook cloud pattern. A dragon with a long curly tail on the back of a phoenix. The dragon has mushroom-shaped horns and is engraved with eye patterns, heavy ring patterns, oblique checkered patterns, etc.

Regarding the main formal characteristics of the phoenix patterns on the bronzes of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the specific opinion of the Chinese archaeological community is that these phoenix patterns are all side images of birds, and they are often arranged in a symmetrical manner on the bronzes. The phoenix crown has three kinds of toothed crowns, long crowns and flower crowns, and all birds with hooked beaks can be called phoenixes, and most of the beaks are closed hook-shaped. The eyes of the head are mostly round or oval, and the phoenix body is the shape of a bird or a chicken. The ratio of length to length often varies depending on the part of the decoration. The corolla and phoenix patterns are all made of the volume type, and the tail of the phoenix is connected, and it is mainly decorated on the pot and the utensils such as the Gui.

The most varied phoenix pattern is the tail feathers, which come in the form of long tails, vertical tails, split tails and symmetrical tails. The longest tail of the long-tailed phoenix can reach three-quarters of the bird's body, and the exaggerated technique is amazing. The tail end of the long tail or phoenix bird pattern is different from the upper volume and the lower volume, and they are mainly popular from the middle of Yinxu to the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The tail feathers of the phoenix are wider and drooping, which is called the hanging tail phoenix pattern, which prevailed in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Due to the change of composition, the tail feathers and the phoenix body are separated, that is, the tail is split. There are also differences between the upper and lower volumes, and most of them prevailed in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Most of the phoenix patterns in the Shang and Zhou dynasties were majestic, solemn and steady, showing the hierarchical and conservative atmosphere of the slave society and the aesthetic taste of the time. The Warring States period was a period when hundreds of schools of thought contended and the new economy flourished, and the phoenix pattern showed a new style. For example, the phoenix patterns on the "Painted Three Phoenix Lacquer Plates" and "Painted Double Phoenix Lacquer Plates" unearthed in Changsha, Hunan Province are graceful and beautiful, charming and colorful, and the phoenix patterns on the dragon and phoenix nine-color embroidery unearthed in Jiangling, Hubei Province, have long crowns and long wings, gracefully turning, and the posture is soft and moving.

In terms of the use of phoenix patterns, although the status of the phoenix in the Shang Dynasty is also a sacred bird, it is not as high as the status of the Xuanniao respected by the royal family.

This may be due to the fact that the Shang clan was not originally the dominant in the Dongyi lineage, but as the legend has it, as the vassals of the main tribes, which has a lot to do with it.

But in some ways, if Zhang Jiashi wants to be beneficial to the rule of the empire in terms of totem culture, then the corresponding status of the dragon must be improved to a certain extent.

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