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c_t; As a traverser, Zhang Jiashi is well aware of the importance of science and technology at an advantage. Pen %Fun %Pavilion www.biquge.info($>>>Cotton, Flower 'Sugar' Small 'Say')

Although in many cases, the advantages of science and technology cannot do everything, but the backward science and technology can obviously do much less.

Just like the advantage in weapons and equipment, although Zhang Jiashi does not think that he can be invincible in the face of the Huns at the moment, I am afraid that even Meng Tian will not boast of Haikou.

But if the Huns attacked on a large scale, then the garrisons along the Great Wall would be able to rely on the weapons and equipment in their hands to give the Huns greater casualties.

And this is obviously a result of the Great Qin Empire's technological superiority.

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The ancient Chinese technique of mechanism did not originate from Mozi's Mohist family, nor was it created by Lu Ban, and the Yanshi described in "Liezi Tangwen" is likely to be the first person to have great achievements in the art of mechanism.

Yanshi's description in Liezi Tangwen is as follows:

King Mu of Zhou patrols the west, crosses Kunlun, and does not go to Yishan. On the contrary, before China, there are famous teachers who offer workers. King Mu recommended it and asked, "What can you do?" Yan Shi said: "The minister only tries what he wants." However, the minister has made something, may the king see it first. King Mu said: "The day is coming, and I will watch it together." "The next day the Yanshi saw the king. The king recommended him and said, "If you are evil with the one who comes?" and said: "The one who is created by the minister can advocate it." King Mu was amazed, and he looked up, and believed in people. If you lead your head, you will sing in tune, and if you hold your hand, you will dance in accordance with the festival. Ever-changing, but adaptable. The king thought that he was a real person, and he looked at it together with Sheng Ji's inner palace. The technique is coming to an end, and the advocate instantly recruits the king's left and right concubines. The king was furious and wanted to punish him. Yanshi was intimidated, and the advocates were dissected to show the king, all of which were done by Fu Huile, wood, glue, lacquer, white, black, dan, and green. Wang Di expected that the liver and gallbladder inside, the heart and lungs, the spleen and kidneys, and the stomach and intestines, and the muscles and bones, branches, fur, and teeth and hair on the outside were all fakes, and all of them were complete. The union is as good as it was at first sight. If the king tries to destroy his heart, he will not be able to speak, if he will waste his liver, he will not be able to see, and if he will waste his kidney, he will not be able to walk. King Mu sighed with joy: "Can the ingenuity of man be the same as that of the creator?"

The cloud ladder of Fuban's loss, the flying kite of Mo Zhai, claims to be the ultimate in energy. The disciples Dongmen Jia and the bird slippery heard of the master's ingenuity to tell the second son, and the second son did not dare to speak and art for life, but always adhered to the rules.

In terms of mechanism technology, there is a corresponding description in the same aspect, which is the guide car.

The guide car, also known as the Sinan car, is a device used to indicate the direction in ancient China. Unlike the compass, which uses geomagnetic effects, it does not use magnetism. It is a mechanical device that uses a gearing system to point out the direction.

The guide car is a kind of vehicle that indicates the direction in ancient times, and it is also used as the honor guard vehicle of the emperor. The origin of the guide car is very early, and it has been remade several times in successive dynasties, but no information has been left. It was not until the Song Dynasty that complete information was available. It utilizes a gearing system and clutch to indicate direction. Under certain conditions, the wooden arm is still guided when the car is turned. The automatic clutch of the guide car shows the excellence of ancient mechanical technology.

According to the description of the situation after the restoration of the guide car, the working principle of the guide car is roughly as follows:

The inside of the trunk is equipped with a set of automatic clutch gear transmission mechanism. When the car deviates from the south direction in the march and turns to the east (left), the front end of the wheel moves to the left, and the rear end moves to the right (west), that is, the right transmission gear is dropped, so that the rotation of the wheel can drive the large gear below the wooden man to rotate to the right, which just counteracts the influence of the vehicle turning to the left, so that the wooden arm is still guided. When the car turns to the west (right), the transmission gear on the left side is put down, so that the big gear turns to the left to offset the effect of the car turning right. When the car travels straight ahead, the wheels are separated from the gear train, so the direction pointed by the wooden man's arm is not affected by the rotation of the wheels. In this way, no matter whether the direction of movement of the car is east, west, north and south, or constantly changing, the arms of the wooden man on the car always point to the south and play the role of guiding the direction.

When the guide car is in use, it is artificially adjusted first, so that the fingers of the wood immortals are due south. If the horse drags the wheel and goes straight, the left and right two small flat wheels are suspended, and the wheel pinion and the large flat wheel in the car do not engage in meshing transmission, so the wooden man does not turn, and of course does not change the direction. If the car turns to the left, the front end of the wheel must also be to the left, and the rear end must be to the right. This change of the wheel will make the rope that is tied to the wheel to suspend two small flat wheels be tightened accordingly, so that the small flat wheel on the left is pulled upward, but it is still suspended; If the car turns 90 degrees to the left, the left wheel will not move when turning, and the right wheel will turn half a circle. The pinion connected with the right wheel also rotates half a week (that is, turns 12 teeth), and after the small flat wheel is transmitted to the large flat wheel, the large flat wheel will rotate 12 teeth in the opposite direction, that is, 1 \/4 week (that is, 90 degrees), so that the wood immortal turns 90 degrees left with the car at the same time, and because of the meshing transmission of the gear, it turns 90 degrees to the right, and the result is equal to no rotation, so its pointing is still unchanged. The result of the car turning to the right or other movements can be extrapolated. In short, no matter how the car turns, the Wood Immortal can always keep its direction unchanged.

There are four theories about the appearance time of the guide car:

1. Ancient books such as "Ancient and Modern Notes" and "Zhilin" written by Cui Bao of the Western Jin Dynasty say that when the Yellow Emperor fought with Chiyou, Chiyou made a heavy fog, and the Yellow Emperor built a guide car to lead the way for the soldiers.

2. Ancient books such as "Ancient and Modern Notes" and "Guiguzi" say that the Duke of Zhou (that is, the younger brother of King Wu of Zhou) made a guide car because the "Yue Shang clan" came to pay tribute and lost the way back.

3. Liu Xianzhou said in his book "The History of Invention of Chinese Mechanical Engineering (Part I)" that the invention of the guide car should be based on the record of the ancient book "Xijing Miscellaneous Records" and be designated as the Western Han Dynasty.

Fourth, Wang Zhenduo said in his book "Science and Technology Archaeology Forum" that "the creator of the guide car, when the Three Kingdoms Ma Jun is credible", and quoted the record of "Wei Luo" to prove it;

Of these four theories, the third and fourth are more feasible.

The first version has a contradictory situation, and "Zhilin" is written by Su Shi, which is very old, and its authenticity is questionable.

The second is another representative of the contradictory statement, and "Guiguzi" as a work of the Zongheng family, its corresponding description in the Zhou Dynasty also has elements of distortion.

From the latter two terms of the guide car, there are two possibilities for the internal structure of the guide car: the orientation of the mechanical system or the polarity of the magnet. If based on archaeological data, it can be known that the time of the appearance of Chinese gears is between the Warring States period and the Western Han Dynasty. The "History of the Song Dynasty" records the specific structure of the two types of guide cars in the Song Dynasty, and it can be seen that the guide cars of the Song Dynasty must be a gear transmission system, relying on the orientation of the mechanical transmission system. Then this kind of guide car can not appear before the gear, the so-called Yellow Emperor or Zhou Gong made a guide car can not be established, especially the Yellow Emperor's invention is earlier than the invention of the car.

According to Liu Xianzhou, it is more appropriate to have a guide car in the Western Han Dynasty. As for Wang Zhenduo's assertion that the Three Kingdoms have a guide car, it is more secure, but it is more conservative to say that this is the time when the guide car appeared. The guide car is a kind of vehicle with an automatic clutch gear train device used in ancient China to indicate directions. There are many legends and accounts about the invention of the guide car. According to historical records, Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty (78-139 AD), Ma Jun of the Wei State during the Three Kingdoms Period, and Zu Chong of the Southern Qi Dynasty once built guide cars. In the "Song History and Public Service Chronicles", there are detailed records of the structure of the guide car and the small number of teeth and the number of teeth.

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In addition to the guide car, the mechanism technique contains many achievements, and these achievements are mainly laid by two people, one Mozi and the other Luban.

Mozi was good at craftsmanship and production, and was superior to other princes in military technology, and could be called erudite and talented. It is said that he was able to cut three inches of wood into a bearing that could carry 300 kilograms in an instant. According to "Han Feizi's Outer Princes Say the Upper Left": "Mozi is a wooden kite, which is grown in three years and defeated in one day." He used the principle of levers to develop orange trees, which were used to lift water. He also manufactured wheels, pulleys, and ladders, among others, which were used in production and the military. He was also adept at the technique of defending the city (the so-called "Confucian"), and his disciples summarized his experience in the twenty-first chapter of the Castle Guard.

Mozi's travels were extensive, from Qi in the east, Zheng and Wei in the west, and Chu and Yue in the south. Luyang Wenjun wanted to attack Zheng Guo, but Mozi knew about it and went to reason and persuaded Luyang Wenjun to stop attacking Zheng. He "traveled south to make a guard" and preached "accumulators" to prepare for the defense. He also visited the state of Chu many times and dedicated his book to King Chu Hui. But later he refused the fief given to him by the king of Chu and left the state of Chu. Mozi came to the State of Qi in his later years and tried to persuade Xiang Ziniu to crusade against the State of Lu, but was unsuccessful. The king of Yue invited Mozi to be an official and promised him a fief of 500 li. Mozi took "listen to my words and use my way" as a condition for going, and did not care about fiefdoms and lords.

The most famous and well-known story about Mozi's deeds is the story of "stopping Chu and attacking the Song Dynasty".

In the early years of the Warring States Period, King Chu Hui intended to attack the Song Dynasty, Mozi asked to see King Chu Hui, stated the relationship, and used the belt as the city wall and the small wooden plank as the siege equipment in front of the King of Chu Hui and the public, and compared the techniques of attacking and defending the city, and came to a wonderful offensive and defensive "polemic", which finally prevented the Chu State from attacking the Song State. During this period, Mozi's eloquence was certainly excellent (the pre-Qin scholars learned the name of Mozi to really achieve perfection, and became the three major logic systems with the ancient Greek Logos and Tianzhu Yinming), but the decisive role was played by his defensive equipment and the strategy of letting his disciple Yu Slippery and other 300 people defend the Song City.

In the early years of the Warring States period, the state of Chu was a powerful country. The military plan of such a large country was changed by the power of the Mohist school, which shows that the Mohist had considerable strength and influence at that time.

Before the rise of Legalism, which represented the interests of the emerging landlord class, Mohism was the largest school of thought in opposition to Confucianism in the pre-Qin period, and was called "Confucian and Moxian Studies". Mencius once said: "The words of Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai are all over the world, and the words of the world are not returned to Yang, but they are returned to Mo." ”

According to the "Han Shuyi Wenzhi", the Mohist school came from the Qing Temple (Zhangshou Zongmiao), that is, Wuzhu, and had a strong religious tendency. Mozi's thought has a total of 10 propositions: love, that is, those who govern the country should "promote the interests of all the people and eliminate the harm of all people", advocating undifferentiated love; non-attack, that is, denying unjust wars ("attack") and affirming just wars ("punishment"), Shang Xian, advocating that "officials are impermanent, and the people are not endurally cheap", should be used only by merit; Shang Tong, that is, "those who choose the world's virtuous and worthy, become the son of heaven", to achieve social unity, economical use, that is, saving money, that is, saving money, that is, opposing extravagant funerals, and non-music, that is, opposing the "ornamental ceremonial music" and decadence of the nobles in power Tianzhi, that is, all natural phenomena are regarded as manifestations of God's love for people; Ming ghosts, Mozi came to the conclusion that "ghosts and gods exist" on the grounds that some people "taste the things of ghosts and gods and hear the voices of ghosts and gods"; Mozi was the first among the pre-Qin thinkers to explicitly oppose the Confucian "theory of fate", believing that "clinging to life is a great harm to the world".

In 376 BC, Mo Zi, the founder of the Mo family, died. The disciples of the Mo family buried the body of the originator of the Kai School from Jane in the pine and cypress at the foot of Huxiao Mountain. His funerary goods were extremely simple, and the most valuable one was a manuscript of Mozi. Before his death, Mozi was very confident in the career he had fought for all his life and his own doctrine, and once exclaimed: "There is no one in the world, and Zi Mozi's words are still there." ”

The writings of Mozi and his disciples were compiled into seventy-one articles by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty, collectively known as Mozi. Among them, the six articles of "Sutra Shang", "Sutra Xia", "Sutra Shuo Shang", "Sutra Shuo Xia" and "Datori" and "Xiaotori" are dedicated to the famous debate and time, space, material structure, mechanics, optics, acoustics, algebra, geometry and other contents, and the predecessors called it "The Book of Ink". The Book of Ink represents the highest peak of the development of Chinese science during the Warring States period. In terms of mechanics, the definition of mechanical motion is proposed in the Book of Ink: "Movement, domain migration." Meaning, the essence of mechanical motion is the movement of the position of an object, which is completely consistent with the definition of modern mechanical motion. At the same time, the Mohist school mastered the law of leverage two centuries before Archimedes. In terms of optics, among the vast historical works in China, the Book of Ink is the only classic book that systematically discusses the development of geometric optics in ancient China. The Book of Ink records the world's first "small hole imaging" experiment conducted by Mozi and his students, and makes incisive insights into the results of the experiment, which is the first scientific explanation of the propagation of light along a straight line. In terms of mathematics, the "Book of Ink" proposes some definitions of geometry, such as the definition of a circle in the "Book of Ink" cited in the middle school mathematics textbook: "A circle, one in the same length." This is completely consistent with the definition of a circle in modern mathematics, "the trajectory of a point at equal distance from the central point".

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Luban, on the other hand, has made remarkable achievements in agriculture and carpentry.

The following is a statement that may have been invented by Luban:

According to many ancient books such as "The Pearl of Things", "The Original of Things", and "Ancient History", many tools and instruments used in carpentry were created by him, such as curved rulers (also called moments or Luban rulers), and tools such as ink fountains, planers, drills, saws, etc., which are also invented by Luban. The invention of these woodworking tools freed the craftsmen of the time from primitive and heavy labor, and the labor efficiency was multiplied, and the civil engineering process took on a new look. Later, in order to commemorate this famous master, people respected him as the ancestor of Chinese civil craftsmen.

Legend has it that the saw was also invented by Lu Ban, but in fact, according to archaeologists, humans living in China would process and use toothed stone sickles and mussel sickles as early as the Neolithic Age, which are the prototypes of saws. In the Zhou Dynasty hundreds of years before Lu Ban was born, people already used copper saws, and the word "saw" has already appeared.

Legend has it that once when he went into the mountains to cut down trees, he was careless, his feet slipped, and his hand was cut by the leaves of a weed, oozing blood, he picked off the leaves and touched them gently, it turned out that there were sharp teeth on both sides of the leaves, and he used these dense small teeth to lightly scratch on the back of his hand, and actually cut a hole. His hand was cut by these small teeth, and Lu Ban was inspired by this incident. He thought, if such a toothed tool could also cut trees very quickly! So, after many experiments, he finally invented a sharp saw, which greatly improved the work efficiency.

According to the records in the "World Book", the stone mill was also invented by Lu Ban. Legend has it that Lu Ban used two relatively hard cobblestones, each chiseled into a dense shallow groove, put them together, and used human or animal power to turn it, and then ground the rice flour into powder. This is what we call grinding, before that, people processed grain is to put the grain in the stone mortar with a pestle to pound, and the invention of the mill changed the up and down movement of the pestle and mortar to do a rotational motion, so that the intermittent work of the pestle mortar becomes continuous work, greatly reducing the labor intensity, improving the production efficiency, this is a great progress in the ancient grain processing tools. The real situation of Luban's invention of the mill is impossible to investigate, but from the perspective of archaeological excavations, there was already a pestle mortar in the Longshan culture period (about 4,000 years ago), so it is possible to invent the mill in Luban's time.

The ladder is an ancient siege instrument, and legend has it that it was invented by Luban. The following is a relevant record: "Mozi Gong Lose" records: "Gong Lose Pan is a machine for Chu to build a cloud ladder, and it will be used to attack the Song Dynasty." "The Warring States Policy Public Loss Plate Sets Up a Machine Chapter for Chu" wrote that Mozi said when he saw the public loss: "Wen Gong is a cloud ladder." "Huainanzi" said: Luban is like a public loser, and the Chu people are also. He is a skillful man of the Son of Heaven, who can make a ladder to the clouds. "Huainan Zi Soldier Training" Xu Shen Note: "The cloud ladder can stand according to the clouds, so it looks at the enemy's city."

"Hook strong" is also known as "hook rejection" and "hook giant". It is a tool used in ancient water warfare, which can be used to hook or hinder enemy ships. Legend has it that it was invented by Luban. The following are various related accounts. "Mo Zilu asked": "In the past, the Chu people and the Yue people fought in the river, and the Chu people went down the river, retreated against the current, advanced when they saw the advantages, and retreated when they saw the disadvantages. The more people advance against the current, retreat with the stream, advance when they see the advantage, and retreat when they see the unfavorable. Gong loses from Lunan to Chu, Yan began to be a weapon of boat warfare, as a hook strong preparation, the retreat hook, the advance is strong, measure the length of its hook strength, and the system for the soldiers, Chu's soldiers, the more soldiers are not knotty, the Chu people are therefore stubborn, and the Yue people are defeated. ”

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