At the heart of alchemy, elixir can be said to be the ultimate goal in this regard.

It is recorded in the history books that the first emperor was the first emperor to take a large number of refining pills in order to pursue the elixir.

But whether there were kings who had the same idea in this regard earlier, the history books are not too clear.

In "Warring States Policy", there is a description of the elixir of immortality:

"There are those who offer the medicine of immortality to King Jing, and those who confess will do it. The shot man asked, "Can you eat it?" and said, "Yes." "Eat it for grabbing. And the king was furious, and he slew those who were shot. The man who was shot made people say that the king said: "When the minister asks the confessor, he says, 'It is edible', and the minister eats it." It is the minister who is not guilty, and the sin is in the confessor. And the guest offers the medicine of immortality, and the king kills the minister while the minister eats it, which is the medicine of death, and it is the guest who bullies the king. It is better for the king to kill the innocent minister and the wise man to bully the king, than to release the minister. "The king does not kill.

It's just that if folklore is also used as a reference basis, Chang'e running to the moon is a legend that is directly related to the elixir.

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However, if we compare the classics of alchemy that are still circulating in later generations, then the "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Qi" written in the Eastern Han Dynasty can be said to be the earliest known alchemy classic.

Later generations believed that "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Qi" is a Taoist theoretical work of both internal and external Dan cultivation, which had a significant impact on Taoist cultivation, and was known as the ancestor of the Dan Jing and the king of the ancient Dan Jing, which played a positive role in the theoretical development of the Inner and Outer Dan in later generations. It has a very important position in the history of Taoism and ancient science and technology in China.

The Danshu theory expounded in "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed" was inherited and absorbed by Ge Hong and Tao Hongjing of the Jindan School and Sima Chengzhen, Zhong Liquan, Lu Dongbin, Zhang Boduan and so on of the Neidan Refining and Cultivation School in later generations.

Huang Ziru of the Song Dynasty affirmed the important position of "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed" in the history of Dandao in the preface of "Jindan Four Hundred Words", he said: For thousands of years, there was Boyang to guide its flow, and Zhong Lu to promote its waves. Mr. Wang Ming, a close friend, concluded in the article "Research": From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, there is no shortage of people in the generation of alchemists, tracing the flow to find the source, and the main thing is as follows: Wei Boyang guides its source, Zhong Lu Yan its flow, Liu Zhangxue Chen Yang Qibo. From the outer Dan to the inner Dan, there are many rheological changes, and the ancestor of the ancient Danjing is also the ancestor of the "Participation in the Deed". The following Zhong Lu mentioned by Mr. Wang Ming are all from the Neidan family.

Zhang, Xue, and Chen belong to the Southern Sect of the Jindan Taoist School. The Quanzhen Dao that Jin Yuan arose belonged to the Northern Sect, claiming to have originated from Zhong Lu, which shows that the distant ancestor of Quanzhen's Neidan Thought is also the "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed". The rise of the Northern and Southern Sects of Taoism is ideologically unaffected by the "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed".

It is precisely because of the "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed" that it is a precedent for Dan Dao, so it is respected as a classic work by Taoist alchemists, and those who refine the inner Dan and the outer Dan are all ancestors. Song Zhang Boduan's "Enlightenment Chapter" said: Shutong was educated by Wei Boyang, and he was the king of the Ten Thousand Ancient Danjing. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Yu Yan's "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed Play Preface" also said: "Shen Tong Deed" is the ancestor of the ancient Dan Jing.

"Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed" quoted "Yi" to discuss the inner Dan and the outer Dan, and explained the "Yi" with Taoism, which also had a significant impact on the Song Dynasty Acting School. Zhou Dunyi's "Taiji Diagram" comes from the "Congenital Diagram" of Huashan Taoist Chen Quan, Shao Yong's elephant mathematics is directly related to "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed", Zhu Xi and other physicists directly participated in the annotation of "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed", and some people regard "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed" as a classic of Confucianism and Taoism.

As the most important alchemy document in ancient China, although the various methods it introduced could not refine the golden pill that could be immortal, it summarized some chemical knowledge and chemical changes at that time, promoted the development of ancient chemistry, and played an important role in the history of science and technology in China and the world.

It is precisely because of the great influence of "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed" that this book has been annotated a lot in history. For example, Hou Shu Peng Xiao's "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed Chapter Tong Zhenyi" three volumes, Yin Changsheng's "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed Notes" three volumes, Song Zhuxi's "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed Examination Differences" one volume, Song Chu Huagu "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed Notes", Song Chen Xianwei "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed Explanation", Song Yuyan "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed Play", Yuan Chen Zhixu "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed Chapter Notes", Ming Jiang Yibiao "Ancient Wen Shen Tong Deed Collection Explanation", Qing Li Guangchi "Refer to the Same Deed Chapters and Sentences", Qing Liu Wulong "Ancient Shen Tong Deed Collection Explanation" and so on, other chapter interpretation, rewriting, play and other works are even more like a cow's hair. Wei Boyang's "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed" has been passed down since the Eastern Han Dynasty, laying a theoretical foundation for the establishment of the Taoist Danding School in later generations.

However, there is not much content in the "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed" on alchemy:

Jin Dan Dao Gui Chapter 14:

With gold as the embankment, the water into the is a good swim. There are fifteen of the gold counts, and so is the water counts. There are two baht in the furnace and more than five points of water. The two are true, and the gold is as heavy as the original. The third is not entered, and the second fire is with it. The three things contain each other, and the changes are spiritual. There is the sun under it, and it is steaming for a while. First liquid and then condensed, called yellow □. The years will be ruined, and the years will be ruined. The shape is like dust, and the shape is like the dust of the window. Hold it together and hold it into the red gate. Solidify the meeting, and make sure that it is complete. The fire is open, and the sound of day and night is diligent. The beginning of the text can be repaired, and the end of the meaning is Chen. Wait and be cautious, and check the cold temperature. Rotate twelve festivals, and the festival must be more pro. Qi Suo's life is dying, and the soul of death is resting. The color turned more purple, and it became a return to Dan. Powder is a pill, and Daogui is the most godly.

Chapter 28 of the Four Chaos Chapters:

Dansha wood essence, gold is merged, gold hydration, wood fire is a couple. The four are chaotic, listed as dragons and tigers, dragons and yangs are odd, and tigers are even. The liver is the father, the lung is white, the kidney is the son, the red is the daughter, the spleen is the ancestor, and the meridian is the beginning. Three things and one family, all belong to themselves.

Chapter 33:

The circle is three or five, one inch is one minute, the mouth is four or eight, the lips are two inches, the length is two, and the thickness is even. The abdomen is three, and the temperature is sitting. Yin is on top, and yang is running down. Beginning and ending Wu, middle text. Seventy at the beginning, thirty at the end, three hundred and sixteen, good and even. Yin fire white, yellow buds lead. Two-seven gatherings, auxiliary wing people. Rationalize the brain and set Xuansheng. In the middle of the sub-place, you have to survive in peace, come and go, and don't go out. gradually grows up, pure temperament. But return to one, return to the original. Kindness, love and respect, such as monarchs and ministers. Until a week, very hard. Dense protection, don't be stunned. The road is long, and the mystery is restored. If you get to this point, it will be a good thing. Nai Gui Zhan, pure soul. Immortal, Juxian Village. Those who are happy to find their roots. Review the five elements, and set the baht. Needless to say. Hidden and guarded, Mo Chuanwen. Royal White Crane, Driving Dragon Scales, Traveling Taixu, Immortal Jun, Recording the Sky Map, and Calling a Real Man.

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It is possible that under some influence of "Zhou Yi Shen Tong Deed", a famous "poison pill" finally appeared in the Wei and Jin dynasties - Wushi San.

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Wushisan, also known as Hanshisan, its prescription began with the Han people, and was first taken by He Yan of the Wei people. Regarding the "five stones" in Hanshisan, Ge Hong described them as "dansha, realgar, alum, Zeng Qing, and Cishiye", while Chao Yuanfang, a famous doctor in the Sui Dynasty, believed that they were "stalactites, sulfur, white quartz, purple quartz, and red stone".

Although the formula of "Five Stones" is different, its medicinal properties are all dry and hot, and after taking it, it makes people warm all over the body and produces a short-term effect that confuses people's minds, which is actually a kind of chronic poisoning. Legend has it that He Yan was lustful, and after taking Wushi San, he suddenly felt that the gods were cheerful and his physical strength increased. Under his leadership, Wushi San was widely spread. However, many long-term users died of poisoning, and Sun Simiao of the Tang Dynasty called on the world to "burn it when it comes to this, and do not stay for a long time".

The toxicity of Wushisan is described as follows:

"People eat a lot of food; The color and joy under the air are the second waiting; Itching on the head, face, and body is the third wait, planning the evil wind, is the fourth waiting, and being tired of sleeping is the fifth wait." If you take it for a long time, there will be a series of serious poisoning phenomena such as "tongue retracted into the throat, carbuncle scabs and backs, rotten spine, headache, low back pain, abdominal distension and even broken clothes, heartache such as stings, sore joints, throat pain, nasal congestion and runny nose, diaphragm full of vomiting, warm desire to vomit", and even death.

Modern medical history works generally believe that Wushisan is composed of stalactites, sulfur, white quartz, purple quartz and red stone lipid, but these five drugs have no obvious toxicity, and taking them will not produce as much toxic effect as recorded in ancient books.

Later generations have verified: "The toxicity of Wushi San lies in the mistake that the "alum stone" in "Hou's Black Scattered Formula" is "qua stone". The two are close to each other and easy to mix, and ancient books are often mixed; the stone contains arsenic, and the so-called dispersion is chronic arsenic poisoning; Sun's pain is that he kills people, and replaces the stone with stone sulfur, which has been handed down to the world in a non-toxic way. ”

Even if everyone knows that Wushisan is poisonous, but, Wushisan, which has made countless celebrities sink, did not die out, and the atmosphere of taking "Wushisan" was from the Wei and Jin dynasties to the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and the celebrities flocked to it, for five or six hundred years, without interruption, and quite developed, only in the "Sui Book of Classics", there were 20 "Wushisan" dissolution parties.

The "Hou's Heisan", which was the first to indicate that "it is advisable to eat coldly", and the "Zishi Cold Food", which was the first to call "cold food", were first seen in the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" in Zhang Zhongjing's "Treatise on the Strategies of Jinkui".

Chao Yuanfang of the Sui Dynasty quoted the words of the famous doctor of the Jin Dynasty in his "Treatise on the Origin and Syndrome of Diseases": "Cold food, grass and stone are from Zhongjing".

The main purpose of Zhang Zhongjing's invention of this prescription was to use it to treat typhoid fever (diseases such as colds and colds, which the ancients called the invasion of wind evil, not modern typhoid fever). Because this prescription is dry and hot, it has some benefits for typhoid patients.

After taking Wushisan, it will produce a huge amount of internal heat, which requires a whole set of extremely subtle and cumbersome procedures to dissipate the toxicity and heat in the medicine, that is, the so-called "elimination".

First of all, you must not lie still, you must walk, and if you lie down lazily, your life will not be guaranteed.

Therefore, the celebrities of the Wei and Jin dynasties like to take a walk the most, calling it "Xingsan". You have to walk to sweat all over the place.

If it is properly distributed, diseases in the body will be emitted along with the poisonous heat;

If it is not distributed properly, the five poisons will attack the heart, and the consequences will be unimaginable. Even if you don't die, you will be crippled for life.

In addition to walking, you should also pay extra attention to your diet and clothing.

After taking the medicine, he developed a fever all over his body, followed by a cold, and his symptoms resembled mild malaria. If you eat hot things or wear thick clothing when you have chills, you are looking for death.

In the medical records of the past dynasties, after taking Wushi San, because the human skin is not only hot and dry, but also extremely sensitive, it is necessary to wear thin, wide, unwashed soft old clothes, not thick, or unpulped new clothes, so as not to dissipate heat and the clothes rub against the skin, resulting in discomfort.

In addition, a cold water bath is used after taking the medicine to dissipate the toxicity and heat of the medicine.

"Cold clothes, cold drinks, cold food, cold lying, extremely cold is good". Pneumonia is freezing, that's a good spread... Therefore, Wushisan is also known as "cold food powder".

But there is one exception, you must drink hot wine, and the wine should be good and mellow.

Wushisan is very picky about wine, not to mention methanol-mixed wine, which is generally bad wine, it will also have a fierce reaction.

Moreover, after taking the medicine, you must not skip eating, you must eat a lot of food, and "never get tired of eating".

In short, after eating Wushisan, be sure to take a walk, eat plenty of cold food, drink hot wine, wear thin clothes, and take a cold shower.

At that time, there were great risks and costs for taking this medicine, and if you were not careful, it would kill you.

Pei Xiu of the Western Jin Dynasty died because he drank cold wine after taking five stones.

In the demeanor of the Wei and Jin dynasties, Wang Meng's calm demeanor of "talking about lice", I don't know if it is also due to taking medicine...

Due to the high cost of Wushisan itself and the cumbersome conditioning of it, it was only popular among the upper class celebrities and nobles. But it is no less popular than opium in the late Qing Dynasty and ecstasy in modern times.

However, the "Five Stone Powder" itself was by no means a poison in the first place. At that time, people ate Wushi San, and most of them were to prolong their lives. Wushisan is a kind of chemical drug, which has a therapeutic effect if taken less, and poisoning if taken more, which was common knowledge at the time.

Even the famous doctor and writer Huangfu Mi of the Wei and Jin dynasties, who got sick from eating "Wushisan", also cured many people's diseases with Wushisan later, and summarized the nature of Wushisan.

The popularity of Wushisan naturally has its reason, because after taking it, it can produce a wonderful reaction.

After taking the medicine, the human body suddenly colds, suddenly heats, and the body temporarily falls into an inexplicable pain, but the spirit can enter a state of trance and self-forgetfulness.

The troubles of the world and the confusion of the heart can be forgotten, and what remains is a feeling of otherworldliness. At such a moment, there is nothing in your eyes, nothing is worthy of restraining yourself, only an inflated sense of self, and you can do whatever you want. In short, somewhat similar to drunkenness, perhaps physiologically different from drunkenness, but equally in a trance.

It is not surprising that this state of affairs would become a popular fashion in the Wei and Jin dynasties, when life was precarious and impermanent, among the celebrities who pursued timely pleasure and indulgence.

However, there is a theory that Wushisan had already appeared in the pre-Qin period:

The "Historical Records" contains:

The king of Qi served the doctor and fell ill, and practiced five stone clothes by himself. The minister wanted to go over, and then Wei Yiri: "If you are not sick, you are fortunate to be diagnosed." ”

The minister immediately diagnosed it and told the day: "The public illness is hot." On the day, "those who do not get hot in the middle should not take five stones". The stone is a strong medicine, and the public service should not be counted, so do not take it. The color will be dull. ”

Sui Ri: "Bian Que said, 'Yin stone is used to cure yin disease, and yang stone is used to cure yang disease'." The husband medicine stone has the Qi of yin and yang, water and fire, so the middle heat is the yin stone and the soft Qi are cured, and the medium cold is the yang stone and the qi is cured. ”

The minister said: "The public is far away. Although Bian Que said that if it is, it must be examined, measured, set rules, and weighed. The commentary says: "Those who are sick with yang diseases and those who are yin should be outside, do not add strong medicine and carp stones." ”

However, judging from this account, Wushisan was a prescription valued by doctors and scholars in the pre-Qin period, rather than an ordinary gadget that was abused......

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