Chapter 134 The Imperative "Long-Distance Attack" ()

In the face of the Xiongnu offensive, Zhang Jiashi wanted to adopt the method of "distant friendship and close attack" to alleviate the huge pressure faced by the Qin Empire. Pinshu.com

However, after Zhang Jiashi sorted out the relevant information, he found that this point was basically impossible to do.

Because with what Zhang Jiashi knows now, the most powerful force around the Huns is actually the Qin Empire that he is currently in charge of.

In other places, even if there is a force that does not deal with the Huns, either this force is inaccessible to the Qin Empire at the moment, or it is beaten by the Huns to the point that there is only the ability to breathe.

It, the Great Moon Clan and Xiqiang are the latter. As the "fierce enemy" of the Huns in the grassland, Donghu is in a situation where if the Qin Empire does not give support, the Huns are almost wiped out.

As for the former, Zhang Jiashi knew very well that with the current situation, even if he found such a force willing to fight the Huns with the Qin Empire, he might not have any effect.

Because most of these forces are relatively weak. In particular, the countries of the Western Regions, which were relatively easy to reach with the Qin Empire, were also within this category.

......

The Wusun Kingdom was a great power in the Western Regions, and it can be said that it was a great power from the 3rd century BC to the 1st century BC.

But the current strength of Wusun is not too strong, especially the Wusun people in the face of the remnants of the Dayue clan who were defeated by the Huns and moved westward, they were actually beaten by the remnants of the Dayue clan and even the monarch was killed......

Well, Zhang Jiashi has to say, what hope can such a Wusun have?

Of course, it is possible that the conflict between Wusun and the Otsuki clan was due to Wusun's intention to annex the remnants of the Otsuki clan that passed through his territory, and the two sides naturally fought.

It is estimated that none of the people of the Otsuki clan thought that they would be able to kill each other and continue their westward migration under that kind of disadvantage.

If it weren't for the fact that the Wusun royal family was protected by the Huns at that time, I am afraid that Wusun would be annexed and destroyed by the other 36 countries in the Western Regions.

Legend has it that when he was killed, he was still in his infancy and abandoned in the wilderness. The crow sought meat to feed him, and the wolf nursed him. The Xiongnu Mao Dun felt strange and thought that hunting arrogance was a god, so he decided to raise him.

When the son of the difficult to take care of himself, he "asked for a single to repay his father's grievances", and got the help of the Xiongnu Shan Yu, drove away the Yue clan in the Ili River Valley, and moved the clan west to restore the country from the third year to the fourth year of the Western Han Dynasty.

Moreover, the Wusun tribe originally included the Cypriots and the Yue clan. After Wusun moved west to the lower reaches of the Ili River, it is believed that Hunt Jiaomi learned that the Xiongnu had occupied the grazing land of the tribe in the Hexi Corridor, and set up a king to divide the rule, and named it "Kun Evil King" after his clan name "Kun". The Xiongnu Shan Yu's practice violated the name of "Kun", so instead of Kun name, "Wusun" was used as the name of the tribe.

......

It is possible that Bactria was a country that was not afraid of the Xiongnu in terms of national strength.

But in terms of its diplomacy, or geography, Bactria was not a country that the Qin Empire could easily reach.

In particular, Zhang Jiashi wanted to know if there were any Qin people who could speak Tocharian at this time......

In history, the first person in the country to know about the existence of Bactria should be Zhang Qian.

When Zhang Qian learned that the southwest of Shu County could lead to Bactria through poison, Zhang Qian promptly reported on the possibility of interacting with the northwestern states, and he hinted at the potential value of trade with those regions. He also pointed out the advantages of allied with other peoples who were anti-Hun like Guo. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who was very talented and strategic, was very surprised when he heard this, and decided to open up the official road from the southwest to Daxia at all costs, and the official participation in commercial trade and expand the territory.

Emperor Wu immediately named Zhang Qian as the Marquis of Bowang, and ordered him to take Shu County and Jiwei County as a base, and sent four secret envoys to explore the road to the poison separately, but they were all blocked by the southwest ethnic minorities and were unsuccessful.

Emperor Wu also recruited soldiers from the interior and raised troops to attack the Southwest Yi, Yelang, Yunnan and many other countries and tribes. However, due to the deep ethnic estrangement caused by the feudal rulers, and the desperate resistance of the chieftains of the Kunming, Jun and other ethnic groups in order to monopolize the rich transit trade, after more than ten years, the result was only to open the road from Chengdu to the Erhai area, and the official envoys failed to exceed the area from Dali to Baoshan, and could only trade indirectly with the merchants of Bactria through various tribes and India.

In the lower reaches of the Irrawaddy River in southern Myanmar, the Mon people have lived since BC. At that time, the Indians referred to this region as "Suwanabmi", which means "golden land".

It is believed that the Indians entered Burma only in the coastal areas and the plains of Burma, but according to the Huayang National Chronicles of the 4th century, the Indians also entered the northern Burma border along the mountainous areas of Ledo, crossed the forest mountains and penetrated deep into the northern Burmese border.

As Western scholars have noted, it is striking that Burma, with which it had close commercial and diplomatic ties since the beginning of the Common Era, was insignificant in its influence by the country. In fact, this is the result of the very different effects that the country's and India's chemical activities have had on Myanmar.

The development of the city-states of the Southern Peninsula was related to the Maritime Silk Road, and the city-states in which they were located were all on this route, which gave birth to the Funan Kingdom, while the city-states of Myanmar were formed by the poison road from India to the southwest of the country. From the classical era until the beginning of the century, the great powers of the Southern Peninsula followed the principle of commerce, and commerce was inseparable from shipping routes and trade routes. The estrangement of these two routes made it impossible for the two emerging countries to compete, and the isolation of the terrain and the limitations of early technology made it impossible for the two countries to compete.

Finally, the relationship between the heart region and the remote areas is a loose "mantra" relationship. This political structure is a loose structure with a very low degree of cohesion.

According to one view, "the early political map of Southeast Asia developed from the organization of settled populations in prehistoric times, and the historical record presents a patchwork of partially overlapping mandalas or royal circles." Within every mandala, there is a king with divine and cosmic authority. He asserted his authority over the kingdom and nominally submitted to his allies and other rulers of vassals. ”

The connotation of the "royal circle theory" has two basic points: first, in terms of religion, the rulers share the authority of the gods, sanctify themselves through religious rituals, and attract followers; second, in the political aspect, the "royal circle" represents a special and unstable political situation in a geographical area without fixed boundaries, and many power centers in the "royal circle" form a "political allegiance" by personal dependence. In this case, the actual role of the supreme ruler "is not that of a dictator, but of a mediator who can influence and maintain peace and mobilize many different groups (states)". As a result, the administrative control of the ruler of the "royal circle" was often limited to the territory under his direct influence. As a result, the political influence of the central royal power of the "royal circle" rarely lasts for a long time, and often changes with the transfer of spiritual authority and political power, thus causing a continuous reorganization of the political space. ”

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, there may have been Chinese people who went to India through this road.

"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Legend of the Western Regions" records that the east left the country, the capital of Shacheng, 3,000 miles southeast of Dazhu, dozens of Leh cities, all called kings, and later conquered by the Dayue clan. Cheli was the country of Josaro, on the coast of present-day Coromandel, India.

"Wei Luo" said that this country has a Liweite and a Peili king. Peili was a Benna who lived in the northern part of the Ganges Delta in ancient times. Its south is the Benjia people, the Han Dynasty dedicated the writing of the Pan, "Wei Luo?Xixu Biography" said that the Panyue Kingdom, also known as the Hanyue King, "thousands of miles southeast of Tianzhu, and Yibu is close." Its people are small and the people of the country, etc. The Shu people seem to be very good. In ancient times, it was called Gundam - Bangladesh.

Gouda refers to a vast area along the banks of the Bajirati River in the delta up to the seashore, which is equivalent to the southern part of Bengal. In addition to the southwest Silk Road and the south road over the green mountains, through Kushan to Tianzhu, turn to the southeast Ganges River basin estuary, the southwest of the country probably also have merchants through the Burma Road.

Merchants from Asia and West Asia could also enter the Indus Valley from the Khyber Pass, and after crossing the pass, there were endless plains and hundreds of small states in the plains, and then the goods were transported from the southwest to the Burmese Mountains into Bashu.

If you start from Yizhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty (the Eastern Han Dynasty was located in Ruxian County, Sichuan, and moved Mao Mianzhu, Xingping and moved to Chengdu), go south and turn west, cross the Lancang River through Dali today, go to Yongchang County, cross the Nu River in the west, go out of Gaoligong Mountain to Tengchong, and then go southwest from here to Bagan (in present-day Burma, the east bank of the Irrawaddy River). From Bagan along the Chhindun River, through the Hukang River valley from Manipur to Assami, and then south to the Dhaka region, from there to the west of the Ganges River, overland into India.

In India, through Fahrenheit and Qunucheng to Masra on the banks of the Yamuna River, Kakara and Taxila in the North Five River Valleys, through the Poole Pass to Bactria and the Northwest Silk Road at Mulu; In addition to connecting with the Northwest Silk Road by land, it is also possible to sail down the Irrawaddy River from Myanmar to India by water. Connected to the Indian Ocean shipping lanes.

According to the "Biography of Wei Luo Xirong", the waterway of the Great Qin State leads to Yongchang County, Yizhou, and reaches Yongchang when it lands on the coast of Burma.

This route is also confirmed by the description of the land east of the east coast of India in the Voyage of Eritre.

Since the 2nd century B.C., the country has used Burma as a commercial route, "along the Irrawaddy River, along the Salween River, and there is still a road along the Mino River through Manipur for three months to Afghanistan." Merchants exchanged their national silk and other famous products for precious stones, jadeite, and kapok from Burma, rhino horn and ivory from India, and gold from Europe."

From Yi's description, it can be seen that if you want to go to Great Xia at this time, it is not difficult for the Qin Empire, or for some individuals.

......

Kangju can also be said to be a powerful country in the Western Regions, but whether Kangju in this period was as strong as in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Jiashi did not have enough information to corroborate.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Kangju was one of the 36 countries in the Western Regions, and its territory was very large.

According to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", the southwest capital of Kangju is adjacent to the Anxi State, the southeast is adjacent to the Dayue State of the Kushan Dynasty, and the northern Xiancai State and the Yan State have been subordinated to Kangju, and the Ministry is the Kangju State itself, forming a situation in which the three great powers of Yueshi, Kangju and Anxi in the sub-region are established.

The Western Regions of the Eastern Han Dynasty, because of the three unique links between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Regions, more than 50 countries at the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after mutual attack and annexation, have formed the situation that the three kingdoms of Shache, Khotan and Shanshan stand side by side. In 73 A.D., before Ban Chao conquered the Western Regions, Shache was again attacked by Khotan. Since the reign of Wang Mang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the countries of the Western Regions were dissatisfied with the frontier policy, and the Xiongnu took advantage of the situation to regain control of the Western Regions.

As early as 71~54 B.C., the Xiongnu were in civil strife, and the five Dan were fighting for the hegemony side by side. In troubled times, Zhizhi Shan Yu expanded westward, and was later picked up by King Kangju, placed in a place adjacent to Wusun State, and joined forces to deal with Wusun, making the west of Wusun empty for thousands of miles, obviously at this time Kangju's sphere of influence gradually expanded. "Hanshu Chen Tang Liebiography" said: "Zhi Zhishu borrowed troops to attack Wusun, went deep into Chigu City, killed the people, drove livestock, Wusun did not dare to chase, the west was empty, and those who did not live were thousands of miles. Zhi Zhishan is a great country, respects his prestige, and takes advantage of the pride, does not give gifts to the king of Kangju, angrily kills the princess of Kangju and nobles, hundreds of people, or dissolves and throws himself into the water. He made a city for the people, and he made five hundred people a day, and he was two years old. He also sent an envoy to blame the Su and Dawan countries, and they did not dare to refuse. ”

During the period when Zhizhidan moved west to Kangju, there were already quite a few Xiongnu people settled in Kangju. The expansion of Zhizhi Shan Yu also provided opportunities for Kangju.

After Zhizhishan was exterminated by the Han Dynasty, Kangju's sphere of influence in Asia was not affected, but increased greatly. During the reign of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, Kangju became the shelter of Wusun Xiaokunmi. At that time, after Xiao Kun Yazi's younger brother Ri Er killed his brother and usurped the throne, he fled to Kangju for refuge because he was afraid of the Han Dynasty's crusade. In 11 B.C., Wusun Xiaokun Mi Mo Zhen led more than 80,000 people to the north to attach Kangju, wanting to use Kangju soldiers to annex the two Kunmi.

After 91 AD, the Northern Xiongnu were defeated by the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Xianbei people rose on the Mongolian Plateau. Under the impact of the westward migration of the Northern Xiongnu, Kangju was forced to move south to the Sogdiana region, so later Han historical materials often refer to Kangju and Sogdia together, and say that Kangguo is "after Kangju". The large-scale westward migration of the Northern Xiongnu to Wusun and Kangju was in the second century AD. When Kangju moved south, some Huns also came. During this period, the territory in the northern part of the Kangju state was greatly reduced, and the area north of the Syr Darya River was occupied by the Xiongnu who migrated westward.

During Ban Chao's pacification of the rebellions of the Western Regions, Kang Juguo helped Ban Chao and the Eastern Han regime, and also hindered it. At that time, Ban Chao led more than 10,000 soldiers from Shule, Khotan, and Mi to break through the Gumo Stone City of Qiuzi State. At this time, Kangju, Yueshi, Wusun and other countries all had the desire to join the Han Dynasty, and wanted to help Ban Chao and destroy Qiuzi and open up the passage with the Han Dynasty. Later, King Shache colluded with King Shule to rebel against the Han Dynasty, and King Kangju sent troops to aid King Shule, resulting in Ban Chao being unable to attack for a long time. During this period, Kangju and Guishan had just formed an alliance with their relatives, and Ban Chao sent an envoy to send a generous gift to the king of Yueshi, and advised King Kangju through the king of Yueshi, Kangju withdrew his troops, and escorted King Shule to Yueshi and transferred to the Han Dynasty. Three years later, the king of Shule borrowed troops from Kangju to fight back, occupied some places, and conspired with the country of Qiuzi to surrender, but Ban Chao saw through the trick and beheaded the king of Shule. After that, there was peace between Kangju and the Han Dynasty.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Kangju Kingdom was not too strong for a long time, basically before and after Ban Chao made the Western Regions. The Kangju Kingdom was slightly less powerful than the Kushan Empire at the same time.

In the third century AD, the Kushan Empire began to decline and fell under the control of the Sassanid Empire of Persia, and the Kushan Empire's territory in India gradually shrank.

In 265~274 AD, Kangju was very weak, and King Kangju sent an envoy to the Jin Dynasty to sacrifice horses, hoping to make friends with the newly rising Western Jin Dynasty.

After the third century A.D., there was no clear border in Kangju, and the historical books called Kangju "Su Yi" since the Three Kingdoms, specifically referring to the types and place names of local residents.

During the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the power of the Banda rose, and Kangju was relatively weak. After the people moved west, the country of Kangju ceased to exist.