Zhang Jiashi wants to change the current funeral problem, and it is generally not feasible to eliminate the problem of land tenure such as memorial fields and cemeteries in the future.

Because Zhang Jiashi knows very well that if he wants to make changes in this area, he can't do it alone. Because there are so many issues at stake in this regard.

For example, even with Chen Ping and others, the core figures under Zhang Jiashi, perhaps in other aspects, they should unconditionally support some reasonable decisions of Zhang Jiashi. But in terms of funerals, if they support Zhang Jiashi's reform in this regard, it will be a strange result for Zhang Jiashi.

After all, in a certain respect, people like Chen Ping who already have a family, they may not care about their fame during their lifetime, and only hope to be able to leave a name in history, but for the afterlife, with the current concept as the standard, I am afraid they will not be able to do the burial view that is gradually indifferent because of the change of overall consciousness in later generations.

Moreover, even if Chen Ping really unconditionally supports Zhang Jiashi to change in this regard, but his own children, especially the emperor of the Qin Empire, Ying Xun, should be treated as if they were themselves?

Zhang Jiashi very much did not want a situation to arise, that is, to formulate a series of reform policies for the future development of the Qin Empire during his lifetime, but once after his death, Ying Xun overturned these reforms because of his own ideas or forced by external pressure, then it is difficult for Zhang Jiashi himself to guarantee that he will not die.

In terms of funerals, there is helplessness in this aspect.

After all, the Qin Empire or the previous princes, kings or emperors, including the Qin State, attached great importance to this aspect.

There may be some changes in the pattern of funerals, but on the whole, Zhang Jiashi believes that as long as there is not enough influence on people's hearts, then there will be no fundamental change in the pattern of burial.

As far as the large-scale mausoleum system in Chinese history is concerned, until the early Republic of China, the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum can be regarded as a representative of this aspect of inheritance, not to mention the imperial mausoleum system before it.

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In terms of the imperial mausoleum system in ancient China, the mausoleum of the Shang Dynasty was the earliest that could be established.

The Shang Dynasty from Tang Liguo to Pangeng experienced a total of 10 generations and 19 kings. There is no historical record of these imperial tombs, and they have not been found to this day.

According to the record of "Historical Records": "Since Pangeng moved the capital to Yin to the destruction of the Xuan, 273 years, the capital has not been moved", during which a total of eight generations and twelve kings were established. The data of archaeological excavations show that the emperors after Pangeng moved the capital in the late Shang Dynasty were buried in the north of Huanshui in Anyang, the area between Wuguan Village and Houjiazhuang, and the area of Xiaotun Palace across the river. On the south bank of the Huanhe River is the palace area, residential area and handicraft area, and on the north bank is the royal tomb area, with a total area of more than 200,000 square kilometers.

There are thirteen large tombs that have been found in the royal tomb area, which are divided into two areas: five in the east area and eight in the west area, one of which is an empty tomb that was not used after it was built. Due to the lack of documentation, it is not possible to verify the owners of their respective tombs. Only a few of these tombs have broken each other's passages, but none of the tombs break each other. From this, it can be seen that these tombs are arranged in a certain order. A small number of medium-sized tombs and a large number of small tombs have also been found in the mausoleum area, which are supposed to be funerary tombs and burial pits belonging to these large tombs. In addition, there are a large number of sacrificial burial pits.

These tombs belong to the pit tombs, which can be divided into three types: sub-shape, middle shape and A-shape according to the plane shape. The burial chamber of a zigzag tomb is subzigzag or square in plan. The large tomb in the shape of a Chinese character, the plan of the tomb chamber is rectangular. Only one of the large tombs in the shape of a zigzag has been found, and the plan of the tomb is rectangular, and it is said that the famous Simu Wu Dafang Ding is out here. There are two types of tomb paths: ramps and steps. Most of the burial chambers and burial passages are 400 to 800 square meters in size, and the depth is more than 10 meters.

There are no mounds on the ground of the tomb of the Shang kings. In the excavated tomb of the woman, it was found that there was a foundation on the top of the tomb, the plane was rectangular, the size was about the same as the tomb, and there were relatively regular pillar pits arranged on it. It is inferred that it was built to worship the tomb owner, and it is the earliest building of its kind that has been discovered so far.

In the late Shang Dynasty, the use of human sacrifice and human martyrdom was already quite common. Human animal refers to the sacrifice of ancestors and mountain gods after killing people as livestock. The people killed were prisoners of war and slaves. A martyr is a person who is a martyr for the royal family and nobles, including courtiers, wives and concubines, guards, cronies and servants. The human sacrifices and human martyrdom used in the tombs of the Shang Dynasty were not only numerous in number, but also in the most cruel form of disposal. These people were buried at the bottom of the tomb, outside the coffin, and in the grave and in the fill.

The public place of worship for the royal family to worship their ancestors is in the eastern part of the royal tomb area, with an area of tens of thousands of square meters. More than 1,000 sacrificial burial pits have been discovered, and most of them are arranged in an orderly manner, most of which are oriented north-south.

The people buried in the pit were not only men, women but also children. Most of the dead were decapitated, and some were thrown into pits after amputation, limbs, waists, or dismemberments. A small number of women and children were tied up and buried alive. From this, one can imagine how cruel and barbaric the slave-owning aristocracy was at that time. After many robberies of the tomb of the Shang king, the burial utensils were almost stolen, and many of them have been scattered overseas.

The burial goods include bronze ritual vessels, weapons, tools, chariots and horses, jade, stone, bones, horns, ivory, white pottery, etc., with a wide variety and exquisite production, many of which are Chinese cultural treasures, for example, the deer and ox tripods unearthed from the No. 4 tomb can be called the royal heavy weapons; Simu Wu Dafang Ding is the heaviest bronze vessel of the Shang Dynasty, and the production is exquisite and amazing.

In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, cemeteries have appeared. In the early days, most of the cemeteries were dug trenches or rammed walls around the mausoleums, and natural ditches and cliffs were also used as barriers. There is a gate on one side of the cemetery, and there are no other outbuildings in the park except for the mausoleum.

According to the literature, it was only in the late Spring and Autumn Period that the tomb began to be built on the tomb, such as the "Book of Rites: Tan Gong" records that Confucius built a tomb for the tomb of his parents, and believed that there was no tomb before, that is, "no seal and no tree", "the tomb is not a tomb, and it is level with the ground". However, archaeological discoveries show that since the middle of the Warring States period, the monarchs of Zhao, Qin, Chu, Yan, Qi, Han and other countries have built tall tombs after their deaths, and they are respectfully called "mausoleums", which means that they are as tall as mountains and forests, and also symbolize the dignity and nobility of royal power. The mound is rammed and very strong, and the shape is roughly divided into two types: conical and bucket-shaped.

Successive emperors have built large burial chambers for themselves. The tomb of the fortnight period maintained the shape since the Shang Dynasty. The mausoleums of the Warring States period were mostly filled with sand, stone, and charcoal to prevent moisture and protect the tomb.

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was already a joint burial of husband and wife. The Yubo Tomb in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Weihou Tomb in the late Western Zhou Dynasty in Jun County, Henan Province, have found the phenomenon of husband and wife "burial in different caves", that is, husbands and wives are buried in two tombs close to each other. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, this system of joint burial in different caves became more common.

Due to the prevalence of heavy burials by ancient Chinese rulers, a large amount of wealth created by working people was buried in the graves as burial goods. The burial goods of the tombs of the princes and kings in the fortnight period still continued the Shang Dynasty, mainly with various bronze vessels, including wine vessels, musical instruments, eating utensils, weapons, chariots and horses, tools, etc., equipped with complete sets of types. Among them, the tripod and the gui are the most important, and their number and combination are the symbols of the aristocratic status at that time. During the Warring States period, the proportion of daily necessities such as lacquerware in burial goods increased significantly.

Human sacrifice and human martyrdom were still common in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the killing gradually decreased after the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but there were still a large number of large numbers in the tombs of some nobles until the early Warring States period. After the middle of the Warring States period, this brutal killing was opposed by the people, and the number of martyrs decreased, and wooden figurines and terracotta figurines appeared to replace human burials. The Qin state abolished the system of human martyrdom when it was dedicated to the public.

The tomb of the Marquis of Yan is in the east of the current Liuli River, and its northwest is the capital of the Yan Kingdom. Many large tombs have been excavated here. These tombs are spread over an area of about 50,000 square meters, and there is no certain pattern in their arrangement. Large tombs and some medium-sized tombs have "carriage pits". Some of the whole car is laid flat with the killed horse placed on both sides of the wheel, while some first lay the killed horse at the bottom of the pit, and then the disassembled parts of the car are placed on it, with the wheels leaning against the pit wall.

Among some of the excavated cultural relics, the important ones are lacquer shields and copper tripods with inscriptions.

The inscription on it clearly records the historical fact that in the early years of the fourth year, King Zhou canonized the Marquis of Yan and granted the people and granted land, and the nine clans were assigned to the management of King Yan. The cemetery also unearthed some bronze vessels with inscriptions, which recorded the reward of slaves and currency by King Yan.

There is a bronze tripod that records that Jin went to Zongzhou to contribute food to Taibao Gong on the order of Yanhou and was rewarded, which corroborates the historical facts recorded in the historical records that the eldest son of Zhaogong was sealed in Yan, and he was still in the royal family of Zongzhou Fubi.

The tomb of King Yan is in the northwest of Yanxiadu, divided into two tomb areas, separated by the ancient road river in the middle. These tombs are arranged in an orderly manner from north to south. The burial chamber is rectangular in shape, rammed on all four walls, and then strengthened by fire.

The tomb was once stolen, and the remaining burial goods included ritual utensils and bells, but there were no weapons, chariots and horses. The ritual vessels are all made of pottery, the shape completely imitates the bronze ware, there are nine pieces of a set of Liding, seven sets of Litripod, a set of eight pieces, the number of Dings and the record of the literature is consistent.

The Qin Dynasty was the first unified, centralized feudal state in Chinese history. The mausoleum system pioneered by Qin Shi Huang had the greatest influence on the construction of the mausoleums of subsequent emperors. During the reign of Qin Shi Huang, the layout of the cemetery not only inherited the mausoleum system of the Qin State, but also absorbed some of the practices of the mausoleums of the six eastern countries, with a larger scale and more complete facilities.

On the whole, it imitates the planning and layout of the capital palace, which fully reflects the supremacy of the centralized feudal imperial power.

At the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, a city was set up near the mausoleum area and named after the mausoleum. For example, the Liyi built by Qin Shi Huang. At the same time, the Qin continued the practice of building buildings for sacrifice. During his lifetime, Qin Shi Huang built a temple for himself in the south of Weishui, set up a god, and built a dormitory on the side of the mausoleum, furnishing clothes and utensils to receive daily sacrifices nearby.

The Western Han Dynasty inherited the mausoleum system of the Qin Dynasty and developed it.

There is only one heavy city in the cemetery, and the mausoleum is in the center of the cemetery, sitting west and facing east. The burial area is also in front of the mausoleum. In the early days of the Western Han Dynasty, the emperor and the queen were buried together in a cemetery.

Starting from Emperor Wen, the emperor and the queen each built a cemetery. When he arrived at Emperor Jing, a temple was also built next to the tomb of Emperor Wen. Later, this system of building a temple next to the mausoleum continued until the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Since the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, in addition to digging up the ground and raising the grave, the emperor's mausoleum also has a kind of "digging the mountain for the mausoleum".

This form was also common in the tombs of some princes and kings at that time.

By the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, the structure of the tomb underwent major changes.

Most of the burial chambers of the "hewn mountain for the mausoleum" are of the horizontal cave type, and are divided into many parts such as the ear chamber, the front chamber and the back chamber. Pit tombs, on the other hand, were made of brick and stone. The shape and structure completely mimic real-life houses, palaces, and courtyards. This kind of burial chamber played the role of a coffin, so the burial tools in the burial chamber only had a coffin and no coffin. In these tombs, the walls are mostly painted with colorful frescoes or stenciled portrait bricks, while in the stone tombs most of the carved portraits are made. The murals have a wide range of subjects, in addition to gods and monsters, historical stories, mainly to show various scenes of the emperor's life during his lifetime.

During the Western Han Dynasty, starting from Gaozu, for political purposes, many burial tombs were placed in each mausoleum, which were called "accompanying tombs", forming a large-scale burial cemetery. Most of the funeral attendants were important ministers of the imperial court and relatives of the emperor at that time.

According to records, some founding fathers such as Xiao He, Cao Shen, and Zhang Liang were buried in Changling, and famous generals such as Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were buried in Maoling. Most of the burial sites were given by the emperor, and each of them had a cemetery, a garden and an ancestral hall.

Some also buried their children and grandchildren next to the tombs of their fathers and ancestors, forming a clan cemetery.

The higher the status of the mourner, the closer to the emperor's mausoleum, and the higher the sealed soil. Judging from the status and identity of the burial personnel in the Western Han Dynasty, most of the burial tombs of emperors such as Gaozu, Emperor Wu, and Emperor Xuan were important ministers and famous ministers of the imperial court.

But in the late Western Han Dynasty, the funeral companions of Emperor Yuan, Emperor Cheng, Emperor Mourning and other tombs were either relatives, or lucky, or concubines, and palace people. This situation reflects the political ups and downs and changes of the Han Dynasty from one side.

The Han Dynasty was the most prevalent period in Chinese history. Including treasures, Ming utensils, terracotta figurines, chariots and horses, grain, etc., there are all kinds of supplies in front of and behind you.

Han Gaozu Liu Bang Changling, in the Xianyang Plain in the north of Yaodian Township, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, sits in the north and faces south, the south is the endless Weishui, the north is the majestic and magnificent Jiujun Mountain, and the Qinchuan old road passes through the plain. Changling is located in the south of Xianyang Plain, condescending, majestic and magnificent, showing the dignity of the feudal emperor.

In the second year of Liu Bang's reign as emperor, he began to build the Changling Tomb. The cemetery was modeled after Chang'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, but the scale was slightly smaller. There are also luxurious sleeping halls and halls in the cemetery. The dormitory is the main hall in the cemetery, and the hall is furnished with the Han Gaozu's "clothes and crowns like the tools of life", which is completely like the emperor's life.

The tomb of Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, is in the west of the cemetery, and the shape is like a covered bucket, which is built by rammed earth. In front of the mausoleum, there is a stone tablet of "Han Gaozu Changling" written by Bi Yuan, the governor of Shaanxi during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and below the mausoleum is the underground palace of Liu Bang's rest. There is also the burial mausoleum of Lu Hou in the cemetery, which is more than 200 meters east of Changling.

Due to the system of the Han Dynasty, the emperor and queen were not the same mausoleums, so the Empress Lu was alone in the east of the Changling Tomb. Lu Houling is covered bucket shaped. To the north of the cemetery is the location of Jangling-eup, in Hanjiawan, which is now Xianyang City.

The mausoleum is slightly rectangular, and the city wall is made of rammed earth, which is long from north to south and wide from east to west. The southern part of the mausoleum coincides with the side wall of the cemetery, and there is no city wall building on the east side. Before Liu Bang's death, he moved the family of the big surname and noble relatives in the mausoleum, and let him serve the cemetery, and the mausoleum had more than 50,000 households.

The Tang Dynasty poet Liu Yanqian's "Changling Poems" said: "Changling Gaoque is this Liu, and there are many burials for the princes. “

Among the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, the number of burial tombs in Changling is the largest, and the heroes and nobles who followed Liu Bang's southern expedition to the north were buried in Changling after their deaths.

In 25 AD, Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han Dynasty and adopted a patriarchal system based on blood relations, with special emphasis on funeral rites and sacrifices to ancestors. In order to meet the political needs, Liu Xiu expanded the method of the Hao clan paying attention to the ancestral hall of worship to the ancestors and applied it to the mausoleum system.

In the Western Han Dynasty, the dormitory was generally built in the cemetery, and the temple was built outside the cemetery, and the large-scale sacrificial ceremonies were mostly carried out in the temple.

The Eastern Han Dynasty moved this ritual to the cemetery. During the Ming Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the etiquette of the Emperor and the "Sacrifice Festival" held in August were moved to the cemetery together with the annual New Year's Day Minister's Gathering and Hundred Officials. In this way, the status of Jongmyo began to decline. In order to meet the needs of holding sacrifices in the cemetery, the cemetery building has also added new content, began to build a sacrificial hall in front of the mausoleum, and also hung a large bell in the building next to the mausoleum, so that the bell can be rung during the sacrifice. This change in the Eastern Han Dynasty mausoleum was precisely to unite the ministers and local officials around the emperor in order to consolidate the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The buildings around the Eastern Han Dynasty cemetery are also different from those of the Western Han Dynasty, and they do not build walls, but use "walking horses" instead.

There are also pairs of stone carvings on both sides of the Shinto road leading to the tomb. The Eastern Han Dynasty set a precedent for the construction of stone carvings on both sides of the Shinto, further demonstrating the supremacy of the emperor. This system was adopted and developed by subsequent dynasties.

The underground construction of the Eastern Han Emperor's Mausoleum changed the system of the Western Han Dynasty with cypress and yellow heart as the coffin, and the coffin room was mostly built with stones, which was called "yellow intestine stone". There are 12 imperial tombs in the Eastern Han Dynasty, except for the Zen Mausoleum of the Emperor in Shanyang, Hanoi County, and the other 11 imperial tombs are near the ancient city of Luoyang.