In addition to himself, he can also be exempted from two people in the family

When you see the local governor, you only need to call the teacher, and you don't have to kneel down and kowtow and shout to the blue sky like ordinary people - when everyone kneels and you can stand, it is a great privilege; you can wear a long shirt with a plate collar and wear it on your head

"Square scarves" and long boots are the kind of dress that ordinary people are not allowed to wear; if there is a dispute, there is no need to go to the yamen to sue or respond to the lawsuit, and they can send their family members to appear in court on their behalf; even if they are accused of a crime, they cannot be arrested and interrogated casually, and in particular, torture cannot be used, and they must be reported to the provincial school administration for approval, and if they do commit crimes, they will not be punished by corporal punishment and will not be punished

"Difficult decisions" only need to take money to atone for sins, and in ordinary times, you can ask to see the chief and hand over two fingers wide

"Zhisheng" post goes in, even if you can't see the chief, at least you have a contact channel with the chief.

The Xuetian system was not a problem for the current Qin Empire, as it could be said that it had not been implemented at all. And the privilege of Confucianism in this period, Zhang Jiashi can only express hehe.

Because it is impossible for him to allow the emergence of a Confucian tyrant similar to Confucius, which has influenced thousands of years. Moreover, for Zhang Jiashi, the Confucian privilege system is also a feudal dynasty that does more harm than good.

Zhang Jiashi was not aiming at Confucius, on the contrary, Zhang Jiashi believed that Confucius's Confucian ideas were relatively valuable.

Because a passing Confucian student has no big problem in addition to his cultural level, and it can even be said that he has no big problem going to the battlefield.

After all, a person who can control a carriage and use a strong bow and crossbow can be said to have a much stronger force value than ordinary people.

But this does not mean that Zhang Jiashi will plant a bomb that is likely to deteriorate and be unstable for the future governance of the Qin Empire.

......

The Xuetian system can be said to be a manifestation of Confucian privilege. But relatively speaking, what Zhang Jiashi is really afraid of is that once Confucianism gains enough influence in the court and even dominates the government, then for the kings of later generations, unless this king has enough imperial power to defend him, otherwise, Chongzhen's fate may be the best model.

In Chinese history, only those who have been selected for talent or scholars at the above level can be regarded as formal Confucian scholars.

Xiucai did not refer to Confucian disciples at the beginning, in "Guanzi Xiaokuang": "The son of the farmer is often a farmer, and he is not a fool, and his talent can be a scholar, and it is enough to rely on it." Yin Zhizhang notes: "The son of a farmer, who has a talent to be a scholar, is the so-called born to know, and those who do not learn it." ”

And even in the Han Dynasty, which began to revere Confucianism, Xiucai was synonymous with young people with good moral character: in the Han Dynasty, it began to be the name of the scholar with filial piety, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu, the Emperor of the Martial Emperor of the Imperial Palace, changed his name to "Maocai".

Maocai, also known as Maocai, is another kind of inspection in the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty was originally Xiucai, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was changed to Maocai because of the obscurity of Liu Xiu, the emperor of the martial arts. Mao, Miya. Those who are talented are also talented people, that is, excellent talents. The Ming and Qing dynasties were called shengyuan.

According to the Book of Han, in the fifth year of Emperor Wu's reign (106 B.C.), because of the lack of civil servants and military generals in the imperial court, he urgently needed to select new talents. At the beginning, it was only a special and extraordinary examination. In the twelfth year of Jianwu (36 AD), Emperor Guangwu issued an edict to the three dukes, Guanglu, Yushi, and Zhou Mu to raise Maocai each one, and since then Maocai has changed from a special examination to a regular subject of the year, and has become a kind of inspection subject second only to filial piety. Its features:

First, the multiplicity of recommenders. During the Western Han Dynasty, Maocai's recommenders not only have states, but also counties, and there are also special envoys, including liehous, prime ministers, Guanglu, imperial history, two thousand stones, etc., to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the recommenders are mainly princes, generals, Guanglu, Sili, and the history of the state thorns, which are completely different from the counties that are almost all filial piety.

Second, the composition of Maocai is often more complicated, including officials, state and county officials, filial piety, as well as students and commoners, but the main source is the official and filial piety. This is completely different from filial piety and incorruptibility being produced from among the common people. Judging from the appointment of Maocai, the vast majority of Maocai hold official positions at the county order level or equivalent to the county order, which is very different from the use of most filial piety and honesty who only worship Lang officials. According to the Han system, Lang Guan was 300 stones.

Filial piety is the county lift, and Maocai is the state lift, so the number of Maocai is much less than that of filial piety. Most of the people who are promoted by Maocai are current officials, and they belong to the promotion and promotion of officials with special talents and outstanding contributions, which shows that Maocai is more important than filial piety.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Xiucai specifically referred to the students of the government (or Zhili Prefecture) school and the county school, and was the special name for the scholars who read the Four Books and the Five Classics. In order to obtain this qualification, one must be admitted to the Sho or Tong Tong Examination. Regardless of age, those who should be tested for children are called children.

If the county, government, and college are all admitted, those who enter the prefecture, state, or county schools are called entering the school, and the common name of the student is the common name of Xiucai. In addition to the supervision and assessment of the school and the school officials, the students must also go through the scientific examination and selection before they can participate in the township examination.

During the Qing Dynasty, Xiucai's privileges were as follows:

In addition to oneself, you can also be exempted from the "forced labor" of two people in the family; when you see the local governor, you only need to call the teacher, and you don't have to kneel down and kowtow and shout to the great lord of the blue sky like ordinary people -- when everyone kneels and you can stand, that is a great privilege; you can wear a long shirt with a plate collar, a "square scarf" on your head, and long boots, which is a dress that ordinary people are not allowed to wear; if you have a dispute, you don't have to go to the yamen to file a lawsuit. Even if they are accused of a crime, they cannot be casually arrested and interrogated, and in particular, torture cannot be used, and they must be reported to the provincial school administration for approval, and if they do commit crimes, they will not be subject to corporal punishment, and they will not be punished, and they will not be punished; the so-called "difficult decision" can be done as long as they take money to atone for their crimes; in ordinary times, they can ask to see the chief and hand in a two-finger-wide "Zhisheng" post, and even if they cannot see the chief, at least they have a channel of contact with the chief.

And the best talents, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, were called the students who were given meals by the government. It is also known as the Liao Shan Sheng. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there was a quota for students, and they were all eaten. Later, the number of places increased, because it was said that the first person who set up the restaurant was the student of the restaurant, and the province was called "the student", and the person who increased was called the "enlarged student", and the province was called "the student". In addition, it is attached to the end of all beings, which is called "attached to the student", and the province is called "epiphysis". After all the new students are called epistudents, their age, the two examinations of the highest can be made up for the proliferation, the birth of the child.

Those who are old can pay tribute to the elderly. The Qing system is slightly the same.

And above the show is to lift people.

A person is a person who is recommended. In the Han Dynasty, there was no examination method, and the imperial court ordered the county and the state to recommend each other to promote talents, because they called the people they were raised by "lifting people". In the Tang and Song dynasties, there was a Jinshi department, and those who should be subject to the tribute were generally called the lifters. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the people who took the township test were called lifters, also known as the General Assembly and the Great Spring Yuan. If you are in the middle of a lift, it is called "liberation" and "development". It is customary to call people "lord", and the elegant name is filial piety.

Although he is still not an official, he can be a squire in the locality, and he is very respected, and when he enters the county government, he does not have to kneel down when he sees the county magistrate, and the county magistrate has to give him a seat; at the same time, he is exempted from taxation and waiting for forced labor, and he can also be appointed as a teacher and instructor and other educational work.

If you are admitted to the exam, you can go out of your provincial capital and head to the capital. Take the examination in February of the following year.

This examination can only be participated in by scholars who have passed the examination, that is to say, your opponents will be the elites of other provinces, and the imperial court will select 300 people among you, and the 300 of them are not jinshi, but only "gongsheng".

The first person in the examination is called Huiyuan, and the person who passes the examination has to face a test, that is, ---the palace examination.

According to the performance of the candidates, the ministers of the emperor have divided the grades, with a total of three first-class and only three first-class people, called Jinshi and the first, respectively, the champion, the list eye, and the Tanhua. A number of people in the second class are called Ci Jinshi origin, and a number of people in the third class are called Citong Jinshi origin. Later, you can go to the Guozijian or the Hanlin Academy, or you can wait for the official approval of the Ministry of Officials to prepare to take office immediately.

And for those who have not been selected for the Jinshi, those who have been promoted in the examination, or the lowest level of talent, that is also remarkable. Because in Chinese society, very generous policies are given to those who have meritorious names in the imperial examinations.

The first is exempt from service. As long as you enter the school and pass the examination, the law stipulates that you can be exempted from the second ding of the house. The Xiucai family can exempt two men from serving the government, and in ancient times, the conscription and taxation were very heavy. It reduces the work of two people for the government, which can be seen to save a lot of expenses, which is roughly equivalent to the income of 20 acres of land.

Second, slaves and maids can be used. The society of the Ming Dynasty did not allow the people to use slaves and maids, even if you are a landlord and have some money, you can't, and you will be punished for illegal use. But after being a showman, his identity and status have risen, and he no longer belongs to the common people.

Third, exemption from punishment. The law gives a lot of preferential treatment to the lifters, and usually people like to say that everyone is equal before the law, but there is no equality in the imperial examination.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was stipulated that Jinshi, Juren, and Gongsheng committed capital crimes and could be **** three times. One death-free gold medal is already unbelievable, and the winner can have three death-free gold medals, which is still necessary. The Ming Dynasty government treated high school students in the imperial examination too favorably, and it simply went beyond the law. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, this was stipulated, and later it was not implemented in this way, but the preferential conditions given to students in the imperial examination in the Ming Dynasty were still very attractive. If a talent commits a crime, he shall not be punished if he is not deprived of his fame. Xiucai saw the county lord and did not kneel, which was a privilege for the famous. In many film and television dramas, Xiucai knelt down as soon as he saw the official, and he was often beaten by the board, which was completely ignorant of the situation of the ancient imperial examination.

Fourth, free food. In ancient times, paying grain was like paying taxes, and it was necessary to pay taxes to the government, and this tax was not light, and ordinary people's homes were also a burden. When there is a talent in the family, the grain can be exempted, which is equivalent to reducing taxes.

In a certain respect, the above rights can be said to weaken the normal financial revenue of a country in disguise, especially in the early Qing Dynasty, and finally evolved into the emergence of the large-scale implementation of the official and god integrated grain system in the Yongzheng period.

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If the Xuetian system is the embodiment of Confucian privileges, then Zhang Jiashi has a sense of helplessness about the sacrificial field system.

Because the sacrificial field system can be said to be a manifestation of the funeral system that has been passed down since ancient times:

Before the Yin Dynasty, people already had the idea of wishing for the immortality of the soul. In the Yin Shang period, this concept was more and more abundant and strengthened, believing that the concept of death has never been inseparable from the consciousness of life, that the soul comes from the heavens and belongs to the yang, and is in charge of the spiritual consciousness of people, and that the spirit comes from the earth, belongs to the yin, and is in charge of the flesh and blood of human beings. If the soul is united, people live, and those who are separated die. After the two are separated, the soul ascends to heaven, enters the earth, and finally returns to the qi of heaven and earth. After the soul enters the sky, it is transformed into a god, and after it is corrupted into water and returns to the soil, the soul has a protective effect on future generations, and the soul of the ancestors is infinitely worshiped by the descendants. This is the direct reason why in the Yin Shang period, the burial mound appeared in the funeral customs. 

The second significant change in the funeral system from the Yin Dynasty was the great differentiation between the rich and the poor.

There are the following differences:

First, the size of the tomb is different, the small tomb of the nobles is dozens of square meters, the large is more than 100 square meters, and the tomb of the commoner is generally only one or two square meters.

Second, the coffin is of different grades, in addition to the coffin used by the nobles to decorate the corpse, the coffin is also covered with a wooden coffin, the coffin is carved with exquisite patterns to decorate, and painted with multiple layers of lacquer, and even attached with linen cloth and silk to decorate and protect the coffin. The burials of civilians, on the other hand, have coffins without coffins, or even coffins, and only bury the bodies softly in the grave pits.

Third, there are people buried in the tombs of nobles, as few as one or two, as many as dozens, or even hundreds, while there is no one in the tombs of commoners. Fourth, the number of burial goods in the tombs of the nobles is large and noble and luxurious, not only jade pottery, but also bronze jue and tripod and the like, while the burial goods of the commoners are only pottery or some tools in daily labor, such as stone shovels, mussel sickles, bronze burial companions are very rare.

As for the funeral rites of slaves, the old system was still used in the Yin Shang era, "thick with salary, buried in the wilderness", they worked hard for others all their lives, and after death, they were often carried by the living and abandoned in the ravine, their corpses were torn by wild beasts, and the bones were blown by wind and rain. 

It should be noted that due to the influence of the customs of the Yin people and ghosts, coupled with the development of history, the improvement of the level of productivity, and the great abundance of wealth, so in the Yin Shang period, the social and cultural psychology was very advocating thick burials, not only the funeral items were more and more abundant, but also more and more exquisite and luxurious, and the varieties were increasing day by day. From general labor tools to simple decorations, from daily necessities to valuable ceremonial utensils and musical instruments, everything is available. 

The Western Zhou Dynasty is the culmination of various rituals and customs in ancient China, and people's etiquette in terms of clothing, food, housing, transportation, weddings, funerals, etc., has been basically compiled and customized to the Zhou.

In terms of funeral, according to the practice of living people living together according to the clan, after death, the tomb is also arranged in a planned manner according to the specific situation of the same family, and the family is formed into a family burial, and each family has a relatively fixed land.

The burial system and burial customs are relatively consistent, and the various branches of the family are reflected by combining the distant and near into a certain group of tombs in the group of tombs. The various rituals stipulated in the funeral culture, such as the selection of feng shui in the cemetery, the taboos during the mourning period, the differences in the arrangement of sacrifices and dead paper, etc., have been relatively stable in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and have been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and gradually formed the national funeral culture psychology. This system of thought had a profound influence on the concept of funeral in later generations. 

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the style of thick burial was still advocated, and in some funeral rituals, the omissions of the Western Zhou Dynasty were also supplemented. At this time, the burial system determines the presence and quantity of burial objects according to the identity of the deceased before his death. In terms of the period of burial, there were also clear regulations in the Spring and Autumn Period, "the Son of Heaven shall be buried on seven days and in July, princes shall be buried on five days and in May, and doctors, scholars, and concubines shall be buried in three days and in March." This system became the model to be followed by future generations. 

During the Warring States Period, due to the unprecedented development of iron-smelting technology, iron tools were widely used in production and life, so iron tools became an important burial object in funeral rites.

In addition, because of the development of the productive forces, the social status of slaves has been improved, and the slaves have been engaged in unremitting struggle with slave owners for a long time, so since the beginning of the Warring States period, people are no longer used as funeral offerings, but replaced by wooden figurines and terracotta figurines, which is indeed a great progress in society.