In the foreign wars of the Southern Song Dynasty, although the situation of the Northern Song Dynasty was still continued, it can be said that there were many defeats and few victories, and even in a few victorious wars, there were few life-and-death decisive battles related to the fortunes of the country.

Many of the wars lost were either the loss of important military towns or decisive wars that affected the decline and fall of the country.

However, in the Southern Song Dynasty, the defense of the city had reached one of the peaks of a period of alternating hot and cold weapons.

Among them, Zhang Jiashi believes that although the "Record of Defending the City" included in the Qingyu Lingshu cannot be completely applied to the current city defense of the Qin Empire, there is no doubt that there are many places that can be used for reference.

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"Shoucheng Lu" was not originally a separate work, but was written by the Southern Song Dynasty Chen Gui and Tang Xuan (璹, not SHOU but SHU, and there is no simplified Chinese for this character. Several works were integrated during the reign of Song Ningzong.

Among them, the preface to the "Jingkang Dynasty and Wild Words" of the old rules on the defense of the city is as follows:

Jingkang Bingwu, the rules are to know the affairs of Anlu County, De'an Prefecture, and Zhilang. In the first month of Ding Weichun, the king of the group of thieves was waiting for the De'an Mansion. When the county will be que, the regent will be in charge. The thief came to attack the city, and the rules were in the city and the thief talked, and asked why he was here, and the thief said: "The capital has been broken by gold." "Gui Du Nian: The capital is big, the moat is deep and wide, the city wall is high and thick, the dragon is deep and the tiger is strong, and the situation is forbidden to the brigade with millions of guards. On the 4th of February, the thieves escaped and sent people to return to the capital, knowing that the capital had fallen to the enemy, and they were deeply distressed, but they did not know why the city was broken! In March of Shaoxing's spring, the imperial court returned to Henan, and the ancestral palace was ordered to know the Shunchang Mansion, and the summer and May were official. The line and the period of the year, the spare day will be the same staff, and the difficulty of Jingkang will be spoken. Ruyin Lingyun: "Taste the collection of "Dongzhai Miscellaneous Records", there is "Jingkang Chaoye Yan", which contains the beginning and end of the Jin people's siege of the city. "I read the rules well, and I was heartbroken, and I didn't feel empty. Although it is said that there are numbers in the sky, there is no reason why it is not caused by personnel gains and losses. Yang Xiong said: "Heaven is not human, and people are not heaven." "The difficulty of Jingkang Capital, if it is not the loss of personnel, then the sky will not be a disaster. The rules are not foolish, the Jin people captured the capital, the ministers of the court and the generals and officials should be the enemy to resist the loss of the emperor, although the past is not to blame, but the front car is overturned, the ring of the back car, there is a catch in the future, and it must be discussed. The imperial court wanted to aid Taiyuan again, but the minister thought that China was weak, the enemy was strong, and it was useless to use troops, so it was advisable to cut off the three towns to bribe it. As everyone knows, the strength of the power lies in the artificial. If I win the other, I will be stronger, and if I do not win the other, I will be weak. If we don't use soldiers, how can we use the strength of China to contain the enemy's strength? If we use them, we will be strong and weak, and if we don't use them, we will end up in weakness. The strong are weak, the weak are strong, the strength of the weak has been uncertain since ancient times, but the people who use the army are like ears!

Hedong Xuanfu commanded 170,000 troops to aid Taiyuan, and recruited 50,000 Hedong volunteers and forbidden soldiers, a total of 220,000 soldiers. All of them were defeated, causing Taiyuan to fall into the enemy. There are not many non-soldiers, and there are also losses in the use of soldiers. For the reason that 220,000 soldiers marched straight forward, and how many of the vanguard encountered the enemy? As everyone knows, the besiegers are divided into siege soldiers, war preparation soldiers, grain transport troops, and doom reinforcements; if there are not many soldiers, they will attack and retreat quickly, and they will not wait for their help. If the people who came to the aid at that time would have been able to get a good plan, even if there were no 220,000 soldiers, only 100,000 would have been able to help. There are no 100,000, only 50,000 can be preferentially helped. It is not 50,000, and there is a reason to help it below. And with 50,000 as the rate, if it is only divided into 50 generals, leave 10 generals to guard the generals, and have both internal and external strategies. Twenty generals will penetrate deep into the enemy's territory, stretching for thirty or fifty miles, and they will be able to do all the harm if they do not know how many troops the enemy has. With 20 generals, they will walk on remote roads, seek village guides, send more distant probes, set up ambushes forward, wait for the enemy to get food and send troops, and retreat if they are more, and capture them if they are few. But without its grain route, there is no need to go deep, until it reaches the city, and its thieves retreat by themselves. And if the soldiers are dispatched, the manpower will be used together. If the number of orders will fail, their men will not be defeated and scattered into thieves. The difficulty of the capital lies in the defeat of Taiyuan!

Nimaha attacked Shouyang in Taiyuan, and the city of Shouyang was small and the people defended it. Where there are three attacks, the remnants of the enemy are tens of thousands, and they do not pull out. There are those who must defend the city and are good at guarding the city. "Yan Yan" thought that the city was small and the people were stubbornly defending, but it was not. The besiegers live and die, and the good defenders live and die. The people of Shouyang can be described as good at guarding, but not stubbornly. Or if Cloud City is small and strong, it is not. If the city is too small, it will be difficult for the good defenders to set up dangerous measures. It is believed that the bigger the city, the easier it is to keep, and the number of sections is limited to the number of partitions. If the danger has been planned and prepared, and the thief wants to enter the city, even if he is ordered to enter the city, he will die, and if the thief wants to enter the city, he will be killed if he has entered. The city of a hundred miles is a few steps inside, and the thieves climb it, and the defenders of the city willingly surrender to the city. Those who beg for their lives are not good at attacking, but not good at guarding!

In September, the cannon was set up outside the Fengqiu Gate. Hundreds of cannons, all outside the door. The thief did not accept it, so it was obtained by the golden people, and it was said that the golden people had the tools to attack the city. The rules are not broken. There are good defenders, even if there are hundreds of cannons, they will be harmless, because the art of the cannons is good or not. The commander Xin Kangzong went to the city far away with thieves, and he was not allowed to send arrows to stop the army. It's very good. The people drummed to kill, which also saw their own chaos and the failure of the art of governance.

The enemy first picked wet wood to weave a cave house, covered it with raw cowhide, and put it on, so that people could transport earth and wood to fill it, and wanted to attack the city. If the defenders of the city have a plan, they will first use cannons in the city to crush them. It is also possible to use a single-pronged cannon to take those who are as far away as 250 paces, and control the people of its leader. In Gaiyizhou County, the imperial court of the old imperial court was fixed: the single cannon was as far as 270 steps, 260 steps as far as the middle, and 250 steps as low as the second. I don't know whether this style is used or not when the capital is in a hurry at that time? If people are not careful, they will not be able to take 250 steps, and if they can study their hearts, then 270 steps will be very easy. He also used small cannons to control the crowd, and his small cannons were already on every ten people, but fifteen people cast one, which could also lead to dozens of steps. It is not said that small cannons cannot be harmed, if the limbs of a person are middle, the limbs will be broken, and if the waist is above, the person will die. The same is true for China and Malaysia. In addition, for every cannon fired, several cannons could be fired from small cannons. There is no need to use stones, and it is necessary to weigh three or four catties of mud rounds. The benefits of the mud circle are also broad, and it is easy to get infinite when it is not alone, and if you let go of the middle people, people will be killed and injured; if you don't hit it, the mud circle will be broken by artillery and will not be used against the enemy. To destroy an attacker, you need to use cannons and stones. The Jin people attacked the city with cannons and built to destroy the city tower. The defenders of the city wanted to destroy the enemy's attacking weapons, and the cannons were used in tandem with the small cannons. The enemy can break through the siege of the city by cutting down large trees outside the city for opposing towers, ladders, trains, etc. Jin people widely line up the stone artillery base, look for the stele stone, the grinding stone, the sheep and tiger for the cannon, want to attack it, the listed artillery mount is more than 100, the flying stone is like rain, the pawn who defends the city, the dead and wounded are not less than 20 people. This is not the ability to attack the city, cover the imperial official for a while, and the imperial officer has a plan, stop the pawn to sit near the female head wall, and the cannon outside the city comes, the high one will pass over the female head wall, and the low one will hit the female head wall, and break it outside, and there will be no one who will be killed or injured in the day, and there will be no less than twenty people killed or injured. However, if the wall of the woman's head is slightly higher and thicker, it will be more and more blocked. It is also necessary to use slightly larger wood to build a high one, a long one, a wide one zhang up and down, straight outside and oblique inside, and a dense hole outside. In the outer secret place, the hemp rope is braided horizontally, such as the bamboo fence, in case there are many cannon stones, and the wall of the female head is broken, that is, the beads on both sides are connected into the hole to move forward, so as to replace the female head. If this is the case, the cannon stones are large and not easily damaged. If there is occasional damage, it will be replaced. If the order is only so controlled, then how can the cannon stone harm people?

The enemy attacked the East Water Gate with a ladder and a building, during which the royal guard, and there was a winner of the heavy building. It is very good. I am afraid that people are on top of the heavy building, and they will attract more and more arrows. Attacking the east gate and guarding the imperial officials are also prepared, to the building, the ladder to, each with wood to knock down, the servants are innumerable. This is also a miracle. However, the person holding the wood and the person upstairs are opposite, and they will inevitably hurt each other, and it is not a complete victory. The golden people fill the trench bridge city, transport the building through the trench to attack the city, more than 200 artillery mounts below the city, seven cannons, scattering star cannons, stone cannons concurrently, and help it with more than 1,000 strong crossbows, the arrows and stones on the city are like rain, so that the guards can not stand, and then push the building to make the city. Each pair of upstairs carries 80 soldiers, and a pair of upstairs gets the city, and leads the troops up. This golden man is also the way to attack the city. Its cannon is large and numerous, and the arrows and stones are fired together, and it is only said that the female head wall is equipped with a hole, which can be completely separated. On the side of Lou Dengcheng, each pair of Lou Guo can carry 80 soldiers, the width of the building is only two zhang, how many people stand in front of them, and those who engage in battle with the defenders of the city are only a dozen people. Suppose 80 people are ordered to do their best, and 5 pairs of buildings are set up, and 400 people are stopped. There will be no ambushes, and there will be no surprises. The height of the building must be five zhang, and it comes by the height, and its traces are also very dangerous. Defend yourself in the dangerous land, come to fight with the people of the city and the people, and everyone can decide for themselves. If the defenders of the city are not victorious here, they will fight in the land of the plain fields, and I don't know what their defeat will be? The guards are prepared, but they are not prepared for the place occupied by the building. If there are ten pairs of buildings, the number of steps occupied is not much, not only the battle can be won, but the army goes to the city, and the winner is also a lot of skills. If you don't think about it, you can get it!

The enemy uses a ladder to enter the city. Each ladder must be more than ten people can load to the city, and it is difficult to move forward on the city. On the magpie platform in the wall of the female head, there are rows of forked wood against the wall, one for each space three or four inches wide, and the spear and knife are upward, five or six feet higher than the wall of the female head. When the enemy reaches the wall of the woman's head, he will be separated by a row of forked wood, and the back will be in the air, and the guards will stab them with guns and knives in the wooden air. On the 24th of the 11th month, he attacked again, pushed five towers, and came to the city with arrows, and knocked down three with poles, and the soldiers of the city fought for grass to burn it. There are many trees on the building and the grass is blazing, and the fire takes advantage of the south wind, so it leads to burn three buildings on the city. Since the building has fallen outside the city, it must not be returned, nor can it be raised again, because it blocks the enemy's attack and can ignore it. Even if the city tower is not burned and the enemy is stopped, the people in the city will hold their own grass fire, burn with the enemy and then attack the way of the weapon. All those who want to establish themselves in the old place will not be tolerated by the enemy, and the arrows and stones will be doubled. If the imperial officer can use the previous words, build a hole in the building, the two ends of the beads go hand in hand, not all day long can be covered, the right to replace the female head wall, in order to separate the arrows and stones. Even if the arrow is multiplied by the first, it will not be harmless. It burned the two ends of the tower, and buried the forked wood horizontally and deeply, so as to prevent the enemy from rushing to the ground. The city was divided into armoured soldiers and attacked in two directions. The city is built from the bottom slope up to the city surface, and the outer wall is steep downward; the soil is taken at the foot of the city as a deep moat, and the moon is built around the city three or five zhang away from the moat. If the enemy goes up to the city, he will not stand on his own feet, and he will fall into the trenches, and there will be no immortal. If you suffer such a setback, you will stop attacking and retreating. It is the one who guards it that loses. As a result, the city will fall, and it will be painful to take a step! All the weapons of attack and defense are the most harmful, and their power is more terrible than cannons, but it also depends on whether people can use them or cannot use their ears. If the besiegers can use it, but the defenders can't defend it, the besiegers can use it, and if the defenders can use it, it will be difficult for the besiegers to use it. It was rumored that the Jin people were attacking the city with cannons, and the defenders also used cannons on the city. The city is not wide, and it will inevitably be difficult to install cannons, and it will be difficult to accommodate a large number. Although there were forts, the forts were not very wide. The enemy has a foresight outside, and must be attacked with cannons. The cannon on the city is also at a high place, so it is natural to recruit the enemy outside the city to use cannons, and they can be pointed at and hit them. From this point of view, it is clear that the people who guarded the palace at that time could not use cannons. If the cannons were erected at the foot of the city at that time, and a small wooden was still buried in front of each cannon for clothing, and the enemy was outside, and the cannons were not seen, although there were those who could use the cannons, why should they be set up? Or if the cannons were in the city, the gunners could not see what was going on outside the city, and there was no way to take them. For each cannon, don't use one person in the city, but one in the city, where the outside is located, and the inside is the tip of the cannon, opposite to the external object, that is, it is ordered to be fired; if it is too biased, the gunner will be slightly less footed; if it is too partial, then the person who pulls the cannon will be ordered to turn the gun mount; if it is spared, it will be reduced or the cannon will be slightly larger; if it is not enough, it will be added or the cannon will be slightly smaller. After taking care of a shot, the cannon rarely missed. and cannons in the city, which can be placed in many numbers. If the defenders can stop using cannons like this, then how can the besiegers use cannons! In the middle of the female head wall, a dog's foot wood is erected, and a grate fence is hung in the middle of every two female heads. However, it can cover the bow and arrow, but it is difficult to cover the gunstone. If it is changed to a flat-headed wall, there is no grate fence, only the word "product" is left near the square hollow, which is similar to the female head and is also very useful.

Or why do you prepare for the feet outside the city? There is a horse-faced wall, and on both sides you can see the foot outside the city, on the top of the wall, and under the enemy's things. When the enemy first arrived under the city, it was difficult to stop the attack, so it was advisable to take the soil at the foot of the city but the deep and wide trench, go to the trench for a few zhang, and then build a heavy city. For the old city gate, let alone a gate, but in the lower edge of the new city into the new city into the new city open on the third two miles, so that people can enter the big city, can not go straight, must be in the moat on the foot of the new city around the three two miles, before the entrance. If this is the case, then if the enemy is good at filling the trenches, they will not be able to fill the trenches. If you enter the city through the gate, you must go to the moat at the foot of the new city. The people of the new city are directly facing the enemy, what should not be used? It is the enemy's death place, and they will not dare to enter. If you don't dare to enter the city through the main gate, how can you fight the city with your life? But if you are prepared for this, although the enemy has many soldiers and hundreds of attacking weapons, you can really talk and laugh and wait for it. In addition, the old city of Beijing can also be defended, and if it is taken urgently, it can make the situation like gold, and there is a reason not to be violated. In the capital, the soldiers and the people, gold, silver, and silk are inexhaustible. If the order is to make every effort to build, it will not only build a city and a moat, but it will not be done in a day, and if it is ordered to build a number of moats, it will not be done without labor. When the city is heavily fortified, and then the enemy is invited into the city to discuss matters, if he sees it, he will retreat without attacking. As the saying goes: "It is better to ask for others than for yourself." The ancients said: "The best strategy is self-government." "Again" things are noble, not expensive. That's what it is. The land around the capital is about 120 miles, and when I heard that the enemy was outside the city, the doors were closed, and there were those who were solid with the soil, and the three or two doors were closed to people entering and leaving. In this way, it is a self-imposed way of life, and a way of life is opened for the enemy. In order to keep it, not only open the gates, but also open three or two gates between the two gates, so that there are dozens of gates around, and the gates are transported in and out of the city, and the moats are filled to make the road, so that the soldiers can enter and exit, and there is no self-hindrance. The city looks at the enemy's gap, and if it is easy to get there, it will send troops to kill it. Or send out troops at night, so that the enemy has many places to prepare outside, and prepare for battle day and night, without rest, and he cannot attack for a long time. At the same time, the city opened the city gate, and carried the soil to fill the moat, and wanted to send troops, so it filled the moat outside and wanted to enter the plan, and it was self-defeating. However, those who dare to open the city gate and fill in the trenches by themselves do not mean that the enemy soldiers can be bullied, but they are prepared to set up dangers in the city and lead the enemy into the city, and the enemy will die. King Jun of Jin sent 50,000 people to protect Wang Chang and Xianbei Duan Ji Lu and Mo Zhu to fight Shile. All the generals persuaded Le to stick to the fatigue, and Du Zhang Bin and Kong Chang thought that they could quickly chisel the north base, which was more than 20 ways to break through the door. Le immediately used Chang as the governor of the attack and built a breakthrough gate in the northern city. Xianbei entered the north base of Tun, waited for its formation to be undecided, bowed to the commander and soldiers clamored in the city, and the ambush troops of all the gates of the Kong Chang Sect attacked it, captured the end of the tower alive, and the people such as the land dependents were scattered. Chang Chengsheng pursued, pillow more than 300,000 corpses, and obtained 5,000 armored horses. This is an attack in the defense, and it can be said that he is also a good defender of the city. The defenders of the city in the future, why should they be afraid of lawlessness?