readx;? There is a fairly clear division of professional and technical labor in social production, and the primitive handicraft industry is mainly pottery, stone tool manufacturing, carpentry, and textiles. www.biquge.info A bronze knife was unearthed at the Linjia Majiayao Cultural Site (Year) in Dongxiang, Gansu Province, which is the earliest bronze found in China and proves that China has entered the Bronze Age.

Dawenkou culture: most of Shandong (except Jiaodong Peninsula) years. Typical site: Dawenkou site, Tai'an City, Shandong.

The Dawenkou culture is engaged in primitive agricultural production based on millet cultivation, and the custom of artificial deformation of the occipital bone and tooth extraction is prevalent. Livestock breeding is relatively developed, and the bones of pigs, dogs, cows, chickens and other domestic animals and poultry have been unearthed at various sites, and dogs and pigs are often found in cemeteries. After the middle of Dawenkou culture, the trend of burial with pigs is gradually flourishing, the whole pig, half a pig, pig's head or pig jawbone are constantly found in the tomb, in the Dawenkou cemetery, the tomb with the pig accounts for more than 1/3, and the pig jawbone is buried with as many as 32 in a tomb in Sanlihe, Jiaoxian County, indicating that the pig breeding industry of each clan and tribe has been very prosperous in the middle and late period.

The tools of agricultural production are mainly polished stone tools. In the early days, in addition to some stone shovels and stone axes that were rough and retained scars, a large number of well-sharpened perforated axes, knives, shovels, etc. were used, harvesting tools were bone sickles and mussel sickles, and tools for processing grains were stone pestles, stone grinding discs, and stone grinding rods. In the middle and late stages of this culture, there were shoulder stone shovels, stone pickaxes, and some antler hoes.

The pottery is mainly sand-filled pottery and clay red pottery. Clay pottery is often decorated with perforations and scratches, and there are painted pottery and simple vermilion pottery. A few of the sandy pottery is decorated with piles and baskets. Three-legged apparatus and round-legged apparatus are well developed, and there are also flat-bottomed apparatus, round-bottomed apparatus and bag-legged apparatus. Typical utensils are goose-shaped vessels, kettle-shaped vessels, bowl-shaped vessels, pot-shaped vessels, perforated ring-footed beans, double-nosed pots, back pots, broad-shouldered pots, full-footed mustaches, bag-footed mustaches, high-handled cups, bottles and large-mouthed statues.

The Dawenkou culture has found pottery arts and crafts imitating animal shapes, and the animal-shaped beams produced in the middle period can be called treasures in the history of arts and crafts;

The social economy of Dawenkou culture has developed comprehensively and rapidly after the middle period. The emergence of white pottery, jade, ivory and the application of fast-wheel pottery technology show that some handicrafts have been separated from agriculture and become a relatively independent economic sector.

In the late period, the fast wheel was used to produce large pieces of pottery, such as the large pottery pot made of wheels buried in the tomb of Dawenkou; there was a new source of raw materials for pottery, and crucible soil was found to be used to fire a kind of white, yellow, and pink fine sand pottery with hard texture, thin and uniform tire wall, and bright color, collectively known as white pottery, and this kind of fine sand pottery has a bag-footed mustache, a three-legged cup, a broad-shouldered pot and a cylindrical bean. At this time, the thin-tire polished black pottery high-handled cup fired at this time represented the highest level of pottery-making technology at that time, and prepared the conditions for the advent of eggshell pottery of Shandong Longshan culture in the future. The appearance of white pottery and black pottery in the Dawenkou culture is the earliest in the world.

It may be a text inscription found on the pottery of the Dawenkou culture, which can be regarded as an earlier Chinese character that has been discovered, and can also be regarded as a kind of inscription, which is an inscription that expresses a clear meaning, and the shape and meaning are clear at a glance, so it is not an ordinary inscription.

The jade-making industry was more developed, with the emergence of elaborate jade shovels and more jade ornaments, including charms composed of individual pieces of different shapes.

The bone-making process is excellent. There are delicate small bone carvings unearthed in the early tombs, such as a string of 10 carved bone beads at the Dadunzi site in Pixian County, a dentous ornament engraved with a pig's head pattern at the Liulin site, and a slender pattern engraved on the handle of some roe tooth hook-shaped vessels. In the middle and late periods, the ground openwork technology and inlay technology have become mature. The openwork sixteen-toothed ivory comb, the petal-patterned ivory cylinder and the turquoise inlaid bone carving cylinder in Dawenkou represent the highest level of bone making technology in China's Neolithic Age.

The burial style after the death of the Dawenkou people is generally the upright burial, and there are also bent burials, bent limb burials and secondary burials, etc., and some special burial styles such as folded head burials and folded limb burials are also found. Wooden burial utensils were found after the middle and late periods, and in some adult tombs and children's urn coffins, Dakouzun with various pottery inscriptions was also used. The emergence of joint burials of husband and wife and joint burial of husband and wife with children marked the end of matrilineal society, beginning or having entered patrilineal clan society.

During the eighth tribal rule, Yu Gang, a descendant of the Jiang family, was the leader of the tribal alliance. Its tribe (tribe name unknown) reigned for years.

During the period when the Central Plains was in the period when the last monarch Jiang Yu lived in Kongsang, the central dynasty was weakened and unable to control the tribes, and the tribes began to develop on their own, among which two tribes were the most powerful, namely the Liangzhu culture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Hongshan culture in the north of the Great Wall.

Among them, the main composition of the Hongshan culture is the descendants of the Xinglongwa culture north of the Great Wall. The Xinglongwa culture is the descendants of the Fuxi dynasty who were expelled by the Yandi Shennong clan to the north of the Great Wall, and they changed the "Tian Yuan" (i.e. Huang Neng) totem of the Fuxi clan to the "Yellow Bear" as the totem in order to escape the pursuit of the Yandi tribe. Later generations called them Youxiong. The Fuxi clan invented the totem of the dragon, and the discovery of a large number of bears, dragons, phoenixes and other totems in the Hongshan culture shows that he is a descendant of the Fuxi clan. Hongshan culture and Fuxi are in the same vein.

Hongshan Culture: West Liao River, Daling River Basin. Time: years.

The inhabitants of the Hongshan culture are mainly engaged in agriculture, but also raise pigs, cattle, sheep and other domestic animals, and are also engaged in fishing and hunting. The site is square and semi-crypt type, divided into large and small.

Stone tools include beaten stone tools, fine stone tools, and polished stone tools. Fine stone tools are well developed, including scrapers, stone blades of bone handle knives, stone arrowheads and other utensils, which are small and exquisite, and the craftsmanship is exquisite. Polished stone tools include sharpened stone axes (edged on all sides and rectangular in cross-section), stone rakes (tobacco leaf shaped, paramecium-shaped), polished stone shovels, double-hole stone knives (laurel leaf shaped), stone hoes with shoulders, stone grinding discs, stone grinding rods and stone arrowheads, etc.

There are four types of pottery: clay red pottery, sand-filled gray pottery, clay gray pottery and clay black pottery. Painted pottery is mainly black color, with red color and white clothes, and there is inner color. Decorated with rope patterns, cut patterns and additional pile patterns. The horizontal zigzag pattern and the straight line pattern are the characteristic ornaments of the Hongshan culture. Painted pottery is decorated with swirl patterns, triangular patterns, octagonal patterns, hollow characters, reticules, scale patterns and parallel line patterns. There have been structural progress of the double-chambered pottery kiln.

There are urns, bottomless cylindrical vessels, straight cans, bowls, hollow buckets, pots, vessel seats, bowls, respects, and amphora large-mouth jars. In the late period, there was a large flat-bottomed pelvic with a large open abdomen and a shallow dish, a thin-handled bucket.