readx;? Beixin culture: most of Shandong (except Jiaodong Peninsula). Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info Time: years. Typical site: Guanqiao Town, Tengzhou City, Shandong.

The pottery is mainly sand-filled yellow-brown pottery and clay red pottery, with a small amount of black pottery. The sand pottery has a lower fire temperature and a thicker pottery tire, while the clay pottery has a higher fire temperature and a delicate texture. All the pottery is handmade, still in the primitive stage, the unearthed utensils are monotonous, the shape is simple, mainly there are tripods, kettles, pots, bowls, pots, etc. These pottery utensils were used as daily utensils by the people at that time.

Crafts such as weaving, sewing, and bone making also began to develop, and the bottom of the two excavated pieces of pottery was clearly printed with regular mat patterns. The advent of finely polished bone needles and pottery spinning wheels made it possible to weave, sew and wear using wild fibers and animal plush spinning threads. Therefore, it can be said that the people of Beixin at that time had entered the stage of dressing from the era of wearing animal skins and waist leaves.

The Beixin culture has formed a complete settlement, the sites are all semi-crypt buildings, the tombs are popular rectangular pit pit tombs, there are no burial tools, the production tools are mainly stone tools, bones, horns, teeth, mussels are very developed, and the production process is mainly grinding.

Agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and pottery have all progressed, and society has transitioned from a matrilineal clan society to a patrilineal clan society, and the form of ownership has changed from clan public ownership to family private ownership.

The economy of the Beixin period was dominated by agriculture, and a complete set of farming tools and millet grains were unearthed at the site. From stone shovels for ploughing the ground, antler hoes, pointed horns for sowing, mussel sickles for harvesting, stone grinding discs for threshing, stone grinding rods, etc.

Unearthed bone arrowheads, antler spear-shaped vessels, projectiles, bone fish darts, pottery net pendants, bone shuttles.

Domesticated pig-type animal skeletons and animal remains such as chickens and dogs were found.

A pair of carved symbols resembling bird's feet have also been found at the base of a piece of pottery, possibly belonging to an early script.

Zhaobaogou culture: Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and northern Hebei. Time: years. The typical site is the site of Zhaobaogou in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia. The stone tools of Zhaobaogou culture inherited and carried forward the Xinglongwa culture.

The main feature of stone tools is the coexistence of polished stone tools with an abundance of fine stone tools. The production tools of stone mainly include pointed curved stone axes, flat stone axes, curved edge stone knives, grinding discs and grinding rods. There is a certain improvement over the Xinglongwa culture.

Cylindrical jars, oval-shaped bottom jars, zun-shaped vessels, bowls and bowls are the most common types of pottery. The pottery is mostly sand-brown pottery, handmade. The main patterns are simulated animal patterns, abstract geometric patterns and zigzag patterns.

14 pieces of pottery were unearthed from the site of the South Terrace, of which 5 pieces were depicted with the celestial pattern of the divine beast, plus the celestial pattern of the divine beast on the fragment, including a divine beast sun pattern, two divine beast moon phase patterns, and a divine beast star pattern, constituting the four spirits. On the venerable vessel of the Xiaoshan site, the pig-headed dragon, the deer-headed dragon and the high-crowned divine bird were found. The archaeological community calls the cultural representative as "China's first god map and the earliest perspective painting", which has epoch-making significance in ideology and painting art.

It shows that a relatively advanced concept of god worship has emerged in the society at that time. The appearance of the pig-headed snake body spirit object and the deer-patterned spirit object with wings and long tail is the prototype of dragon worship in later generations. The picture of the high-crowned divine bird also far exceeds the image of real birds, and is the prototype of the phoenix worship in later generations. The animal spirit pattern on the polished pottery statue of Zhaobaogou culture can be regarded as the earliest auspicious pattern of dragon and phoenix in China.

The main economic form of Zhaobaogou culture is primitive agriculture, and the hunting economy occupies a certain proportion. At that time, there was already a class division, and the social division of labor had become more obvious, showing a developed primitive religious belief and a strong fertility cult.

During the seventh tribal rule, Jiang Ke, a descendant of the Jiang family, was the leader of the tribal alliance. Its tribe (tribe name unknown) reigned for years.

In his heyday, the Yandi Shennong clan controlled the entire Yangtze River basin and the Yellow River basin (including the Hemudu and Yangshao cultures), and expanded to Qinghai in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Shandong Peninsula in the lower reaches. At this time, the matrilineal clan society began to disintegrate, and it entered the period of patrilineal clan society. The Yan Emperor Shennong clan began to enter the Bronze Age.

The main sites of this period include the Majiayao culture and the Dawenkou culture:

Majiayao culture: the upper reaches of the Yellow River and Gansu, the Tao River, the Daxia River and the Huangshui River basin in Qinghai. Time: Years ago. Typical site: Majiayao site in Lintao County, Gansu Province. It is a local type of Yangshao culture that developed westward, also known as the Majiayao period of Yangshao culture.

The inhabitants mainly engage in dryland agriculture, mainly millet and millet. A large number of agricultural production tools were found, such as stone shovels for ploughing the ground and claw sickles for harvesting. Grain processing tools include stone grinding discs, stone grinding rods, stone pestles and stone mortars. Raising pigs, dogs, sheep and other livestock. Although the agricultural economy was relatively advanced, gathering and hunting activities remained important aspects of economic life. Most of the sites have found stone arrowheads, bone arrowheads, stone balls, etc.

Most of the pottery is formed by the clay strip plate construction method, the pottery is orange-yellow, and the surface of the ware is very finely polished. Kilns and pottery kilns, pigments, stone slabs for grinding pigments, and tinted pottery dishes were found.

The painted pottery of Majiayao culture was mainly painted with pure black in the early stage, and the patterns were painted with pure black color and black and red colors in the middle period, and the patterns were painted with black and red colors in the late period. The pottery process of Majiayao culture has begun to use slow wheel trimming. He also used the wheel to draw concentric circles, strings, parallel lines and other ornaments, showing skillful painting skills. Discover groups of figures, dances, paintings, hundreds of symbols written with a pen and ink, and more.

Specialized potters appeared. The development of painted pottery is a significant feature of Majiayao culture, in all the painted pottery culture found in our country, the proportion of Majiayao culture painted pottery is the highest, and its inner color is also particularly developed, the characteristics of the era of the pattern are very distinct. He created pottery ancestors (male genitalia), humanoid and animal-shaped pottery sculptures, and pottery house models.

After the decline of the painted pottery of Yangshao culture in the Central Plains, the painted pottery of Majiayao culture continued to develop for hundreds of years, pushing the painted pottery culture to an unprecedented height. Majiayao cultural pottery industry is very developed, its painted pottery inherits the Yangshao culture temple ditch type of hearty style, but the performance is more fine, forming a gorgeous and elegant artistic style, than Yangshao culture has further development, artistic achievements have reached the peak of the height.

The burial goods in the cemetery, such as stone axes, adzes and stone chisels, and spinning wheels and daily pottery for women, reflect the division of labor between men and women. There are differences in the quantity and quality of burial goods, and the difference becomes greater the later period, some of them reach more than 90 pieces, and some have nothing. This widening gap between the rich and the poor marked the gradual disintegration of primitive society and the arrival of class society.