In the "Guide to Crossing the Qin Dynasty", there are many records of people's livelihood that are not well known to modern people.

And these accounts are very interesting:

For example, the Qin Empire did not have paper, but this did not prevent the people of the Qin Empire from recording the written text and even the living conditions.

The Qin Dynasty did not have a clear paper, when the main writing material was bamboo and wood chips, before writing to use a small carving knife to sharpen, writing mistakes can also be used to cut the wrong words, because the importance of the carving knife is no less than the pen, so the clerical clerk is known as the "knife and pen officer".

If you write a lot of words, you can make small holes at the upper and lower ends of these bamboo slips and wooden slips, and then wear them with "Wei", which is the earliest form of books. The idiom "Wei compiles three uniques" means that Confucius was very diligent in reading, and even "Wei" was broken many times when he turned over the bamboo slips.

Bamboo and wood occupy a relatively large volume, so there are not many words in a book, and some people have counted that a bamboo slip in "Yunmeng Sleeping Tiger Land Qin Jian" is usually only about 3o words. It can be inferred from this that the total number of words in the collection of the famous master Keiko, who is known as the "Five Cars of Learning", is not amazing.

The bamboo slip carving is a "continuation" of the way the oracle bone inscription is recorded.

The early writing was engraved on the oracle bone and the bell tripod, due to the limitations of its materials, it was difficult to spread widely, so until the Yin Shang period, there were only more than 100 people in the upper class who mastered the writing, which greatly limited the spread of culture and ideas, and all this was not changed until the appearance of bamboo slips.

Bamboo slips are the longest-used form of books in the history of our country, the main writing tool before the papermaking and the popularization of paper, and the cultural preservation and communication media determined by our ancestors after repeated comparisons and difficult choices, which is an important revolution in the history of communication media.

For the first time, it liberated the written word from the small circle at the top of society, and made great strides towards a broader society with great momentum. Therefore, bamboo slips have played a vital role in the spread of Chinese culture, and it is precisely its emergence that has formed a cultural grand occasion of a hundred schools of thought, and at the same time, the ideas and culture of famous people such as Confucius and Lao Tzu have been passed down to this day.

Jian and Mu are the writing materials recorded on bamboo and wood chips in ancient Chinese culture, which were popular from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Wei and Jin dynasties.

In October 1996, more than 100,000 pieces of Sun and Wu Chronicle Slips of the Three Kingdoms were unearthed in Changsha Zoumalou, the number of which exceeded the sum of the Slips unearthed all over the country, and its contents involved the political, economic, military, cultural, taxation, household registration, justice, and official aspects of the Wu Kingdom, making a comprehensive and accurate supplement to the relatively poor historical materials of the Three Kingdoms.

This shows that Caihou paper was not completely popular at that time. It is likely that the preservation of Caihou paper is more difficult than that of bamboo slips, which were still a very important carrier of writing in the Wei and Jin dynasties.

The final destination of some bamboo slips is to be toilet paper. At that time, there was no paper, and people used small bamboo chips to "toilet chips", so some unused bamboo slips shouldered this task. After they were unearthed, they became cultural relics, and God knows what kind of mood archaeologists felt in the face of these 2,000-year-old toilet paper.

......

However, after the Shang Dynasty changed the law, the high-level leaders of the Qin State attached relatively great importance to anti-corruption.

However, in the "Guide to the Crossing of the Qin Dynasty", it is also explained that the officials at that time were not very happy under effective supervision.

The content believes that the traverser's daughter-in-law has become a mother-in-law for many years. I don't know how many official documents you wrote, and you were finally promoted to a small official.

Don't think that you have served an iron rice bowl, it is not easy to be an official in the Qin Dynasty, the imperial court pursues the Legalist doctrine of "the Ming ruler governs the officials but does not govern the people", and the management of officials is even stricter than the management of the people.

The Qin Dynasty stipulated that if the official you selected and recommended had problems in his work in the future, not only would he be dealt with, but you would also be punished. During the period of King Qin Zhao, Prime Minister Fan Ju promoted his two benefactors Zheng Anping and Wang Ji as officials, but one of the two surrendered to Zhao, and the other had an affair with the enemy.

In addition, the Qin Dynasty also had a severe dismissal called "abolition", and those who were "abolished" were not allowed to be promoted again, and the career would come to an end.

Procrastination and laziness were also taboos in the Qin Dynasty, when Shang Ying was in power, he demanded "no overnight rule" - any government affairs that can be handled today cannot be delayed until tomorrow, which not only made the government have extremely high administrative efficiency, but also made the favoritists have no room for corruption at all.

In order to strictly prevent judicial corruption, the Qin Dynasty also had the crime of "not straight" and "arson" waiting for the judge, deliberately misdemeanor and heavy sentence, serious crime and light sentence are all "not straight", and the release of guilty prisoners is "arson", waiting for you is not only the dismissal of officials, but also exile, Qin Shi Huang had a large number of "prison not straight" officials to build the Great Wall.

In addition to the above, the officials are also supervised by the internal history or the imperial history on a daily basis, and they also have to undergo an assessment "class" in the first month of each year, and those who are rated as the "highest" grade are excellent, and you can be promoted; those who are rated as "palace" are inferior and must be punished.

Finally, unlike what many people think, the "country of tigers and wolves" is by no means a moral wasteland, and the civil service code of the Qin Dynasty officials, "The Way of Officials", can be called the "Eight Honors and Eight Shames" at that time: one is loyal and respectful, the second is honest and unslanderous, the third is judged by deeds, the fourth is joy is good deeds, and the fifth is respectful and more ......

It is this kind of management system that makes the Qin Dynasty have an efficient and honest bureaucratic system that is rare in history, which was also praised by Xunzi, who had come to the Qin State for academic exchanges, as: "The Duyi official mansion is solemn, respectful, and faithful, and not ......."

......

And as an official in the Qin State or the Qin Empire, there is no need to worry too much about being killed for no reason.

And the Qin Dynasty Crossing Guide also has a description of this:

The Emperor does have the power to kill all his subjects, but only with one presupposition: when you sin.

Under normal circumstances, even if you are really guilty, you must at least be tried first, and this did not change even during the misdemeanor of Qin II.

Look at the misfortune of Prime Minister Li Si: at that time, he was framed by Zhao Gao for rebellion and thrown into prison, and Zhao Gao, who was in charge of the interrogation, obtained his confession through countless tortures, but even so, Li Si still had a chance to survive - if Qin II's IQ suddenly became normal and decided to pardon him, he could have turned over.

In this regard, we can see many examples in the history books: when Fan Ju was reinstated, King Qin Zhao pardoned him, and Qin Shi Huang also specifically pardoned Gao Yuanli and Zhao Gao.

It can be seen from this that the emperor should have held some kind of death penalty pardon power at that time, and the history books say that Qin Shi Huang "bowed to the literature and ink, broke the prison during the day, read the book at night, and decided matters by himself", which may be to review all kinds of death penalty cases across the country every day and do a good job of the last pass.

In order to avoid this situation, Zhao Gao even came up with a way to fool Hu Hai: he sent his own disciples to pretend to be Hu Hai's envoys several times, and once Li Si told his grievances, the envoys would reveal their true colors and give him a fat beating. After this story of "the wolf came" was repeated many times, Li Si no longer dared to have the idea of retracting his confession, and when he saw the real envoy, he no longer had illusions and obediently confessed his guilt, but was sentenced to be beheaded by Hu Hai on the donkey.

Not only criminal cases, when deciding various national affairs, the emperor can not do whatever he wants and do whatever he wants as he deduces in the wild history, he is more similar to the existence of the current state yuan, and he mainly has the final decision on various affairs, the right to appoint and dismiss personnel, and many major matters will only be decided after the entire court has been discussed, and it is rare for him to have the final say alone.

There are many examples in this regard: during the reform of the law, Shang Ying had a big debate with Gan Long, Du Zhi and other ministers on whether to change the law; during the reign of King Huiwen, Zhang Yi and Sima Cuo debated whether to destroy Shu or to attack Han; during the period of Qin Shi Huang, Wang Jian and Li Xin debated the strength of the army to destroy Chu; Wang Juan, Li Si and other ministers discussed whether to divide the bank into feudal or county counties; a few years later, Chun Yuyue and Li Si again debated this issue at a banquet, which directly led to the later "book burning" incident.

These meetings are not a matter of grandeur and family affairs, but are about really discussing state affairs and making decisions in the end. A careful look at the flow of these meetings shows that the ministers spoke freely, and the king made the final decision, and freedom of speech was basically guaranteed at the meetings, even if Chun Yuyue sharply criticized the "system", and later did not see how Qin Shi Huang punished him.

And Chun Yuyue's death can be regarded as the result of a crime. Because in the "book burning" incident, Chun Yuyue was unwilling to hand over the books in his home after his death, and finally violated this new law, resulting in his death:

Li Si realized that the proposal to burn the book was imperative, but he was worried that Chun Yuyue would cause trouble by force, so he tried every means to persuade him, but Chun Yuyue still violated the law. Under the protection of Li Si, Chun Yuyue was exempted from capital crimes and returned to his hometown.

On the way back to his hometown, he spoke for Fusu again, wept blood, and admonished the burning of books, which finally led to death.

On the execution ground, the prisoner Li Si and the death row prisoner Chun Yuyue confided their hearts to each other and clarified their respective views on life. Chun Yu gave up his life to take righteousness, lived and died with poetry and books, and died calmly; Li Si kept his position, but was scolded by the world's scholars.

From this point of view, Chun Yuyue was not executed when he was an official, but after losing his official position, he "did not change his life", and was finally executed for violating the criminal law.

......

And there are also relevant descriptions of the Terracotta Army: (ps: Great Qin Empire author Sun Haohui: ...... ）

The Terracotta Warriors and Horses are really not made of mud by living people, please don't believe in "Ancient and Modern Wars of the Qin Warriors", thank you.

Although the Qin army in film and television dramas often has black robes and black armor, which looks very vigorous, archaeology shows that the terracotta warriors and horses were originally colorful: red, blue, green, pink, purple, all kinds of colors, bright and even a little gaudy, and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum also has an exhibition of painted Qin figurines.

The weapons of the terracotta warriors and horses have spears, ge, crossbows, swords, etc., they are all built in accordance with the unified national standards, thousands of weapons have the same style and size, and the fine accessories of different crossbow machines can even be interchangeable at will. Although iron tools had appeared, most of the Qin army was armed with bronze weapons.

It's just that some doubts about this point are inevitable, that is, the raw material of the 12 gold people is bronze, if the equipment of the Qin army is still bronze, this thing is not quite right:

Xianyang Palace is a group of palaces, most of the palaces are located on the towering rammed earth pedestal, with "four A", "five ridges", the roof is covered with tiles, and there are drainage pipes at the feet.

Outside the Xianyang Palace, there is "Ji Que", which is a pair of tower-like buildings, and it is also a bit like the archway that survives now. When the Shang Dynasty changed the law, various decrees and decrees would be recorded on it.

The famous twelve golden men are guarded on both sides of the palace gate, they are all cast in bronze, the golden light is brilliant, all of them are towering into the clouds, and there are five zhang high. Their physiognomy mimicked that of a giant in Longxi, Ruan Weng Chung, who had shown his might in the war with the Xiongnu.

Terracotta warriors and horses distinguish titles by attire and type. The most common "duke" knights do not wear armor, but only battle robes; the third-level "hairpin" lords are often the commander of the chariot and wear armor; generals with higher titles not only wear armor, but also have various knots on their armor.

......

And at the end of the Qin Dynasty Crossing Guide, there is a summary, which is the relative ending idea of the crossing situation of the traverser:

The wheel of history turns to 21o B.C., and no matter how you cross it, you will not end well.

You traveled through an honest Guizhou in the history of Chengnei, and your annual income was plundered by the government, and you were also requisitioned to build the Great Wall;

In fact, before Xiang Yu invaded Guanzhong, the people's livelihood in Guanzhong was not too bad, and the description in the second half was biased.

You crossed an honest Guizhou in Chengqi County, and on this day, a group of soldiers claiming to be Zhang Chujun appeared in the township, and looted the whole township to pieces;

You crossed an honest Qian in Chengxiang City, and on this day a group of soldiers claiming to be the Chu army appeared outside the city, and after capturing the city, they killed you to the ground;

You crossed Chengwu Pass, an honest Qian, and on this day, a group of soldiers claiming to be the Han army appeared outside the pass, and after capturing the pass, they killed you to the point;

You crossed Chengli Mountain, an honest prisoner, and on this day followed Shaofu to defeat the battle and surrender to the enemy, passing by a place called Xin'an, you and other 200,000 surrendered soldiers were killed;

On this day, those soldiers who claimed to be the Chu army, the Zhao army, the Qi army, and the Wei army drove into Xianyang, and under the banner of "cutting down the unjustified and punishing the tyrannical Qin", they stole and excavated the emperor's mausoleum, slaughtered the royal family, robbed money, food and women in the city, and burned the entire city.

......

Many years have passed, and you have returned to Lishan Mountain again, followed the robbery hole dug out by the tomb robbers, and entered the depths of the Emperor's Mausoleum alone, recognizing the appearance of your former comrades from the indifferent faces of thousands of terracotta warriors and horses, and silently saying goodbye to them in the bottom of your heart.

After doing this, you follow the Qin Straight Road that has been opened all the way to the north. At the end of the avenue, your thousands of new comrades are about to start another ancient war with the Huns, the red banner belonging to the new dynasty is flying high on the grassland, and the big "Han" character on the flag is dazzling and impressive.

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