readx;? Ramses II divided the lands of Egypt among all the inhabitants of Egypt. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 He allocates squares of land of the same size to all the people, and asks the landholders to pay him an annual rent as his main income. If the river washes away any part of a man's land, he can go to the king and report to him what has happened: and the king will send for him to check and measure the size of the lost lot, so that his rent will henceforth be levied according to the size of the reduced land. It was because of this practice that Egypt had the first method of measuring the land, from which the rudiments of geometry were born, and the Greeks learned the Egyptian method of measuring the land.

Ramses II went on constant expeditions to the Syrian region. Around absolute control of the Syrian region, Egypt went to war with the Hittites.

At the end of April of that year, Ramses II led his army to a decisive battle with the Hittites at Kadesh, and both sides suffered heavy casualties, which is known as the Battle of Kadesh.

Ramses II led his army towards the Oronte Valley to conquer Kadesh, an important Hittite town in Syria. Ramses II led 20,000 soldiers and 200 chariots, which were divided into four armies, named Amon, Ptah, Ra and Seth. The target of the war was the northern Syrian lands, and the opponent was the Hittite king Muwatarish, who had 10,000 soldiers and more than 3,500 chariots.

Near the Oronte River, Pharaoh's army captured two Bedouins who claimed to be Hittite deserters but were actually Hittite miners, who said they had important information to inform the Egyptians. The two men were brought before Ramses II and told him that Muwatarish's forces were far away and that Pharaoh could easily take the city.

Ramses II had already regarded Kadeshi as a possession by this time, and before the large army was assembled, he led Amun's detachment alone to rush to the plain near Kadesh, near Kadesh, and camped there. But when his guards caught two soldiers in the vanguard of the enemy, he realized that he had fallen into the enemy's encirclement, but it was too late. The Hittites, who had been hiding in the city, suddenly attacked, and the unprepared Pharaoh's army was crushed and fled, with only Ramses II leading his personal guards to resist the Hittites.

Tsimino recounts: "It was thanks to two unexpected events that allowed Ramses II to retreat: first, the Hittite soldiers were so busy plundering the Egyptian army that they forgot about the victorious pursuit of the enemy, and secondly, the follow-up troops of the pharaoh caught up in time to rescue Ramses II and his soldiers." At this point, the tide of the battle was turned around: the Hittites, who should have won easily, were in a difficult situation, and close to dusk, the two sides ceased fighting. In the evening, soldiers from other detachments of Egypt rushed to reinforce the pharaoh.

In the Battle of Kadesh, both sides suffered heavy losses and were unable to fight again. Moreover, both sides had a number of other problems: the Assyrian threat to the Hittites and Egypt, and the difficulties within the two countries. Thus, the Battle of Kadesh actually marked the end of the war for hegemony between Egypt and the Hittites.

Frank Zimino said: "This may not be entirely the case. Although Muwatarish lost many of his heavy chariots (more numerous but more difficult to maneuver than the Egyptians), his soldiers were almost unscathed. But for Ramses II, the Hittite raid cost him at least one detachment. The result of the battle was a draw, which forced Ramses II to abandon his intention to capture Kadesh.

But, with the help of his propaganda, he turned the nearly life-destroying campaign into a heroic feat under the leadership of a great leader. Ramses II inscribed this war on many temples.

He brings a new style of expression. In the reliefs depicting the Battle of Kadiashi at the Temple of Abu Simbel, the surfaces that were previously decorated with stripes are now used to depict exciting scenes, creating a more dramatic and dynamic scene. The depiction of Ramses II and the chariot in the relief gives an insight into this new style.

Frank Zimino, author of a treatise on Ramses II, explains: "Never before in antiquity has there been such a great deal of historical information about a war. After Ramses II returned from the war, scenes depicting the war were carved into the walls of his palace in the temples of Abu Simbel, Karnak, and Luxor. These giant artworks depict soldiers, Egyptians encamped, battled, and captured soldiers. Of course, it is Ramses II who stands out among them, in which he single-handedly defeats the enemy army. Two epic poems about the war have been handed down, the most important of which is the "Song of Pandour", which, together with the frescoes in the temple, tells the story of this history. ”

In short, all this is like a "movie" with both pictures and sounds.

The Battle of Kadesh and the subsequent propaganda made Ramses II a victorious general in the eyes of his subjects. Both Egypt and the Hittites were devastated in the aftermath of this battle, and there were no major battles since, but small battles continued.

Egypt had been in a period of power, but after the Battle of Kadesh, Egypt's offensive momentum was faltered, and the Syrian and Palestinian princes rebelled against Egypt.

The king of the Hittite kingdom died of illness and was succeeded by a new king, Artusirish III. At this time, neither Egypt nor the Hittites wanted to fight any more. Artusirish III asked Egypt to conclude a treaty and sent a draft of the treaty to Egypt.

Ramses II agreed to conclude a peace treaty, thus formally ending the nearly century-long war for supremacy between the two countries. The Silver Peace Treaty, the earliest surviving international peace treaty in human history, was signed.

The reason for the peace between the two countries was the threat of the Assyrians, a warlike people who constantly harassed the two kingdoms. The peace treaty was signed in Pell-Ramses, the capital of Egypt. Eventually, the two countries concluded the first international peace treaty, ending the state of war. This is the first example of the settlement of a war conflict through "diplomatic" means.