readx;? The sacrificial complex that King Josel built for himself was surrounded by a walled city with altars, colonnades, and the temple of Seth, and in the center was the "Step Pyramid". Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info and the temple of Seth in front of the pyramid, its pillars, the stone bricks used on the walls, are precisely polished, bricks and bricks do not use any adhesive, but the air between the two bricks is evacuated, and the principle of vacuum is used to make them tightly glued together.

The stepped pyramid was the prototype of the pyramid, and later kings built mausoleums for themselves according to its shape and construction method, and it was the predecessor of all the pyramids in Egypt later. The pyramids that were built later were developed on this basis through a difficult process of practice, failure, and practice.

It is worth emphasizing that the Step Pyramid of Saqqara is the oldest man-made structure on the planet, and although it is very dilapidated, it cannot be erased. The pyramids created a historical miracle that came to an end when the Pharaohs found it more secluded in what is now known as the Valley of the Kings.

Mummies refer to the long-preserved corpses of ancient Egyptians that have been preserved for thousands of years because they have been specially treated.

The corpse is first disposed of by a special person (usually wearing an Anubis mask) who cleans the corpse from its internal organs: it is taken out, dried, and finally sprinkled with spices, wrapped in linen, and placed in jars.

Then the hook is inserted through the nostrils of the skull to hook out the cerebral medulla, which is also treated like internal organs (the ancient Egyptians believed that it was the heart, not the brain, that dominated the body, and sometimes threw the cerebral marrow directly as waste).

Finally, it is soaked in a special potion to dehydrate the corpse. After soaking for dozens of days, take it out. At this time, the empty chest cavity and abdominal cavity are filled with rosin and other antiseptic substances, and sewn up. And fill the skull with preservatives such as spices and salt. Finally, it is placed in layer after layer of coffin. Most of the coffins are also painted with good wishes and incantations to pray that the deceased will pass the Yin and Yang Pass smoothly.

Joselti, reign: 7 years, 2661-2654 BC.

His reign lasted only seven years, and his pyramid was only partially underground. This pyramid also publishes Imhotab's designs.

Nebka HT, reigned 15 years, 2654-2639 BC.

Teti, reign: 4 years, 2639-2635 BC.

Teti was the fourth king of the Third Dynasty and ruled for only a relatively short period of four years.

His pyramid is called the Pyramid of Zawiyat Elariyan. It is located in Elaria el', about 4 km south of Giza. It is an unfinished pyramidal building, a typical Third Dynasty masonry building, with a design height of about 42-45m (now about 20m).

Hunijet, reigned: 24 BC, 2635-2611 BC.

Huni's queen, Merissaenke I, was the mother of Snefru. Huni may have been the father of Snefru's queen, Heteferres.

Although the latter part of Huni's reign was chaotic, it was between the pre-Egyptian period and the following royal rule of the Old Kingdom. Huni paved the way for the political administration of the builders of the pyramids of the Great Fourth Dynasty.

Huni built a massive stepped pyramid (larger than the Pyramid of Josel) in the Medum region, and although he ruled for 24 years, it was still unfinished at the time of his death. It is recorded that his successor, Snefru, completed this work in the early years of his reign. And this pyramid is often considered to be the first pyramid built by Sneefru. Many of Snefru's children, especially Princess Nevermat and Princess Rahotab, are buried in the mastaba of the Royal Cemetery of Medum.

Snefru actually built the pyramid according to the design of the Huni period, and later rebuilt the pyramid from a stepped pyramid to a real pyramid with smooth edges during his reign. But after it was built, Snefru expanded it and then added limestone to the outside in an attempt to make it look like a pyramid. As a result, due to the unreasonable design, the limestone outside fell off, and the pyramid was abandoned.

The burial chamber left 4,000-year-old cedar wooden columns, but there is no indication that the burial chamber was used, this is the first above-ground burial chamber in Egyptian history, and the main breakthrough in the history of pyramid construction is that it uses the earliest material-bearing ceiling in human history, which solves the load-bearing problem of the burial chamber.

There is also another pyramid probably built by Huni, the ruins of which are located on Koh Chang, but only a small ceremonial pyramid, and an illegal old mausoleum, where there is no royal cemetery or temple around it: its actual function and religious significance are still unknown. However, numerous such small pyramids, built by the pharaohs of the Old Kingdom, have been found in Egypt for ceremonial purposes.

The Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt had a total of 5 kings and 75 years.

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The Fourth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt was the golden age of the Old Kingdom. Judging by the majesty of the pyramids, the reigns of Snefru, Khufu and Harf were the pinnacle of this era, showing the good governance and economic prosperity of the dynasty. It was a time of peace and prosperity, but also a time of great development in trade with other countries. The capital at that time was Memphis.

Around these pyramids, there are also many aristocratic mastabas, which symbolically reflect the supremacy of the absolute monarchy over its subjects.

Fourth Dynasty (BC2611-2465) Throne Table

Snefru, 24, 2611-, his Horus name is Nebmaet, which means "Lord of Justice". He was a vigorous monarch, and the military and architectural arts of ancient Egypt have developed and advanced greatly since his accession to the throne. His father may not have been Huni, but his mother was Merissa Enke I, who was probably the wife of a rent-collector at first (before marrying Huni) and thus had no royal blood. This may explain what prompted the ancient historian Mannetto to define the dynasty after Snefru as the Fourth Dynasty.