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Among the hundreds of schools of thought that appeared during the Warring States Period, in addition to some of the Zhuzi Hundred Schools of Thought that were very influential in the later period of time, or continued for a long time in the long river of history, there were also some not too famous Zhuzi Hundred Schools of Thought. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

The existence of these schools of thought may not be remarkable, but they also affect some aspects of history.

It's like the Yin-Yang family, which is also one of the examples.

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Yin-Yang is a philosophical school that prevailed from the end of the Warring States Period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Zou Yan of Qi is its founder, and the knowledge of Yin-Yang is called "Yin-Yang Theory", and its core content is "Yin and Yang Five Elements", and Yin-Yang Doctrine is one of the most important philosophical thinking of the Han nation. Sima Qian said in the "Historical Records" that the knowledge of the Yin and Yang family "deeply looked at the news of Yin and Yang, and made a strange change." ”

"Lü's Spring and Autumn", "Huainanzi", and "Spring and Autumn Dew" were directly influenced by Zou Yan's theory. Ancient people and modern scholars mostly believe that the Yin-Yang family originated from Taoism, and the bamboo slips "Thirty Hours" unearthed in modern times confirm that there are a large number of Taoist colors in the early works of the Yin-Yang family. It is worth noting that "Zhou Yi" does not put forward the concepts of yin and yang and tai chi, and it is the "Yi Chuan" that is influenced by Taoism and yin and yang.

The Yin-Yang School of Thought combines the ancient ideas of mathematics with the theory of the five elements of Yin and Yang, and further develops it, constructing a large-scale cosmic schema and trying to explain the causes of natural phenomena and their changing laws. The astronomy, meteorology, chemistry, arithmetic, music, and medicine of the Chinese nation were all developed on the basis of the theory of yin and yang and the five elements.

During the Warring States Period, there was a school that specifically advocated the doctrine of yin and yang and the five elements, known as the "Yin and Yang family", and historians generally took Zou Yan (驺Yan) and Su Zheng as the founders of Qi people.

The philosophical ideas of the Yin-Yang family are mainly "Yin-Yang Theory" and "Five Elements Theory".

The "Yin and Yang Theory" is to regard "Yin" and "Yang" as two mutually beneficial and coordinated forces within things, and believe that it is the law of generation that gives birth to all things in heaven and earth, which is in line with the concept of constituting the world upheld by Lao Tzu, the founder of Taoism, "Tao gives birth to Yang, Yang gives birth to Yin, Yin and Yang give birth to Bagua, and Tai Chi gives birth to all things."

All things are negative yin and embrace yang, and they think that they are the same.

The "Five Elements Theory" is based on the theory that "the five basic elements of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth are constantly cyclically changing", and the concept of "the five elements are mutually reinforcing" is developed. Studying the theory of the five elements of yin and yang, you can formulate a calendar from the calculation of the movement of celestial bodies, and grasp all things in the world. Later, the "astronomers" who specialized in the study of the laws of celestial bodies and the "calendarists" who studied the calendar were developed and combined with the "Five Elements Scholars".

In the era of ignorance and scientific famine, in order to avoid catastrophe, people always wanted to know in advance about the changes in heaven and earth. The emergence of the "Five Elements of Yin and Yang" turned this wish into reality. Its representative classics are "Laozi", "Wenzi", "Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor", "Liezi", "Zhuangzi", "Yi Chuan", "Guanzi", "Guanzi", "Yellow Emperor's Neijing", "Thirty Hours", "Yin and Yang Family Book Collection" and so on.

The dominant idea of "yin and yang" is to determine politics with the five elements, and the concept was first found in Laozi, Wenzi, the Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor, Liezi, Zhuangzi, Yi Chuan, Crane Guanzi, Guanzi, and the Yellow Emperor's Neijing; The concept of "five elements" was first found in the Book of Shang. But the emergence of these two ideas can be traced back much further. By the Warring States Period, Yin and Yang and the Five Elements gradually converged, forming a new conceptual model, that is, a cosmology based on the theory of "Yin and Yang grow and decline, and the Five Elements shift".

In the doctrine of the Yin-Yang family, Yin and Yang is an abstraction of the ancients about the two opposite properties of all things in the universe, and it is also the philosophical category of the unity of opposites and the laws of thinking in the universe. The Chinese sages came up with the word "yin and yang" to represent the unity of opposites in which all things correspond to each other and form opposites. That is, the so-called "all things negative yin and embrace yang" in "Lao Tzu", and the so-called "one yin and one yang" in "Yi Chuan" is the Tao. The Book of Changes is about the mathematical and philosophical theory of the change of "yin and yang".

Its basic idea: Yin and Yang sympathize to give birth to all things in the universe, and all things in the universe are the unity of opposites of yin and yang. The theory of yin and yang is established on the basis of the theory of qi, and on the basis of the theory of qi, it is further believed that heaven and earth, the sun and the moon, day and night, and the sunshine. The result of the change of movement such as water, fire, temperature and coolness, etc., the two opposite concepts of "yin" and "yang" are abstracted out. Yin and Yang are abstract concepts rather than concrete things, so there is a sentence in "Lingshu: Yin and Yang System Sun and Moon": "Yin and Yang are famous and invisible".

Yin represents the woman, the characteristics of weakness, and the things and phenomena that have these properties, and the yang represents the characteristics of the man, the characteristics of strength, and the things and phenomena that have these characteristics.

The basic content of the Yin-Yang doctrine can be used as "opposite." Mutual roots, growth and dissipation, transformation".

Roughly speaking, the Warring States Daoists contributed a lot to the idea of yin and yang, while Guan Yinzi and the Mohists greatly developed the idea of the five elements. Compared with the contribution of Confucianism to the Five Elements Thought, the Warring States Daoists were greatly inferior to the development of the Five Elements Thought, but the basic position of Taoism on the Five Elements of Yin and Yang was more conducive to the development of science and technology.

The Yin and Yang family comes from Taoism. According to the "Historical Records: The Biography of Mencius Xunqing": "Those who have a country are more extravagant. Can't be virtuous, if Daya is neat in the body, it will be applied to Li Shu. It is a strange change from a deep view of the news of yin and yang, and the beginning and the great sage have more than 100,000 words. Its language is big, it must be a priori small things, and it will be bigger, as for the boundless. The preface is now above the Yellow Emperor, the scholars are the common arts, the great and the rise and fall of the world, because of the auspicious degree system, push away, to the heaven and earth are not born, and the dark can not be examined and the original also. . . Since the dissection of heaven and earth, the five virtues have been transferred, and each has its own suitability, and it should be in line with Ruozi. ...... It's all like that. "Zou Yan is an important representative of the Jixia School in the middle of the Warring States Period, and his doctrine is falsely entrusted to the Yellow Emperor, indicating that Zou Xue is the Huangxue in the middle of the Warring States Period. However, Zou Xue here is obviously a false trust by the Han people, because Sima Qian said that his "first order is above the present to the Yellow Emperor", and "above the present" refers to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. However, its main theories of "yin and yang" and "the end of the five virtues" are indeed Huangxue thought.

Zou Yan's "Five Virtues Begin at the End" said, specifically speaking, it is also called "Five Virtues Win Together". In this regard, the "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period" records in detail: "Where the emperor (person) will prosper, the sky will be the first to see the people." When the Yellow Emperor, the day saw the big insect Yin big mole, the Yellow Emperor said 'the earth wins', the earth wins, so its color is still yellow, and its things are earth. At the time of Yu, the sage saw that the grass and trees would not be killed in autumn and winter. Yu said, "wood wins", wood wins, so its color is still green, and its thing is wood. At the time of the soup, the heavenly sage saw that the golden blade was born in water, and the soup said, 'Jin Qi wins', and Jin Qi wins. Therefore, its color is still white, and its things are golden. and the time of King Wen. The first day saw the fire, the red black title Dan book was collected in the Zhou Society, King Wen said, 'fire wins', fire wins, so its color is still red, and its matter is fire. The one who replaces the fire will be water, and the sky will see that the water vapor wins, and the water vapor wins, so its color is still black. It's about water. ...... The Yellow Emperor said: 'Mangmang is ambiguous, because of the power of the sky, and the same gas as the Yuan. ’”

In conjunction with Zou Yan's "Five Virtues at the End", there is also a "Five-color Emperor" theory, that is, the legend of the White Emperor, the Red Emperor, the Black Emperor, and the Yellow Emperor.

The "five-color emperor" theory here also belongs to Huangxue thought. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sealed Zen, he had been in "the five emperors of Mount Taixia, each as it is." The Yellow Emperor and the Red Emperor have a priest's ancestral hall.

"Huainanzi Lan Shen Xun" contains: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor ruled the world, and Li Mu and Taishan Ji supplemented it, to govern the law of the sun and the moon, to govern the qi of yin and yang, and to control the four seasons.

The number of the correct calendar, different men and women, different male and female, bright up and down, and other noble and low, so that the strong do not hide the weak, and the crowd does not tyrannize the widow. The people save their lives but do not die, they are not fierce when they are old, the officials are upright and selfless, the laws and regulations are bright but not dark, the assistant is not a public, the fields do not invade the shore, and the fishermen do not fight for the kuma. The road is not forgotten, the city is not Yujia, the city is not closed, there are no thieves in the city, the people who despise the travelers give each other money, and the dogs spit out the corn on the road, and there is no hatred. So the sun and the moon are shrewd, the stars do not lose their line, the wind and rain season, the five grains are ascending, the tiger and wolf are not devoured, the birds are not fighting, the phoenix emperor soars in the court, the unicorn travels in the suburbs, the green dragon enters the drive, the flying yellow soap, the north and the country of Dan'er, all of them do not offer their tribute. This is a legend about the Yellow Emperor's use of the "Orthodox Calendar" to govern the people.

Regarding the "Zhenglu calendar", the rulers of the early Han Dynasty have also been implementing it, and the "Historical Records: Zhang Cheng's Biography" contains, when Emperor Wen was Zhang Cang, he was promoted to prime minister: "Zhang Cang is the prime minister, Xu Zhenglu calendar." From October to the beginning of Gaozu, for some reason Qin Shi took October as the first year, Fuge. Pushing the luck of the five virtues, I thought that when Handang was a water virtue, it was still as black as before. ...... As for being the prime minister, he will do it. ”

In addition, the "Hanshu Suburban Ritual Chronicles" also contains: When Emperor Wu "sealed Zen", some scholars believed that the ancients "sealed the seventy-two kings of Zen, and only the Yellow Emperor had to be crowned by Mount Tai"; The Han Emperor also should be sealed (Zen), and [Shang] Feng (Zen) can ascend to the sky. The Yellow Emperor has ten thousand princes, and the gods have seven thousand"; China Huashan, Shoushan, Taimur Mountain, Mount Tai, Donglai Mountain, the place of the Yellow Emperor of the five mountains often travels, and the gods will meet. The Yellow Emperor fought and learned from immortals, and it was not his way to suffer from the people, but to cut off those who were not ghosts and gods. More than 100 years old, and then have supernatural powers. The Yellow Emperor suburb Yong God, stay in March. The area code of the ghost is Dahong, and the dead are buried, so the Hongzun is also. Later, the Yellow Emperor took over the Wanling Ming Court. This is the "Feng Chan" related to the Yellow Emperor in the early Han Dynasty and the idolatry of the Yellow Emperor.

It can be seen that from the pre-Qin to the early Han Dynasty, in addition to the "Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor", Huangxue should at least include "Yin and Yang", "The End of the Five Virtues", "The Victory of the Five Virtues", "The Five Colors of the Emperor", "The Correct Law Calendar", "Feng Chan", and the belief in the Yellow Emperor and his people.

"Shangshu Hongfan" "Five elements: one is water, two is fire, three is wood, four is gold, and five is earth. "The ancients believed that everything in the universe was made up of these five basic substances. It is also a system of categories about the social properties of the universe and the laws of their change. The word "line" in the five elements has the meaning of "operation", so there is a very important concept in the five elements, that is, the concept of change and operation, that is, "mutual generation" and "mutual restraint".

The Five Elements Theory does not refer to the five concrete substances of wood, fire, earth, gold, and water themselves, but refers to the abstract generalization of the five different properties. It takes the correspondence between heaven and man as the guiding ideology, takes the five behaviors as the center, takes the five directions of the spatial structure, the five seasons of the time structure, and the five organs of the human body structure as the basic framework, and summarizes various things in the natural world according to their attributes. Those that have the characteristics of germination and softness belong to wood, those that have the characteristics of yang heat and inflammation belong to fire, those that have the characteristics of long-nourishing and development belong to earth, those that have the characteristics of tranquility and harvesting belong to gold, and those that have the characteristics of cold, moisturizing, and falling and hiding belong to water. It connects the life activities of the human body with the phenomena of the natural world, and forms a five-element structural system that connects the internal and external environment, which is used to explain the unity of the human body and the natural and natural environment. A table can be found at the end of the article.

The meaning of the five elements is symbiosis:

Wood makes fire, because wood is warm, fire lurks in it, and wood is drilled to make fire, so wood makes fire.

Fire gives birth to earth, because the fire is hot, so it can burn wood, and after the wood is burned, it becomes ashes, and ash is earth, so fire gives birth to earth.

Native gold, because gold needs to be hidden in the stone, attached to the mountain, born with Jinrun, gathered into a mountain, there is a mountain will give birth to stone, so the native gold.

Gold gives birth to water, because the qi of less yin (gold gas) is warm and moist, gold is born by water, and gold can also be turned into water by forging gold, so gold gives birth to water.

Aquatic wood, because the water is warm and moist and causes trees to grow, so aquatic wood.

The meaning of the five elements is because of the nature of heaven and earth:

The crowd is better than the outnumbered, so the water is better than the fire, the essence is better than the strong, and the fire is better than the gold. Rigid wins soft, so gold wins wood, specialization wins scattered, so wood wins soil. The real is better than the virtual, and the homeland is better than the water.

......

The Onmyoji was one of the main schools of thought during the Warring States period. With the purpose of advocating the theory of yin and yang and five elements, it is called Yin and Yangjia, also known as "Yin and Yang Five Elements" or "Five Elements". "Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles" is listed as one of the "Nine Streams". The main representative figures are Zou Yan of the Qi State at the end of the Warring States Period. Zhuangzi defines it as the contradictory and opposing elements contained in qi, "yin and yang, the great qi is also" "Zhuangzi Zeyang". Yin and Yang originally refer to two opposing aspects of things, "one yin and one yang is the Tao", "Zhou Yi is the biography", and the Yin and Yang family mystified the changes caused by the contradiction between yin and yang, "deeply observing the news of yin and yang, and making strange changes" Sima Qian's "Historical Records: The Biography of Mencius Xunqing".

After Ma Tan of Taishi Company listed the Yin and Yang family as the six, although the evaluation was not the highest, it was still a special expression. There is no direct basis for this, but in fact there is clearly a reason for this, that is, the ancestral specialty of the Sima family is astronomical calendricals, and the Yin-Yang family is the only one among the pre-Qin families who specializes in astronomical calendricals.

The main academic content of the Yin-Yang School was dominated in this field until Sima Qian, and Sima Qian was the authentic descendant of this school.

What is interesting is that in the 6th century AD, when the Yin-Yang family was gradually declining in the long history of China, the Chinese Yin-Yang Five Elements Doctrine mixed Taoist mantras with Esoteric Divination and was introduced to Japan.

However, when the term officially appeared in Japanese historical records, it was already in the 10th century. At this time, the Yin-Yang Dao was different from the early Chinese Yin-Yang thought, and it had both divination, sacrifice, astronomy, calendar, and other applications, from the national fortune to the emperor's order, down to the affairs of the common people, which can be used to explain. Emperor Suiko's son - Prince Shotoku, is the leader in the use of this knowledge, he believes in Buddhism he has considered the coordination of the five elements of yin and yang when formulating the "crown twelve steps" and clothing colors, this knowledge has had a great impact on Japanese society, since then, the master and use of the yin and yang of the Japanese yin and yang family - onmyoji - has become a popular "profession", there is a leader like **** Qingming. In the Meiji era, Onmyodo was abolished under the name of "obscene cult", and part of the content was preserved in the name of folk beliefs, and Shinto at shrines broke with Onmyodo.

And Zhang Jiashi doesn't think too much about the Yin-Yang family, after all, the Yin-Yang family is proficient in the calendar, which is undoubted, and it is not so necessary to make a new calendar at the moment, after all, for the time being, Zhang Jiashi does not think that the calendar of the Great Qin Empire needs to be changed.

Of course, Zhang Jiashi did not think about using the algorithm of the Gregorian calendar as a calendar, but as a traveler, it is better to steal the "crystallization of civilization" from the West, and it is better to make a set of overall calendars that are more in line with the Great Qin Empire or Chinese history.

(To be continued.) )

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