readx;

In the Warring States Period, there was a school of Hundred Schools of Thought, which was not touted, but for a long time after that, this school of Hundred Schools of Princes had a far-reaching influence, especially from the beginning of the Han Dynasty to the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, before Confucianism was respected, this school dominated the governing policy of the Han Empire. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

This school of thought is Taoism.

......

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Lao Tzu collected the great wisdom of the ancient sages, summarized the essence of ancient Taoist thought, and formed the moral theory of "doing nothing, doing nothing", marking that Taoist thought has been formally formed.

In the long course of history, Taoism has had a profound influence on Chinese philosophy, literature, science and technology, art, music, health preservation, religion and so on.

Taoism takes "Dao" as the core, believes that the Tao of heaven does nothing, advocates the Tao of nature, puts forward political and military strategies such as Taoism, guarding male and female, and combining rigidity and softness, and has a simple dialectical thought, which is an extremely important philosophical school in the "Hundred Schools of Thought", which exists in various fields of Chinese culture and has had a huge impact on the culture of China and even the world. A large number of Chinese and foreign scholars began to notice and absorb the positive ideas of Taoism, so the scholars said: "Taoist thought can be regarded as the product of the greatness of the Chinese nation." It is the center of national thought, and it has the spirit of 'benevolence is benevolence when it is seen, and it is known by those who know, and the people use it every day without knowing it'. ”

The origin of Taoism can be traced back to the two emperors of Taigu, the Spring and Autumn Period, Lao Tzu collected the great wisdom of the ancient sages, summarized the essence of ancient Taoist thought, and formed a moral theory of doing nothing. It is a sign that this Taoist idea has been formally formed. Since then, it has become the supreme treasure of governing the country and the family throughout the ages. With the Yellow Emperor, Yi Yin, Taigong, Xin Jia, Manzi, Laozi, Wenzi, Liezi, Zhuangzi, Guanzi, Guanguanzi and so on as the main representatives, advocating "Wu Wei, Pu Pu, migration with the times, and changes in things," and so on. It is especially important that although Taoism has classic works, the ideas are not confined to the works. The formation of Taoist thought is based on summarizing, developing, and writing classics as the main path, and every leap of thought has experienced an extremely long period of accumulation, which once again highlights the vitality of Taoism. In the long river of history, whenever the disaster comes, the Taoist figure challenges the source of disaster chaos with a heroic Taoist spirit. punished the evil and defended the way, and set things right, and thus stirred up many popular legendary chapters.

When he was also educating Pang Xuan, he listed the basic practice directions of a Taoist scholar, which he called the Nine Paths, which are "one is morality, and the other is yin and yang."

The third is the decree, and the fourth is the heavenly official. Five are called divine signs, six are tricks, seven are human feelings, eight are weapons, and nine are soldiers. "Indispensable can only be more, not less, and those who can become Taoists must be all-round talents.

There is no way to respond, but to adapt. Shi Company Ma Tan discussed in "On the Purpose of the Six Families". Taoism "moves with the times, responds to the changes of things", and "nothingness is the foundation." "Follow-up is for use", "no attachment, no impermanence", "time for karma", "time change is keep". Therefore, Taishi Gong emphasized 'change'. This is due to the professional advantages and deep knowledge background of Taoism. In ancient times, the duties of the historian were mainly to observe the stars, formulate the calendar, manage the royal classics and collect archives, and were in charge of all the precious classics owned by the Chinese tribe from the matrilineal society to the patrilineal society, so he was a great scholar who was familiar with all the knowledge departments of the time. In this sense. Taoism can be called the Brahmins of ancient China.

The history of Taoism is as follows:

It has been recorded in the Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles that Taoist books include The Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor, The Yellow Emperor's Ming, The Yellow Emperor's Monarchs, The Yellow Emperor's Ministers, The Yellow Emperor's Miscellaneous Yellow Emperor, Limu, Yiyin, Taigong, Xinjia, Manezi, Guanzi, etc., suggesting that Taoist thought is related to the world-governing ideas of Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong, Yellow Emperor, Yiyin, Xu You, Chaofu, Yiyin, Jiang Taigong, Xinjia, Manzi, Guanzi and others. In addition, unlike Confucian culture, which originated from the Zhou culture, Daoist scholars mostly came from Song, Chu, Qin, Qi and other countries, suggesting that Taoist thought was closely related to the Xia Dynasty and Yin Shang culture.

Molding: late spring and autumn. Marked by the advent of Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching, Taoist thought has been fully formed.

Prosperity: After Lao Tzu, during the Warring States Period, Taoism was divided into different factions, and there were six famous schools, in addition to the Lao Zhuang School, the Yang Zhu School, the Huang Lao School, the Peng Mengtian Luo Shen School, the Lao Tzu School and the Song Yin School all flourished for a while. Among them, the old school of Huang is the most prosperous. At that time, Huang Lao's thought not only became Tian Qi's governing thought, and had a huge impact on the sons through the contention of a hundred schools, but also played a certain role in the Chu State and Qin during the reign of Lü Buwei, so that at the end of the Warring States Period, a situation was formed in which Mr. Meng Wentong said that "Huang Lao alone overwhelmed a hundred schools".

Frustration: Before the unification of China, Lü Buwei organized the compilation of Lü's Spring and Autumn Period, which was based on Taoist thought and integrated various theories, and it was clear that Lü Buwei wanted to use this as a ******** after the unification.

However, Qin Shi Huang, who later ruled the country, chose Legalism and burned books to pit Confucianism shortly after the unification of China, which frustrated all the schools, including Taoism.

Glory: After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, due to the destruction of long-term wars, on the basis of reflecting on the ruling thought of Qin, Taoism began to be chosen as the governing thought, and created a prosperous era called "Wenjing Zhizhi". Kan Ze recorded that Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty "took the righteousness of "Huang Zi" and "Lao Tzu" as particularly profound, changed the son to the scriptures, and established Taoism", and the book of Huang Lao was upgraded to a scripture before the Six Classics of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Suppression: After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty came to power, he adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to "advocate Confucianism", and the development of Taoism was temporarily suppressed.

Resurrection: During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the wind of talking about Xuanzhi rose, and Taoist thought was resurrected, but this time the focus was not on Huang Lao, but on the reinterpretation of Lao Zhuang, and formed a far-reaching Wei and Jin metaphysics. Since then, Lao Zhuang has become Taoist orthodoxy and has continued to this day.

Latent: After the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, although Taoism has repeatedly become a first-aid kit for governing the country after the great chaos, and it is also the spiritual sustenance of scholars after they are frustrated, the vast majority of it can only continue to play a role in philosophy, science and technology. It was not until the Tang and Song dynasties that Taoism developed to its peak, so scholars say that the Buddhist thought of the Tang Dynasty and the Buddhist and Confucian thought of the Song Dynasty were in a "great period", but during this period, the strength of Taoism overwhelmed the two religions. In the Yuan Dynasty, Taoism became a state of fate. In addition, Taoism was combined with Buddhism to form a Chinese-style Buddhism, Zen Buddhism, and Taoism played an important role in the formation of Confucianism, Song and Ming Theory and Yang Ming Psychology.

Revival: In the late Qing Dynasty, with the impact of the West, the Confucian ruling order was strongly impacted, and there were many similarities between Taoism and Western concepts such as freedom and democracy, so Taoist thought was revived again.

The doctrine of Taoism is mainly divided into four schools:

Lao Zhuang is the collective name of Lao Xue and Zhuang Xue. Nature-oriented. Nature is respected, the law is heavenly and has no intention to do it, to be quiet and make people retreat from delusion, and to clear the delusion of others with their own nothingness. Advocate self-control, serve all things, and do nothing. So that "do not be tired of things, and get away with the world." Because it has become the spiritual home of generations of literati and scholars. Lao Zhuangxue's critical spirit of social and political alienation and cultural bias is common in the thoughts, words and deeds of heretical scholars throughout the ages, and is cited by them as the same tone. And it becomes a spiritual weapon for them to criticize irrational reality. For example, Bao Jingyan in the Jin Dynasty said that there was no king, Li Zhen in the Ming Dynasty said that he had a childlike heart, and He Xinyin said that he had a desire to educate.

Tang Xianzu's theory of extreme feelings, Tang Zhen's theory of breaking the mystery of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Mu's theory of sexual spirituality, and so on, all benefited from the spirit of Lao Zhuangxue. There are heretics, metaphysics, and metaphysics within Lao Zhuangxue.

The representatives of this school are Lao Tzu, Zhuangzi, Wang Bi, Guo Xiang, Zhulin Seven Sages, Zhang Zhan, Han Bo, Tao Yuanming, Yuan Hong, Cheng Xuanying, Wang Xuanlan, Li Rong, Tang Xuanzong, Yuan Jie, Li Bai, Su Shi, Chen Jingyuan, Deng Mu, Liu Ji, Fu Shan, etc. Representative works: "Laozi", "Zhuangzi", "Collected Works of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest", "Shishuo Xinyu", "Yuanci Mountain Collection", "Boya Qin", "Yu Ion", "Fu Shan Quanshu", "Annotations to the Classics of the Taoist Scholars" and so on.

The old Huang school advocates the same governance of the body and the country, based on the nature of the two phases, things follow them, things move because of them, and the law of heaven and earth makes all things natural, and even has to do it, and does nothing to make things natural. In order to make things and I free together, we are good at teaching without words, and make people self-transformed. Forming a kind of "********" like "benevolence", so it seems to do nothing, but in fact it does everything.

Advocate "not expensive to govern others, but to govern yourself", because of the vulgar and simple etiquette, with the changes of the times. In addition to the simplicity of the inheritance and recuperation, it has become a first-aid kit for the government's governance after the previous chaos, and it is also closely related to the prosperity of ancient China. The representative figures are the Yellow Emperor, Jiang Ziya, Lao Tzu, Wenzi, Liezi, Fan Li, Guan Zi, Tian Piao, Song Yu, Yin Wen, Qu Guanzi, Qu Yuan, Lü Buwei, Liu An, Yan Zun, Yang Xiong, Wang Chong, Liu Day, Lü Duan, etc. Representative works: "Taigong", "Laozi", "Wenzi", "Liezi", "The Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor", "The Yellow Emperor's Neijing", "Shenzi", "Crane Guanzi", "Guanzi", "Corpse", "Lü's Spring and Autumn", "Huainanzi", "Taixuanjing", "On Heng", "Liu Zi" and so on.

The Yang Zhu faction advocates avoiding harm in one's life, honoring oneself for oneself, attaching importance to the preservation of one's own life, and opposing the encroachment of others by others as well as their own encroachment on others. Do not interact with things to not stain the nature of things, do nothing to not burden each other, and do not disturb each other. Through the self-improvement of the individual, the overall harmony of the society is achieved. Representative figures Yang Zhu, Gaozi, Wu Mazi, Meng Jizi, Zihuazi, Zhan Zi (Zhan He), Wei Mu, Tian Ba, Er Shuo, Gongsun Long, etc. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, because it was not allowed to be allowed in the world, it was annihilated. However, his idea of preserving one's life was inherited by Taoism. Representative works: Many of his works have died. It is generally derived from "Lao Tzu" (such as the thirteenth chapter of "Lao Tzu": "If you think you are the world, if you can send it to the world." Love is the world, if you can support the world. Chapter 80 of "Lao Tzu": "Willing to eat." Beautiful clothes, peaceful living, happy customs. ”）

Zhang Daoling, a disciple of Taoism, inherited and developed Lao Tzu's thoughts, combined with Qin and Han magic and witchcraft, and established a Taoist organization. With Lao Tzu's "Tao Te Ching" as the fundamental classic, the "Tao" and "Virtue" and "Taishang Laozi" as the highest faith, in ancient times, due to the strong influence of Taoism, if Taoism and Taoism are not separated, Buddhism can not shake Taoism, so Buddhists Shi Dao'an and so on try their best to separate the mixing of Taoism and Taoism. One of the important reasons why early Taoism could mix the words Taoism and Taoism and develop and grow with the influence of Taoism was due to Zhang Daoling. Recently, in order to elevate the status of the Yuan Shi Tianzun, some Taoists have denied the status of the three ancestors of the Yellow Emperor, Lao Tzu, and Zhang Daoling, and even think that Taoism originated from the three ancestors is a convenient way to discuss with scholars. The essence is like Buddhism's "Discernment of Righteousness" and "Pure Dharma Sutra". The Taoist school is represented by Zhang Daoling, Wang Chongyang, etc., and his representative work: "Daozang".

......

If the center of Confucianism is benevolence, then the center of Taoism is nature. According to Taoism, although Confucianism's advocacy is good, it can only be deliberately achieved by strict discipline. During the Song Dynasty, Confucianism developed to the point of "preserving heavenly principles and destroying human desires". The Tao is based on nature, pushed by people's innate desires, and is closer to people's lives. Coupled with the void as the body, the weak as the rigid, the one that is, the whole thing as the heart, you can do the two compartments of nature, wisdom and foolishness, strength and weakness, so that things and I forget, this is a kind of wood sound like benevolence, so for the Confucian "Wen Jian Gong Liang let" of the human virtue, Taoism pays more attention to how to do nature, so there are "nothingness, Qi things, keep one, weak, pure and simple" five virtues. After completing the five virtues, it is natural to achieve the "benevolence" and "righteousness" advocated by Confucianism.

What people like, but there is, gets, is, is superior, and is happy. And Taoism is not contained in this, it is based on nature, and it is only great to have, to be great, to be great, to be great, and to be happy. "Everyone knows the joy of holding things, but they don't know the joy of not holding things. It illustrates the purpose of Taoism's pursuit of nature. The extreme of nature is like a baby, ignorant of nothingness, and not subject to physical nature. It's natural. To be able to achieve this realm, Taoism is called Zhiren.

This can be seen in some Taoist theories:

Wu Wei: Taoism is known as the opposite of the avenue, so "On the Six Essentials" said: "Taoism does nothing, and it is said that there is nothing to do." "Commonly used to do, and the Tao uses non-action, in fact, nothing is done and nothing is equally important," the husband only does not live, is not to go. "Its intentions are still gone, and it seems to be inaction, but it has already done its best. Another example is the "Tao Te Ching" 5,000 words, many of which have the words of whether there is a relationship or not, and the blessing and misfortune depend on each other. Taoism is important to the end, what people like is nothing but to get, have, live up, and carry happiness, and the Tao is not deliberately here, it is natural, but there is great virtue, great joy. From the side, it reflects the distinction between Confucianism and Taoism: Confucianism establishes a strong superego system by restraining himself, and uses the superego to modify the needs of the id, but because of this, if he is not careful, the superego will harm others and himself. Taoism, on the other hand, starts from the self, from the most original desire of human beings, not only does good deeds, but also does not transmit a signal of "this is a good thing" to the brain, but produces an expectation of returns, and dissatisfaction with unrewarded, but does not mix with purpose.

Heavenly Dao Xingjian: The great virtue of the way of the healthy people, the wonderful use of the way of the virtuous people, but it is the most healthy, so it can be done. The word Xingjian is enough to summarize the essence of heaven. Those who follow the principles of heaven and do not follow the desires of people are born unyieldingly. The gentleman is self-reliant, and the law is healthy, and the person is said to be in harmony with the way, and it is new and new, that is, the meaning of endless health. If the grass and trees grow, the winter solstice is to return to Tibet, and the spring comes to the mountains. Therefore, Lao Tzu said: The self-winner is strong.

......

As a Taoist, Zhang Jiashi, as a Taoist, is naturally not too unfamiliar, but for many situations of Taoism, Zhang Jiashi believes that he does not need to attach too much importance to Taoism, but like the attitude of many doctrines, he will try to use some theories that are in line with the reality of the Great Qin Empire, and then vigorously implement them depending on the effect.

(To be continued.) )

This book is from //.html