readx;? Because of his upright nature, he often refuted Kong Jia's pretense of not knowing how to raise dragons, which made Kong Jia angry and angry, and finally ordered someone to kill him, and buried his body in the wilderness outside the city. Pen % fun % Pavilion www.biquge.info

Soon it rained heavily, and a strong wind blew, and when the wind and rain stopped, the mountains and forests outside the city began to burn again. Kong Jia originally believed in gods and ghosts, but this time he even believed that it was the unjust soul of the master who was causing trouble, so he had to take a carriage and rush to the suburbs to pray. After praying, Kong Jia boarded the car back to the city, walked halfway, and died in the car.

Wei Biaojie: "Kong Jia is chaotic in the summer, and the fourth generation will fall." ”

Sima Qian's "Historical Records": "Emperor Kong Jiali, a good ghost and god." ”

Sima Zhen's "Historical Records Suoyin": "Descend to Kongjia and disturb the dragon's obedience." ”

Grandfather: His

Father: I don't want to descend

Uncle: Uncle

Cousin: Auntie

Son: Ji Gao

Sun Tzu: Hi Fa

In 1782, in the thirty-fourth year of his reign, he died. He was buried in Sankun Mountain, northeast of Yanqing County, Beijing.

Here, in the original text of the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", it is written that Kong Jia died in the ninth year, but in this way, there is a window period of almost sixty years without the rule of the Xia king, I don't know if this is the kingless period of the Xia Dynasty, because the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" mentions that there are kings and no kings for a total of 471 years, but this sentence itself is problematic, and the actual year according to the Ganzhi era should be 491 years, so I seriously suspect that this is a sentence added by later generations, but it is still helpful to break the dynasty. If it was done by posterity, then the statement that there is no king is also debatable. In short, it is difficult for people today to be like, no one wants to be the king of Xia, and the throne of the king of Xia has been vacant for so many years. The author believes that Kong Jia should die in the thirty-fourth year. Because the nine and four in the oracle bone inscription are closer, if the bamboo slips are dropped, they can't be seen, and they can't be compared without the original text. Perhaps there was no mistake or omission at the time of copying.

So if it is indeed thirty-four, then the saying of no king is not, in fact, the most likely thing here is that the king here refers to the death of the previous king, and the mourning time of the subsequent king is generally about three years, and even some do not designate an heir at all, then here is the time of no king, most of the monarchs of the Xia Dynasty inherited the tradition of mourning, so there is really a lot of time without a king, of course, most of the kingless period, the later king has already grasped the authority during the mourning period, and is not in a hurry to come to power. After the Shang Dynasty, there was no tradition of mourning, and after the Tang Dynasty, the king died in the first year and was inherited in the second year. And such a situation in the Xia Dynasty can be defined as unfilial piety.

The chaotic reign of Kong Jia during his reign is believed by historians to have determined the outcome of Xia. This is just as the 50 years of Wanli's reign in the Ming Dynasty determined the outcome of the Ming Dynasty.

Among the vassal states of the Xia Dynasty, the Shang State gradually grew in power after the Shangjia was slightly destroyed. Since Shangjiawei, it has gone through the report B, C, Ding, Ziren, and it has been more than 70 years since the time of the main deer, and the Shang State has been a big country with the power of a king. The development of agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as the increase in social wealth, gave the Shang state the strength to challenge Xia.

Therefore, in 1782, the Shang people moved back to Hao (Shangqiu, Henan) to face the rule of the Xia Dynasty. The sub-master was posthumously named Shang Kuizong after Tang established the Shang Dynasty.

Erlitou culture refers to a type of archaeological cultural relics represented by the first to fourth phases of the Erlitou site in Yanshi, Henan, which is an archaeological culture between the Longshan culture (Yellow Emperor era) and the Erligang culture (Shang Dynasty) in the Central Plains. The archaeological culture is mainly distributed in southern Jin and western Henan, and was first found in the Luoda temple site, but especially the most representative and typical cultural relics found in the Erlitou site, so it is named after it. The Erlitou culture not only includes the culture of the Erlitou site, but also includes the cultural outlook reflected by hundreds of sites with the cultural characteristics of the Erlitou site outside the Erlitou site. The Erlitou site and the Erlitou culture have become recognized as the key research objects for exploring the Xia culture.

The Erlitou culture is the culture of the Bronze Age in China, which is mainly distributed in the vicinity of Luoyang in the central and western parts of Henan, the Yi, Luo, Ying, and Ruzhu water basins, and the lower reaches of Fenshui in the south of Shanxi. There are nearly 100 sites that have been discovered, and there are Donggangou, Zhili, Dongmagou in Luoyang, Qilipu in Shaanxi County, Coal Mountain in Ruzhou City, Luoda Temple in Zhengzhou and Dongxiafeng and Yicheng Ganjun in Xia County, Shanxi.

The ruins of Erlitou are the ruins of the capital city in the late Xia Dynasty, with a total area of about 3 square kilometers, and the ruins have been found in the ruins of palaces, residential areas, pottery workshops, copper casting workshops, cellars, tombs and other relics. A large number of stone tools, pottery, jade, bronze, bone and horn tools and mussel ware have been unearthed, among which the bronze jue is the earliest known bronze vessel in China.

The Erlitou site is the naming place of the Erlitou culture, and is preliminarily confirmed as the capital site of the late Xia Dynasty. The development sequence of Yangshao culture (Yandi) in the Central Plains - Longshan culture (Yellow Emperor) in the Central Plains - Erlitouxia culture and Erligang Shang culture was established.

The pottery of the Erlitou culture is mainly sand-filled gray pottery and muddy gray pottery, and the decoration is mainly Jomon pattern. Cooking utensils deep belly jars, round belly jars, dings, retorts, mustaches, food utensils, flat-bottomed basins, three-legged dishes, beans, gui, wine vessels, bowls, jue, goblet, receptacles, deep belly basins, large mouths and various jars and urns, food processors, carved pots, etc., constitute a characteristic pottery group. Mainly based on the evolution of pottery, the Erlitou culture is divided into four successive periods, and it is divided into several local types due to the regional differences of cultural factors dominated by pottery.

The settlements of the Erlitou culture include super-large duyi (Erlitou ruins), regional central settlements, and small and medium-sized villages, while the buildings are divided into large and medium-sized rammed earth foundations, ground-based buildings, and semi-crypt-type houses. In the agricultural economy, millet cultivation and rice cultivation are carried out simultaneously, and there are highly developed handicraft industries such as copper casting, jade making, pottery and bone making, and the most remarkable thing is that it has mastered the superb technology of making bronze ritual objects with composite models.

On the basis of absorbing cultural factors from various places, the Erlitou culture exerted a large cultural influence on the surrounding areas, becoming the first "core culture" in the East Asian continent to enter the Bronze Age, laying the foundation for the future "Chinese" world.

According to the ranking of typical artifacts at the bottom of the Erlitou site, the Erlitou culture is divided into four periods:

In the first period, the pottery was mainly brown pottery, with a certain proportion of polished black pottery, and the pattern was mainly basket pattern, with a small amount of checkered pattern and thin rope pattern;

In the second period of pottery, the number of black pottery decreased, mainly with thin rope patterns, and the basket pattern and checkered pattern decreased significantly.