readx;? Mohenjo Daro was the capital and had a neat urban plan, with the acropolis where the rulers lived in the west and the lower city residential area in the east. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 The Acropolis is surrounded by walls and ditches, a large bath is built in the center of the northern half, and there is a good water supply and drainage system. With an area of 12 meters x 7 meters and a depth of about 2 meters, the bath may have been a religious ceremonial building for bathing before the festival. There are large-scale barns in Chixi, and the sheer size of the barns shows the wealth of the city at that time, and also shows the development of agriculture. Chidong and Chibei are the residences of the supreme rulers. To the south of the Acropolis there are synagogues and temple complexes. The streets of the lower city are neat, and the houses are made of burnt bricks. It is a city that places great emphasis on public facilities for the lives of its citizens, and in addition to well-developed public facilities, there are many ports that lead to the Indus River and the Arabian Sea, which is a manifestation of extensive and active economic activity at home and abroad.

There are no defenses and assault weapons in the whole of Mohenjo-Daro, and there is no elaborate and eye-catching artwork, which is the only precedent in an ancient civilization known.

The site of Harappa also consisted of the Acropolis to the west and the Lower City to the east, and the most important finds are the remains of six barns and several metallurgical furnaces on the north side of the Acropolis, as well as two rows of laborers' quarters, estimated to have accommodated hundreds of hired hands and slaves.

Rotal is a port, and there is no distinction between an acropolis and a lower city. Within the city walls there are houses, workshops and the ruins of barns. To the east of the city, there is a large brick pond with an area of about 219 meters x 37 meters and a depth of about 4.5 meters, which should be a dock. Residential streets crisscross the city. Residences are usually multi-storey buildings, sometimes with two floors. Some of the houses were large, including several courtyards, while others were simple one-room huts, and the class division was very obvious. In addition to the residences, the lower town also has a dedicated industrial and commercial area, with shops and workshops for pottery, cloth dyeing, beading, metal and shell processing. There are well-established drainage channels under the streets, which communicate with the drainage ditches of the wealthy houses.

No traces of the reign of the priest-king have been found in any of the sites.

In summary, it shows that the Indus civilization belonged to a civil society, with little disparity between the rich and the poor, and a very high level of civilization, which was in line with the consistent meditation and religious traditions of the Atlantean civilization.

The economic and social situation of Mohenjo-Daro was forced to relocate the capital to Harappa because of the prehistoric floods that inundated much of the region on more than one occasion, and the water facilities lacked repairs, and the houses became more and more poor and overcrowded.

The earliest Haswana culture (6000 BC) was found in northern Mesopotamia. Typical ruins: Hassouna ruins.

Its distinctive feature is carved pottery and faience. The shape of the vessel is more short-necked spherical jars and bowls, painted in red or black, and the pattern is simple, only the herringbone pattern and triangular pattern can be seen. Residents grow barley, wheat, etc., rely on artificial irrigation, and raise sheep, goats, cattle and pigs. Tools are more stone sickles and stone axes. The dense density of houses in the ruins reflects the flourishing of culture. At that time, female worship was popular, and female statues were unearthed. A lot of chalcedony beads and seals were also found. It is also the earliest area where jade artifacts were discovered.

The Samarra culture (5800 to 5000 BC) belongs to the Late Neolithic culture of Western Asia. It is mainly found in northern Mesopotamia, along and south of the Lesser Zab River, a tributary of the Tigris River. Typical sites: Sovan and Chogamami two sites. The Samarra archaeological zone is located in Iraq's Salah al-Din province, 125 kilometers northwest of Baghdad, on the east bank of the Tigris River.

Its characteristics are similar to that of standard Hassouna pottery, but with more elaborate production and decoration, and it is known as "Samarra pottery", which is attributed to the later Hassouna culture. However, this pottery belongs to an independently developed cultural system, so it is called Samarra culture. It is unique in that it has a large settlement village, unique mud-brick buildings and state-of-the-art irrigated agricultural facilities.

This culture can be roughly divided into three periods: early, middle and late, that is, the period without faience, the typical Samarra faience period and the geometrically decorated faience period. And the middle culture is the most prosperous.

The typical remains of the early Samarra culture are the 1st and 2nd floors of the Sovan site located on the east bank of the middle reaches of the Tigris River.

Sovan 1 is dated to BC5506±73 according to radiocarbon. The dwelling site is rectangular in shape and surrounded by moats. There are 3 T-shaped buildings with brick structures, all of which are composed of many large and small rooms, and the layout is regular. The floor and walls of the house are plastered, and the outer buttresses support the planks that support the roof. One of the buildings appears to have a religious function, and a "Mother Goddess" has been found in a one-room alcove. About 130 tombs were also found, and the bodies were buried with bent limbs, mostly young children, bandaged with mats and sprinkled with red ochre. In addition to various shells and stone beads, there are also a large number of bowls, jars, bottles, long-handled spoons, female statues, and stone genitalia made of alabaster. Among them, there is a squatting female stone bottle that is more special. Sovan1 pottery is scarce and is characterized by plain stoneware with occasional notching, often in a style that mimics alabaster ware.

Sovan 2 appeared thin-shelled faience similar to typical Samarra pottery, thus providing clues to the development of Samarra culture from plain pottery to faience. Irrigated agriculture was already in place in the Samarra culture of this period. The inhabitants grow two-grain wheat, six-sided naked barley, two-sided barley and bread wheat. The tools are sickles, stone blades, edge strikers, vertical * straight * knife * pieces and mortars, pestles, hand grinders and other stone tools. Domestic animals are goats, sheep, dogs, etc. The economy of gathering, fishing and hunting still accounts for a certain proportion.

The Middle Samarra culture is mainly represented by the 3~5 layers of Sowan and the early layers of the Chogammi site in northeast Baghdad. This was the heyday of the Samarra culture, dating from 5200 to 5000 BC. During this period, the economy developed and the fishing industry was strengthened. A number of small canals have been found around the site, forming a primitive irrigation network. The domestication of plants and animals is also gradually being completed. In addition to wheat, there are also flax, lentils, etc. Cattle ploughing has been practised. The handicraft industry has developed considerably, and Chogamami has woven cloth with flax fibers. Pottery spinning wheels were widely found, and traces of plain textiles were found.

The excavation of non-locally produced forged copper products and obsidian at the Suovan site indicates that exchanges with other regions have been quite frequent. At the same time, the appearance of red copper products shows that it has entered the red copper age at that time.

Compared to the previous phase, the village has been expanded, with the Chogamami site covering an area of 350 m x 100 m and an estimated population of about 1,000, and the Suowan site building a defensive wall with buttresses along the original village moat. During this period, there was a new development in the form of buildings, and a temple had appeared on the third floor of the Suowan site, and facilities such as stoves and cellars appeared next to the houses. The adobe buildings of Chogamami are rectangular in shape and tend to consist of 2 or 3 rows of 3 huts. The house architecture of sites such as Sovan, Chogamami, etc., is often built directly on the ruins of earlier houses. The sophistication of the protective facilities in the villages, as well as the emergence and widespread use of pottery seals, seem to indicate that the inhabitants of the Samarra culture have developed a sense of ownership.

During this period, the faience was elaborate, with yellow pottery coats painted and realistic patterns of water waves, flowers, animals and figures painted in ochre, black or grey or pale pigments. The main shapes of utensils are bowls, cans, bottles, etc. Some pottery bowls have false hoop feet. Other relics include stone statues, pottery statues, etc., among which the colorful female pottery statue with a peculiar hairstyle raised high, wearing a necklace, earrings, nose ornaments, or tattooed with colored spots, or wearing a colorful robe. In addition, it is common to find statue-like bottles, decorated with female heads with wavy hairstyles, which may have been modeled and developed in the style of squatting female stone vases from the early Samarra culture.